Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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Class Plan of the Manchurian Incident
Get PDFP(論文)The purpose of this article is to help junior high school students understand the age when the Manchurian Incident occurred.The Kwantung army responsible for the defense of Manchurian railway caused the Manchurian Incident. Not only the Kwantung army but also the majority of the military felt strong dissatisfaction with domestic affairs and the diplomacy of the Hamaguchi Cabinet. The Hamaguchi Cabinet returned tothe gold standard at the time when the World Economic Crisis had occurred, and as a result the Showa era panic became intense. The unemployed increased while the Showa era panic was deteriorating, workers' salaries decreased, and the incomes of farmers had decreased especially. In the military, there were many drafted farmers. It was transmitted to the military that farmers' lives were very severe from these recruits,and the military came to have a strong criticism of the economic policy of the Hamaguchi Cabinet.Moreover, the Hamaguchi Cabinet took the policy of international cooperation that cooperated with America and Europe in diplomacy. However, the military thought that America and Europe were trying to rule Asia,and tried to limit the military force in Japan. Consequently it became impossible to oppose America and Europe by the policy of international cooperation of the Hamaguchi Cabinet.The Kwantung army thought that they were able to oppose America and Europe by occupying the whole of Manchuria, and enlarging the financial strength and the military force in Manchuria based on the plan of Japan. In addition, the Kwantung army thought that it would become easy to live for the farmers, and the development of Manchuria would be possible, if farmers who had decreased their incomes sharply in the Showa era panic were made to migrate to Manchuria. It is not easy at all to make junior high school students understand the age over which powers of the world fought using military force like this. However, it is thought that junior high school students' understanding will advance and they will come to be able to discuss this age if an appropriate teaching material is given. This article presents such an appropriate teaching material and proposes the method of teaching to junior high school students.departmental bulletin pape
Re-assessing Critical Period Hypothesis : From the Viewpoint of Attaining Native-like Phonological Performance
Get PDFP(論文)It has widely been believed that when it comes to learning a new language as asecond/foreign language,"the younger the better"is the rule that applies. On the otherhand, recent studies have demonstrated that although younger learners may have anadvantage in mastering native-like pronunciation, adults might actually learn second/foreign languages more easily and quickly than younger learners in such areas asvocabulary acquisition and syntax.The claim that an authentic pronunciation of a second/foreign language isunattainable after a certain age has been supported by certain kinds of evidence.However, at the same time, it is also true that there are, in actuality, some individualswho have acquired a native-like accent even after the so-called "critical period."With this conflicting evidence in mind, in this paper, I will discuss theprobability of obtaining native-like phonological performance by reviewing the existingempirical and theoretical literature on Second Language Acquisition, especially thatwhich focuses on the Critical Period Hypothesis and foreign accent. In addition, I willconsider the viability of direct phonological instruction as a subject in school basedon the information and insights gained through this review of key studies in the field.departmental bulletin pape
Graves in the early modern period of the city of Edo, the family, and the individual
Get PDFAs for the archaeological study of burial customs and graves in the early modern period of the city of Edo, much data has been accumulated in the past twenty years or so, since the latter half of the 1980s. Consequently, archaeological information from the early modern period of Japan has greatly increased. For example, one of the features of graves from the Edo Period which has recently come to light is the rich variety of burial styles, each style depending on the deceased’s rank in society. These include:
1. Shogun and Gosankyo (the three branch families of the Tokugawa House): stone structure protecting the coffin, stone chamber
2.Daimyo: stone chamber
3.Hatamoto (a direct retainer of the Shogun) and vassal of the Shogun: wooden coffin in wooden chamber with a floor of charcoal or lime plaster, ceramic jar in wooden chamber with a floor of charcoal or lime plaster, ceramic jar in wooden chamber, ceramic jar, square wooden coffin
4.Machinanushi (the head of a town): ceramic jar
It was at the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century, that the forms of graves were fixed into patterns that reflected the social status and class of their occupants. Many valuable weapons are seen among the burial items of shogun and daimyo graves during the seventeenth century. However, after the eighteenth century, the burial items of most shogun and daimyo graves contain few such weapons. Other burial items of shogun and daimyo graves reflect the individuality of those buried therein. From the first half of the seventeenth century to the last days of the Tokugawa government, an individual’s property including tationery, grooming items, and items used for the incense ceremony were buried in shogun and daimyo graves. This indicates that a relationship between graves of the Edo Period, the family, and the individual was established at the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century in Japan.departmental bulletin pape
The Development and Background of Foreign Worker Policies in South Korea
Get PDFP(論文)The currency crisis in 1997 transformed foreign worker policies in South Korea.The government adopted a wide range of measures in order to escape from theunprecedented depression. The implementation of "the employment permit systemfor foreign workers" in 2004 and "the visiting employment system" in 2007 dramaticallychanged its stance on foreign worker policies in South Korea. Even though strictregulations were imposed on unskilled foreign workers, it was relaxed by opening theway for full-time positions with certain limitations. The considerable change in whichKorea legitimately accepted unskilled foreign workers, not as trainees, occurred dueto the severe deficiency of workers in small businesses, rapid decline in birthrate, andaging of society. Thus, there was an increasing concern for further labor shortage inthe future.departmental bulletin pape
Possibilities for co-benefit development : A case study of solar cooker usage
Get PDFP(論文)The purpose of this study is to explore and assess the results, effects and influences of the co-benefitsdevelopment approach to intended project beneficiaries in developing countries. The co-benefitsapproach aims to address the needs of communities in under-developed countries while amelioratingthe effects of climate change.For this study, I visited the remote villages in Ladakh in the Himalayan region of India on two occasionsto survey a sample of residents and beneficiaries. In addition, this research took into accountsecondary data from several previous studies.Recently, actors in international development have increasingly focused on co-benefit approaches.While several studies have been made on estimating the benefits of climate change mitigation, often littleis known on how each project following this approach assists the poorest people and addresses theirsocio-economic development needs.Additionally, problems can be seen to occur in the field when international development agenciesattempt to transfer environmentally-friendly technology to developed countries. Thus, this thesis analyzesthe development-related benefits for local people and identifies the factors to which attentionshould be paid. In this case, the research uses a case study of solar cookers, which have been providedto villagers as a co-benefit cooking tool.The study and its analysis are based on the findings of field research on the solar cooker projectundertaken by Japanese NGO JULAY LADAKH.In response to the results of this study, suggestions and proposals have been offered as to whatshould be paid attention to in the shift to co-benefit environmentally-friendly technology.While the project analyzed in this case study was judged a success by partner organizations, therewere many factors relating to the end results. So, when a similar kind of co-benefit project is planned,international cooperation agencies should research the needs and situation of the recipients on a caseby-case basis.In general, what seems to be lacking in many such co-benefit development projects is a considerationof the needs of intended beneficiaries and appropriateness of technology, rather than simply theclimate benefits of the intended usage.The study also attempts to predict the influence of the success or otherwise of such co-benefit projectsimplemented at the local level on the policy and decision-making processes among governmentand other stakeholders, especially as they relates to the achievement of the twin goals of climatechangemitigation and sustainable socio-economic development on a region-wide or nation-wide level.departmental bulletin pape
< Series: Essays on Transnational Sociology > VIII Evaluating Muhammad Yunus's Micro-Credit System and Social Business : One Person's Efforts to Create a "Desirable Global Society"
Get PDFP(論文)Muhammad Yunus, a Bangladeshi economist and 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Winner,is now well-known as a banker to the poor as well as the creator of "Social Business."He may also be considered a firm-minded fighter against poverty. By studyingcarefully four books written by Dr. Yunus, this article tries to find out the secret of thesuccess of two new institutions (i.e., micro-credit bank system and social business)set up by Dr. Yunus and to evaluate these as a means to approach toward a "DesirableGlobal Society" (the author's term in these essay series). The author's conclusionconcerning Yunus's success is as follows. Behind Yunus's firm-mindedness againstpoverty, we have to note his position and principles in the face of poverty, which are:(1) Yunus's fight against poverty started by learning of the actual world of poverty, (2)His action against poverty is based on the standpoint of the poorest, (3) His objectiveis to get the poorest out of "the poverty trap" and to work together with them. As tothe approach toward a "Desirable Global Society", the author concludes that Yunus'stwo successful creations have proved the viability of an altruistic business in the midstof this capitalist world where profit-maximizing businesses flourish, with the resultthat Yunus's efforts in order to eliminate poverty in this world are surely a positive approachtoward a "Desirable Global Society".departmental bulletin pape
Passion and Quietude : How Nagatsuka Takashi, a Tanka Poet, Lived with Tuberculosis
Get PDFNagatsuka Takashi (1879~1915) is best known as the author of Tsuchi or The Soil (1910), a novel which depicts the everyday life of poor farmers. However, he had been a tanka poet long before he started writing novels. He left many excellent tankas but the most prominent ones were written during the period from when he was diagnosed tuberculosis at the end of 1911 to December, 1914, two months before his death.
There still remains some mystery why he did not make any tanka for two years, from March 1912 to March 1914, during the three years of his fighting against his llness. This question might be answered by examining his life more closely. Throughout his life, Nagatsuka had a passion for travel and this passion was increased by his illness. There was a doctor in Fukuoka who was the only one at that time who was able to give patients a special treatment that he had brought from Germany. Nagatsuka traveled to Fukuoka, a city 550 miles west of Tokyo three times in his last three years. To receive treatment was, however, not the only reason for his journeying. efore and after staying in Fukuoka, he visited several sightseeing places, such as Kyoto, Nara, Hiroshima etc., and sent many letters to his friends. This passion for travel could have hastened his death as long trips like these at that time could have drained his bodily strength.
There is a sharp contrast between Nagatsuka’s travel and tanka. In the field of tanka, his work is noted for its quietude. In 1912, he published two series of tankas: Waga Yamai or My Sickness and Byosho Zatsuei or From My Sickbed. After two years of being away from tanka, he returned to this traditional Japanese poetry form and published 231 tankas entitled Hari no Gotoku or Like a Needle. Usually, tankas written by those who are ill tend to be sentimental, but Nagatsuka’s tankas seldom efer to his illness. Instead he depicted his everyday life including his illness in the kotobagaki, the one or several sentences immediately preceding a tanka, which explain the context to that particular tanka.departmental bulletin pape
Toyo Eiwa Jogakko as a Site of International Exchange : The Experiences of Three Canadian Methodist Women
Get PDFP(論文)本稿はカナダ・メソジスト教会婦人伝道会社に派遣され、東洋英和女学校の初期を形成した三人の女性伝道者たちの異文化交流に焦点を当てる。創立者であるマーサー・J・カートメル(1845-1945)の滞在期間は病気により短いものとなった。イライザ・スペンサー・ラージ(1855-1933)は、校舎において目の前で夫を殺害され、後には日本におけるカナダ・メソジスト伝道運動を脅かすほどの闘いに挑むこととなる。そしてアグネス・ウィントミュート・コーツ(1864-1945)は、当初伝道のために精力的な活動をするも、来る戦時期には長きにわたる疎外と孤独な死が彼女を待ち受けていた。書簡、報告書、議事録を紐解いていくことで、日本という生活環境そして布教の地でカナダ人伝道者たちが経験した国際交流の複雑さを素描する。departmental bulletin pape