Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal, CCRJ)
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Performance of a Horizontal Triple Cylinder Type Pulping Machine
Get PDFPulping is one important step in wet coffee processing method. Pulping process usually uses a machine which constructed by wood or metal materials. A horizontal single cylinder type of fresh coffee cherries pulping machine is the most popular machine in coffee processing. One of the weaknesses of a horizontal single cylinder type of fresh coffee cherries pulping machine is higher in broken beans. Broken bean is one of mayor aspects in defect system that contribute to low quality. Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute has designed and tested a horizontal double cylinder type of fresh coffee cherries pulping machine which resulted in 12.6—21.4% of broken beans. To reduce percentage of broken beans, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute has developed and tested a horizontal triple cylinder type of fresh coffee cherries pulping machine. Material tested was fresh mature Robusta coffee cherries, 60—65% (wet basis) moisture content; has classified on 3 levels i.e. unsorted, small and medium, and clean from metal and foreign materials. The result showed that the machine produced 6,340 kg/h in optimal capacity for operational conditions, 1400 rpm rotor rotation speed for unsorted coffee cherries with composition 55.5% whole parchment coffee, 3.66% broken beans, and 1% beans in wet skin.Key words : coffee, pulp, pulper, cylinder, quality
Soil chemical properties as affected by plant derived ash to replace potassium fertilizer and its conversion value
No full textPotassium chloride (KCl) presently used as main source of K, tends to become more expensive, therefore, there is a need for a breakthrough in finding alternative materials to replace KCl. The aim of this paper is to present recent research on the use of plant derived ash to replace KCl fertilizer, especially in relation with soil chemical characteristics and its conversion value. Plant derived ash coming from palm sugar processing unit which use farm waste as main fuel was used in this experiment. Treatments investigated were no K2O application (control), applied with K2O in forms of both KCl and plant derived ash in dosages of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg kg-1 air dry soil. The mixture of soil with those treatments were then incubated for one year. After incubation period, the soil in pots were divided into two parts, first part was added with 2g urea, while other part was added with 2 g SP 36. Both parts were incubated for two months. Results of this experiment showed that plant derived ash can be used to replaced KCl. To obtain similar soil K content, the amount of K2O in form of plant derived ash needed to be added or its conversion value is 1.44 times the amount of K2O in form of KCl. Use of plant derived ash also increased the content of soil Ca, available P, ratio of Ca/Mg and pH. Plant derived ash did not caused nitrogen loss. Key words: Potassium, fertilizer, plant derived ash, pH, soil
Opportunities for increasing domestic added value ofcocoa through trade regulation
No full textThe operation of multinational companies on cocoa bean trade in Indonesia related to the liberalization policy on trade and investment in Indonesia permits for multinational companies to operate in Indonesia and liable to buy cocoa bean directly from farmers. The problem encountered is the domestic market liberalization gives rise to changes in market power and results ini the dominant position of multinational companies. This research aimed to (i) analyze the impact of the exercise of market power by cocoa multinational company, (ii) to analyze the possibility of deregulation of cocoa bean domestic trade, and (iii) to estimate the potential increase in added value of cocoa down-stream industry as a result of deregulation. Some steps of research conducted includes (i) desk research, (ii) field survey by interviewing samples of farmers, traders, exporters, processors, as well as other business participants, (iii) special interviews with key persons related to regulation as well as deregulation of domestic trade and down-stream industry development, and (iv) focussed group discussion involving related stakeholders of cocoa. The results showed that the impact of the exercise of market power by multinational companies refers to the decreasing market shares of national companies from 2007 to 2009. Based on the market power domination of multinational companies in one side and the lack of down-stream industry development in the other side, there is a possibility to deregulate the above policy by continuing the new regulation (export tax of cocoa beans, directing multinational exporters toward downstream industry by partnership with domestic-idle capacity processing industry and import tariff escalation for processed cocoa). By the new regulation, the opportunity to increase domestic added value becomes greater. This cocoa down-stream industry development will increase the potential domestic added value at least 10%. Key words : Liberalization, deregulation, cocoa beans, value added, down-stream industry
Nutrient resorption efficiency of cocoa plantson lowl and of Alluvial plain
Get PDFObservation on nutrient retranslocation of cocoa plants has been carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) in Jember in order to assess its efficiency to have better understanding on the loss of nutrients through cocoa litterfall relatively intensive during dry season, better utilization of the plant litters, and further more efficient plant management. Nutrient retranslocation assessment has been conducted for macro nutrients in terms of N, P, and K that have been observed on four clones of cocoa planted in 2004, that are KW 163, KW 162, KKM 22, and KW 165 in the plot with Tectona grandis shading trees and plot with Cassia surithensis shading trees, with five replicates. The plots of observation overlaid on Alluvial plain 45 m asl. and D type rainfall. The results showed that nutrient contents in senescence leaves with yellow colour and then falling significantly lower than those of mature leaves with green colour adjacent to it. Reductions of N, P, and K contents during leaf senescence occured significantly on KW 163, KW 162, and KKM 22 clones, whereas on KW 165 clone significant reduction only happened to phosphorus. Mature leaves of cocoa with green colour contained average nitrogen, phosphorus, and kalium at 13.0, 1.6, and 13.5 mg/g- respectively. Whereas senescing leaves with yellow colour then defoliating contained average nitrogen, phosphorus, and kalium at 9.5, 0.9, and 10.0 mg/g, respectively. This reduction of nutrient contents was caused by nutrient retranslocation mechanism of the plants. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and kalium retranslocated by cocoa plants in rainy season are as much as 3.60, 0.70, and 3.39 mg/g, or 27%, 42%, and 24%, respectively. In other words nutrient retranslocation efficiency of cocoa plants for N, P, and K is in the following order: P>N>K. Among the clones, KKM 22 clone retranslocated P and K most efficiently; whereas for N, KW 162 clone retranslocated it most efficiently. As such, cocoa leaf litters still contained N, P, and K nutrients as much as 73%, 58%, and 76%, they are good sources for nutrients beside as organic matter. Key words: Nutrient retranslocation, nitrogen, phosphorus, kalium, cocoa, clone
Analysis of Pyrazine and Volatile Compounds in Cocoa Beans Using Solid Phase Microextraction
Get PDFAnalisis pirazin dan senyawa volatil pada biji kakao dilakukan dengan perangkat mikroekstraksi fase padat (solid phase micro extraction, SPME), untuk mengembangkan metode ekstraksi tanpa pelarut yang efisien. Perangkat SPME dilengkapi fiber stableflex dengan polimer DVB/Carboxen/PDMS yang menjerap senyawa volatil di area headspace. Biji kakao terfermentasi disangrai dan diambil lemaknya untuk ditempatkan dalam botol bertutup septa. Sampel dipanaskan pada suhu 70OC dan serat SPME ditusukkan menembus septa untuk mengekstrak senyawa volatil dari lemak kakao selama 30 menit. Senyawa volatil lemak kakao akan dijerap oleh serat SPME dan dilepaskan kembali untuk analisis kromatografi gas. Penelitian menunjukkan pirazin dan senyawa volatil yang diekstrak oleh serat SPME dapat terdeteksi dengan baik oleh kromatografi gas. Area puncak yang dihasilkan SPME meliputi 2,83–5,35% dari area puncak yang dihasilkan syringe, kendati demikian kemampuan ekstraksi SPME dapat disetarakan dengan syringe. Lima jenis pirazin yang sering terdapat di biji kakao telah diidentifikasi, meliputi metil pirazin (2MP); 2,3 dan 2,5-dimetilpirazin (DMP); dan 2,3,5 trimetilpirazin (TrMP) dan tetrametil pirazin (TMP). Senyawa lainnya juga terdeteksi meliputi alkohol, asam karboksilat, aldehida, keton, ester, pirazin, amin dan senyawa volatil lainnya, dan diketahui erat kaitannya dengan aroma khas cokelat. Keberhasilan SPME dalam ekstraksi pirazin dan senyawa volatilsemi volatil yang berperan penting dalam pembentukan aroma cokelat menandakan SPME dapat digunakan lebih lanjut untuk analisis citarasa
Viability of post acclimatized plantlets of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) after storage
No full textThis research related to the storage method of planting materials in the form of post acclimatized plantlets of Robusta coffee multiplied by somatic embryogenesis using plastic film that wraped the whole of plantlets. This information is important to support the delivery of clonal planting materials to distribution points, especially Robusta coffee plantlets viability based on condition of the container, storage period and density of plantlets. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Experimental Station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, located at 45 m asl. D rainfall type (Schmidt—Ferguson classification). The first experiment determind the effect of container condition and storage duration on viability of Robusta coffee plantlets. Each experimental unit contained 100 plantlets and each treatment was repeated three times with completely randomized design in factorial. The first factor was condition of storage container, i.e. airtight and non air tight. The second factor was storage period levels: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. The storage container was cardboard volume 11 dm3. The second experiment was conducted for the optimization of storage volume and storage period. Each treatment using 100 plantlets was repeated three times in completly randomized design with factorial. The first factor was storage volume of 7 dm3 and 11 dm3, the second factor was storage period levels: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. The results indicated that the maximum store period was obtained in an airtight storage treatment with 10 days, 96.3% plantlets viability, 1% fallen leaves, 3.3% water loss and not significantly different to control. For packing 100 plantlets with height 8—10 cm and leaf number 4—6 can use the volume of container store up to 7 dm3, which showed no significant difference to container volume 11 dm3 in the percentage of viability, the percentage of fallen leaves, loss of water. Key words : Robusta coffee, plantlets, storage, condition, period, viability
Development of mathematic model for coffee decaffeination with leaching method
No full textA simple mathematic model for caffeine kinetic description during the extraction process (leaching) of coffee bean was developed. A nonÂsteady diffusion equation coupled with a macroscopic mass transfer equation for solvent was developed and them solved analytically. The kinetic of caffeine extraction from coffee bean is depend on initial caffeine content, final caffeine content, caffeine content at certain time, massÂtransfer coefficient, solvent volume, surface area of coffee beans, process time, radius of coffee bean, leaching rate of caffeine, caffeine diffusivity and a are constan, solvent concentration, activation energy, temperature absolute and gas constant. Caffeine internal mass diffusivity was estimated by fitting the model to an experiment using acetic acid and liquid waste of cocoa beans fermentation. The prediction equation for leaching rate of caffeine in coffee beans has been found. It was found that Dk (m2/sec)=1.345x10Â7—4.1638x10Â7, and kL (m/sec)=2.445x10Â5—5.551x10Â5 by acetic acid as solvent depended on temperature and solvent concentration. The prediction equation for length of time to reduce initial caffeine content to certain concentration in coffee beans has been developed, Caffeine diffusivity (Dk) and massÂtransfer coefficient (kL) was found respectively 1.591x 10Â7—2.122x10Â7 m2/sec and 4.897x10Â5—6.529x10Â5 m/sec using liquid waste of cocoa bean fermentation as solvent which depend on temperature and solvent concentration. Key words: Coffee, caffeine, decaffeination, leaching, mathematic model
Use of Sub-Surface Soil Water in Robusta Coffee Field Through Organic Matter Wicks
No full textOne of the most important cocoa diseases is vascular streak dieback (VSD), caused by Oncobasidium theobromae. The serious attacks of this disease caused death of the plants more than 70%. Mechanical, culture technique, and chemical control still do not produce satisfactory result. Boron and silicon are essential elements potential to be used to improve natural resistance. This research was conducted to identify the effect of boron and silicon in controlling VSD attack and its effect on seedling growth. The research was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java. The treatments was designed by randomized completely block design with two factors and five replications. The first factor was boron in form of H3BO3 and silicon in form of Si(OH)4. The second factor was concentrations of 75 ppm, 150 ppm, 300 ppm and 0 ppm as a control. The results showed that application of boron and silicon with foliar spray significantly improve those nutrients content in plant shoots. Application of boron improved polyphenol, cellulose and lignin content whereas application of silicon had no effect on the concentration of polyphenol and lignin, but concentration of 75 ppm increased cellulose content. Application of boron significantly decreased VSD disease on cocoa seedlings while application of silicon showed no significant effect on reducing the attack VSD disease. Boron application accelerated plant growth whereas silicon application did not retard seedling growth. Key words : Systemic, inducing, resistance, boron, silicon, VSD and cocoa
Effects of Fructose and Tapioca Flour on physical and Sensory Properties of Chocolate Bar
Get PDFHigh sucrose content in chocolate is not recommended for diabetics, whereas fructose is a simple monosaccharide which is sweeter and safer for replacing sucrose. Objective of this study was to study the effect of fructose and tapioca flour added into chocolate formulation replacing sucrose on physical and organoleptic properties of chocolate bar produced, as well as to find out their optimum concentration to produce a good quality chocolate. Response Surface Methodology design was used for the study with fructose and tapioca flour range concentration at 141–235 and 25–100 g kg-1, respectively. Results of the study showed that fructose and tapioca flour concentration at the stated ranges did not significantly alter the chocolate properties except on chocolate particle size and preferences in terms of taste, aroma and overall acceptance. Fructose concentration improved particle size quadratically, while tapioca flour concentration linearly decreased taste, aroma and overall acceptance scores. Comparing the products with that of control formula concluded that fructose can be used to replace sucrose to produce good quality chocolate bars; while tapioca flour can be used as filler at a concentration up to 25 g kg-1. The optimum concentration to formulate chocolate bars with good physical and organoleptic properties was at fructose and tapioca flour concentration of 203 and 25 g kg-1, respectively. Key words: Cocoa, chocolate, fructose, diabetes, tapioca flour, flavour, aroma, textur
The resistance of cocoa hybrids to vascular-streak dieback
Get PDFBreeding for VSD resistance on cocoa was carried out by inter-crossing the selected clones of TSH 858, KW 162, KW 163, KW 165, KEE 2, ICS 13 and NIC 7 which were selected based on the criteria of VSD resistance, productivity and cross-compatibility. This research has objective to evaluate hybrids of the crossess for VSD resistance, inheritance of the resistance and selecting the most valuable parental-clones for further crossess. Fourteen hybrids and one control were tested 14 in the randomized-completely block design with 4 blocks where in each plot 16 trees planted at Kaliwining Experimental Station in Jember. The resistance was evaluated in the field by scoring the symptoms in the range of 0—6 at 7 year after planting. The scores were varied significantly among the hybrids in the range of 2.19—4.53. Hybrids which were generated from the crosses of resistant clones performed lower number of the score than the hybrids generated from crosses between two susceptible clones (TSH 858 x NIC 7) which performed highest score. The hybrids classified as resistant were TSH 858 x KW 162 (F1 and reciprocal), KW 162 x KEE 2 (F1 and reciprocal), KW 162 x ICS 13, KW 165 x KEE 2. Of the parental clones, KW 162 is the most promising parent as lower score obtained when used it as male or female compared to KEE 2 which performed quite similar of the score with TSH 858 as susceptible parent. Therefore, it could be supposed that KW 162 has better combining ability than KEE 2 where these resistant-clones showed different segregation of their resistance. The resistance was segregated by KW 162 in term of ratio 15 resistant : 1 susceptible while KEE 2 the ratio 1 resistant: 1 susceptible.Key words: Theobroma cocoa L., hybrid, resistance, vascular-streak dieback