Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Response of Selected Clones of Cocoa Seedlings in the Nursery Against High Soil Water Content
Get PDFSince 2001 to 2005, cocoa bean price is high, this condition accelerates farmers to plant and enlarger their cocoa areas. The impact of this euphoria is the possibility that the planting area will be more marginal, i.e. high water table or soil with continuously high water content. This study was to evaluate cocoa planting materials tolerant to those condition. The experiment was conducted in glass house of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute using RCBD, replicated 3 times. The treatments were factorial 10 x 4. The propelegitimate seedlings of 10 clones were the first factor, i.e. KW 165, KW 162, DR 2, DRC 16, GC 7, ICS 13, ICS 60, KW 163, Sca 12, and TSH 858. The second factor were soil water content, that were 100% (field capacity = control), 125%, 150%, and 175%. Watering method was gravimetric, once a month the volume was corrected by wet weight of the seedlings. The study was terminated after 5 month old. The result showed that growth of stem diameter, root dry weight and leaf number still normal until soil water content 25% above field capacity. At that condition, seedling dry weight dropped 13% below control, whereas at 175% treatment the decreasing of seedling dry weight was 34% below control. According to seedling and root dry weights, and chlorophyll content, by using cluster analysis it could be obtained a group of seedlings tolerant to high soil water content, i.e. DRC 16, GC 7, and ICS 60. Meanwhile, a group of seedlings susceptible to high water content, i.e. KW 165, KW 163, and DR 2. Stem diameter and chlorophyl content was good indicator for water logging tolerance reaction for cocoa seedling, its correlation to seedling dry weight were positive and tight. Key words: Theobroma cacao, seedlings, waterlogging, growth, chlorophyll
Development of Monitoring Technique for Cocoa Pod Borer(Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.)
Get PDFEffectiveness and effiency of CPB control were influenced by the right time of control. To decided this methods, information about CPB infestation was needed. An experiment had been conducted to get a simple and accurate technique for CPB monitoring. The experiment was located in Tirawuta, a smallholder cocoa plantation in Kolaka district, South-East Sulawesi. The evaluated monitoring pods techniques using observing all ripe cocoa pod as standard method, i.e. pod colour changes as an indicator of CPB attack, observation on 100 pods during harvesting, moth trapping and observation on the presence of the holes caused by CPB. The collected data expressed as the percentage of CPB attack and compared with each other. Based on the Chi 2 value and time consumed for monitoring, it could be concluded that the observation of 100 attacked pods during harvesting was the most accurate technique closest to the standard method, with a lowest 2 value and not significantly different to standard method. On the contrary the visual observation on the pod colour showed the less accurate technique with ï£ 2 value of 242,25–335,33 followed by the bservation on the present of holes on the pod with ï£ 2 value of 243,45–282,87. Furthermore, monitoring technique by moth trapping could not be compared with the other techniques since their unit was unequal. However, no insect could be trapped during a night trapping using either chemical trapping or sticky trap. Development of sticky trap by variation in trap colour could be trapped of CPB moth during more than one week. Red trap was the most interesting (preferred) for the CPB followed by the yellow, white and blue ones. There was significant correlation between number of tree sample and the time needed for observation. Larger size of tree sample consumed a longer time for the observation, but in visual symptom and entry/exit hole observation methods, larger sample size did not significantly influence its accuracy. It’s concluded that both of monitoring technique were not a converge estimation. Key words : Cocoa, cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella, Integrated Pest Management, monitoring technique
Soil Moisture and Turgidity of Selected Robusta Coffee Clones on Alluvial Plain with Seasonal Rainfall Pattern
Get PDFObservation on the seasonal variations of hydrological condition and turgidity of selected Robusta coffee clones has been carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in Jember. The aim was to evaluate the effect of hydrological variation on the coffee plants and the degree of soil moisture effect on plant performance. Experimental site overlays on alluvial plain, + 45 m a.s.l., 8o 15’ South with D rainfall type. Observation was conducted by survey method at the experimental plots of organic fertilizer and nitogen treatments on selected Robusta coffee clones derived from rooted cuttings, i.e. BP 436, BP 42, BP 936 and BP 358. Observation was only conducted at the experimental blocks of organic matter trials of 20 l/tree/year at nitrogen (Urea) application of locally recommanded rate during the subsequent years of 1999 to 2001. Parameters observed included plant turgidity and soil moisture content of three different depths, i.e. 0—20, 20—40 and 40—60 cm and the weather. Observation was carried out in five replicates designed as blocks of barn manure treatment and N-fertilizer of recommended rate as basal fertilizer. The results showed that meteorological condition and soil moisture of experimental site through the years have seasonal patterns following the seasonal pattern of rainfall. Compared to other meteorological characteristics, relative humidity dominantly determined evaporation and plant turgidity. Plant turgi-dity was not only determined by soil moisture condition, but also atmospheric demand. When relative humidity (RH) was relatively high, plant turgidity was relatively stable although soil moisture of surface layers was very low, and the reversal when soil moisture content was high plant turgidity was controlled by atmospheric demand (relative humidity). With a 3—4 dry month period, relative turgidity of the coffee plants was relatively stable above 82%, except when soil moisture of 60 cm surface layer was below 25% (w/w) and or atmospheric demand was relatively high (RH 85%). Soil moisture contents of deeper soil layers seemed to have greater impact on the plant turgidity and the deeper the soil layers the narrower the seasonal variation of their soil moisture contents. Selected different clones originated from rooted cuttings showed different response to water stress and could be put in order from the most sensitive to water stress as follows BP 436, BP 42, BP 936 and BP 358. Barn manure application could significantly increase soil moisture content but its influence could not significantly increase plant turgidity.Key words : Seasonal variation, atmospheric condition, soil moisture, plant turgidity, Robusta coffee clones
Effect of Storage Period on the Viability of Bare Root Cocoa Seedlings
Get PDFAn experiment to study the storage of bare root cocoa seedling may be used as an alternative technology to transport of cocoa seedling. The storage period were 2, 3 and 4 days using: Randomize Complete Design and 4 replications. Each replication was used 25 seedlings. The results showed that bare cacao seedling storage for 2, 3 and 4 days decreased wet weight 1—2 g, and leaf number 2—4. Seedling viability percentage for 2, 3 and 4 days storage was 90.00; 97.50 and 75.00% respectively.Key words :Bare root, cocoa seedling, storage, viability
Performance of Rotary Cutter Type Breaking Machine for Breakingand Deshelling Cocoa Roasted Beans
Get PDFConversion of cocoa beans to chocolate product is, therefore, one of the promising alternatives to increase the value added of dried cocoa beans. On the other hand, the development of chocolate industry requires an appropriate technology that is not available yet for small or medium scale of business. Breaking and deshelling cocoa roasted beans is one important steps in cocoa processing to ascertain good chocolate quality. The aim of this research is to study performance of rotary cutter type breaking machine for breaking and deshelling cocoa roasted beans. Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute has designed and tested a rotary cutter type breaking machine for breaking and deshelling cocoa roasted beans. Breaker unit has rotated by ½ HP power, single phase, 110/220 V and 1440 rpm. Transmission system that use for rotating breaker unit is pulley and single V belt. Centrifugal blower as separator unit between cotyledon and shell has specification 0.5 m 3 /min air flow, 780 Pa, 370 W, and 220 V. Field tests showed that the optimum capacity of the machine was 268 kg/h with 500 rpm speed of rotary cutter, 2,8 m/s separator air flow, and power require was 833 W. Percentage product in outlet 1 and 2 were 94.5% and 5.5%. Particle distribution from outlet 1 was 92% as cotyledon, 8% as shell in cotyledon and on outlet 2 was 97% as shell, 3% as cotyledon in shell. Key words:cocoa, breaking, rotary cutter, quality
Influence of Storage of Wet Arabica Parchment Prior to Wet Hulling on Moulds Development, OchratoxinA Contamination, and Cup Quality of Mandheling Coffee
Get PDFMandheling coffee has been a well known specialty coffees for decades and the demand for this coffee is currently increasing. This coffee is characterised by low acidity, heavy-complex body, spicy-little earthy and fruity flavor. Mandheling coffee is produced by smallholder farmers in the highland surrounding Lake TobaNorth Sumatra in an unique way i.e. following de-pulping and 1–2 days sundrying, wet parchment is stored for varying periods up to a few weeks, the parchments are then de-hulled when still wet (40–45% moisture content) then the beans sundried. The handling procedure presumably contributes to the unique cup character of Mandheling coffee. On the other hand the storage of wet pachments may cause mould growth and mycotoxin contamination. This trial was designed to study the influence of storage of wet parchments prior to wet hulling on mould development, OTA contamination and cup Mandheling characteristic of the coffee product. The normal wet process, drying of parchment thoroughly to 12% moisture content was used as the control. Parchment coffees (6 lots) used for this trial were drawn from farmers and collectors in the region. The wet parchments (41.74–53.96% moisture content) were stored for 1 (D1), 7 (D7) and 14 (D14) days in PE sacks in a warehouse in the region. During the storage period, when there was visible mould growth, the parchments were spread on a plastic sheet inside the warehouse, as per common practice to suppress the mould growth. Following storage, the wet parchment was de-hulled and then sun-dried to a moisture content of 12% (MC12%) or dried to a moisture content of 17%, and held in storage for 3 weeks prior to final drying to 12% mc. The ‘normal wet process’ i.e. fresh-non stored parchments dried thoroughly to 12%, were used as the control. Parameters measured were visual evaluation, mould infestation, a w, moisture content (MC) on the stored parchment; while for dried beans mould infestation, OTA content and the Mandheling cup character evaluation (done by 4 panelists who were familiar to the coffee) were determined. Some mould species grew during the storage course, with black Aspergillus was the dominant species found in the beans, while A. ochraceusan OTA producer, was found in some samples with low infection rate (0–15.3%). Spreading of coffee inside the warehouse during the day could suppress moulds growth. OTA was found in only 5 samples out of 42 samples with range of 0.17–2.24 ppb, very less than European Union limit. There was no clear trend of storage period on the mould infection rates, OTA content, and the Mandheling cup characters. The high variability of the outcome was likely due to the inhomogenity of parchments used for this trial. The best Mandheling was found in the sample of D1-MC12%-coffee source of lot 1. Key words: Mandheling coffee, storage, wet parchment, mould, ochratoxin A
Effect of Polybag size on growth of dwarf and tall type of Arabica Coffee seedling
Get PDFPenelitian untuk mempelajari pengaruh ukuran polibag terhadap pertumbuhan bibit kopi Arabika tipe Kate (dwarf) dan jagur (tall) baik di pembibitan maupun setelah dipindah ke lapangan telah dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Kaliwining, Pusat Penelitian Perkebunan Jember.
Bibit kepelan kopi Arabika CIFC 520-3 dengan tipe pertumbuhan kate dan BP 429 A yang bertipe jagur dipindah ke dalam 4 macam ukuran polybag yang telah diisi medium campuran tanah, pupuk kandang dan pasir dengan perbandingan 1:1:1. Empat macam ukuran (lay-flat) polibag yang digunakan, yaitu 11 cm x 30 cm, 15 cm x 30 cm, 18 cm x 30 cm, dan 20 cm x 30 cm. Bibit ditanam dengan jarak 25 cm x 25 cm dan diatur menurut rancangan acak lengkap berkelompok dalam 5 ulangan. Tiap ulangan tendiri dari 10 tanaman. Perlakuan disusun secara faktorial. Pengamatan pertumbuhan pada fase pembibitan dilakukan pada umur 3 dan 5 bulan, meliputi tinggi bibit, diameter batang, jumlah daun, jumlah cabang primer, dan bahan kering (bio-mass) tanaman. Pemindahan bibit ke lapangan dilakukan pada umur 5 bulan. Bibit ditanam dibawah naungan lamtoro yang sudah berfungsi baik dengan jarak 1,5 m x 1,5 m. Lubang tanam berukuran 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm. Pertumbuhan diamati pada umur 5 bulan setelah pemindahan, meliputi tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, dan jumlah cabang primer.
Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa sampai dengan umur 5 bulan tidak terdapat pengaruh interaksi antara ukuran polybag dengan tipe pertumbuhan bibit. Pertumbuhan bibit dalam polibag ukuran 15 cm x 30 cm tidak berbeda dengan yang berukuran 20 cm x 30 cm dan secara statistik lebih baik dari pada yang ditumbuhkan pada polybag berukuran 11 cm x 30 cm. Namun, pertumbuhan bibit dalam polibag ukuran 11 cm x 30 cm pada umur 5 bulan di lapangan tidak berbeda dengan ukuran polibag lainnya, menunjukkan bahwa di dataran rendah bibit kopi Arabika yang ditumbuhkan dalam polybag berukuran 11 cm x 30 cm pada umur 5 bulan secara agronomis sudah memenuhi syarat untuk dipindah ke lapangan. Dengan demikian, untuk pembibitan kopi Arabika dapat digunakan polybag ukuran 11 cm x 30 cm atau 15 cm x 30 cm.
Pertumbuhan bibit CIFC 520-3 lebih pendek dari pada BP429 A, tetapi memiliki daun dan cabang primer lebih banyak. Sedangkan pertumbuhan diameter batang, akar, dan bahan kering sampai dengan umur 5 bulan tidak berbeda
Variability of nutrient absorption in several cocoa planting materials
Get PDFA study on nutrient absorption of Trinitario and Forastero cocoa types had been conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Garden and the laboratory of plant analysis of the Jember Research Institute for Estate Crops (JRIEC) since June 1987 until March 1988.
Trinitario type was represented by four groups of cultivars i.e.Djati Roenggo (three DR series) Djati Roenggo Clone (13 DRC series), Kaliwining Clone (six KWC series), and Imperial College Selection (three ICS series). Forastero type was represented by two groups of cultivar, i.e. Getas Clone ( seven GC series),and Scavina (three Sea series). The seedlings of propelegitimate seeds were used.
The results showed that under the same environmental condition there were significant differences between the two cocoa types in the absorption of K, Mg, Cu, and Mn. Trinitario type showed high absorption for K and Mn, but lower in the absorption of Mg and Cu compared to Forastero type.
Among cultivar's group within Trinitario type there were differences in the absorption of N, P, K, Mg, Cu, and Mn. ICS group showed high absorptionfor N, KWC for P and K, DRC for Cu, ICS for Mn, and DR, DRC and ICS for Mg. In the Forastero type, GC group showed high absorption for P, but Sea group had the highest absorption capacity for K, Mg, and Mn. No significant difference was observed between the series within each cultivar group
An Inventory of bryophte dsitribution on cocoa estates in Indoensia
No full textUntuk mengetahui sejauh mana permasalahan lumut pada perkebunan kakao di Indonesia, telah dilakukan surval melalui daftar isian yang dikirim ke perusahaan-perusahaan milik negara. Survai dimaksudkan untuk menghimpun masukan tentang intensitas pertumbuhan dan sebaran lumut pada kakao di berbagai wilayah serta menghimpun pendapat para pekebun terhadap permasalahan lumut tersebut.
Dari jawaban yang masuk, ternyata 81,11% diantaranya menyatakan ada masalah lumut, baik pada kebun yang telah berumur lebih dari 10 tahun maupun yang kurang dari 10 tahun. Kebun-kebun yang menghadapi masalah lumut berasal dari Jawa Timur, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah dan Sumatera Utara.
Sebagian besar jawaban masuk (83.3%) menyatakan bahwa lumut merugikan terhadap tanaman kakao, antara lain karena menutup bantalan bunga dan membantu perkembangan penyakit. Meskipun demikian hanya 60% jawaban yang menyatakan pernah melakukan pengendalian lumut dan 90% diantaranya menyatakan masih mengalami kesulitan
Turning design optimation for bulk cocoa fermentation process
No full textPengadukan selama fermentasi diperlukan untuk sarana aerasi, mencegah pertumbuhan jamur dan meratakan proses fermentasi. Hasil percobaan ini menunjukkan bahwa 1, 2, 3, atau 4 kali pengadukan menghasilkan mutu biji kakao yang tidak berbeda nyata. Namun demikian, setelah dipertimbangkan dari beberapa aspek maka disimpulkan bahwa sekali pengadukan setelah 2 hari atau 3 hari fermentasi adalah yang terbaik dan efisien