Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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Fighting against Death : Why Patients Close to Death in a Palliative Care Ward Receive Rehabilitation
Get PDFBy defining palliative care as “an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with lifethreatening illness,” the World Health Organization (WHO) remarks that this care is “applicable early in the course of illness.” In Japan, however, most palliative care wards have been similar to hospices, institutions where patients for whom biomedicine offers no definite remedy, lead a peaceful life and then die calmly. As indicated above, quality of life (QOL) is a significant index in palliative care. Another important index employed in such care is activities of daily living (ADL). ADL refers to daily activities which people do without assistance such as eating, dressing, bowel and bladder management, bathing, walking, and so forth. Several types of medical staff are working in palliative care wards and physical therapists are one of them. They work to rehabilitate those who are close to death. The reader might be puzzled why patients in palliative care wards need rehabilitation since these patients will likely die soon. Think for a moment of patients with low ADL levels who may sometimes fall down on the way to the toilet. The fact that they even try to go by themselves facing the risk of a fall clearly shows that ADL is closely related not only to QOL but also to what may be called “human dignity.” They receive rehabilitation so as not to lose their ability to perform basic human functions such as walking and using the toilet, or lose chances to perceive the world around them for as long as possible.departmental bulletin pape
Various Aspects of a ‘Good Death’ in Asian Religions
Get PDFIt is well known that the French historian Philippe Ariès pointed out that modern societies have the tendency to consider death ignominious and taboo. In his Essays on the history of death in the Western World: from the Middle Ages to the Present (1975), he has written in great detail about the very rapid rate of change in social attitude to death over the last one hundred years. He argues that in the course of the twentieth century an absolutely new type of dying has made an appearance in some industrial societies. In addition, he claimed that society has banished death, death has been driven into secrecy, and that in the face of death ‘society no longer observes a pause.’
What he pointed out may be partly true in some societies still today. But if one looks out over the world, it can be seen that death still remains as a stark reality that people must face up to, and that the expression of grief is also widely accepted as a natural attitude of human beings who have experienced the death of loved ones. This is especially true for those who are living in societies where the philosophies of traditional religions penetrate deeply into the details of people’s lives and contain not only a code of ethics, but also specific guidelines and standards for people’s actions. Such guidelines can include looking straight at death and contemplating the meaning of life and death. These behaviors play an important role in reconfirming people’s religious faith as well as in their performance of religious duties. In recent years, however, such traditional attitudes toward death also have begun to be affected significantly by the rapid changes in social conditions and medical treatment technology. Therefore in this paper, the concepts of a ‘good death’ in three Asian traditional religions, including Tibetan Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism will be examined, and the current status and issues surrounding this in these religions will be investigated.departmental bulletin pape
A Program Designed to Expand Opportunities for Students in Disadvantaged Communities : What Pathways to Education Has Achieved
Get PDFOntario’s first Poverty Reduction Strategy, Breaking the Cycle, was launched in 2008. It was stated in Breaking the Cycle that the best strategy to fight against poverty was a fundamental investment in children’s education to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty. The strategy focused on children and youth with low educational attainment living in low-income community. The target was a reduction in the number of those children by 25%, that is, helping 90,000 children out of poverty. As one of success stories of supporting the youth, Breaking the Cycle referred to Pathways to Education, a program designed to provide opportunities for students in disadvantaged communities to be successful at school and in life.
Pathways to Education implemented its program in 2001 in Regent Park, which was one of the most disadvantaged communities in Canada. The program was created by the effort of Regent Park Community Health Centre to combat the low educational attainment of the youth in the community at the time. The findings in the research conducted in Regent Park led to the development of the Pathways Program. It was intended to help students from low-income families complete secondary education and go on to post-secondary education. In September 2001, the program started supporting 115 grade 9 students in the community.
Pathways Program has four pillars, academic tutoring, social support through mentoring, financial assistance, and advocacy role. Eligible students and their families for the program sign documents at the registration each year. The students can receive tutoring in academic subjects four nights a week and also meet mentors as a group for grade 9 and 10, and participate in career mentoring for grade 11 and 12 students. Bus tickets are provided to the students if needed, and scholarship for post-secondary education is provided upon graduating secondary school. Student-Parent Support Worker for advocacy regularly meet students, keep track of their school attendance and communicate with their parents when their children are on the program.
The effectiveness of the program was revealed in a short period of time, and the program caught the attention of the media and the society. The dropout rates in the community declined greatly and the proportion of students who moved on to post-secondary institutions increased significantly. In comparison with results from other programs, the impact of Pathways Program on students is obviously impressive and effective. The results tell what the community-based multifaceted program has achieved for disadvantaged students with devoted volunteers’ assistance. In 2007, the government of Ontario made an additional fund for Pathway to expand the program to another four sites in the province.
The Ontario government announced and launched the second strategy, Realizing Our Potential, in 2014. Pathways now delivers the program to 17 sites across Canada, and 10,000 students will benefit from the supports by 2016. The replication of the program in many communities raise questions : does the original model of the program work for different sites and will other sites achieve as much as what Regent Park has accomplished? Pathways has produced graduates over past years, and it is time to ask what has been happening to the graduates and their communities. Follow up study will help answer those questions to move further forward in reducing poverty.departmental bulletin pape
A Philosophical Examination on Some Philosophical Flavors of Luke ― The Description of “Paul in Athens” in Acts 17: 16~34 ―
Get PDFThis article is an attempt to deal with the description of “Paul in Athens” in Acts 17: 16~34 as one of Greek classical texts and to examine philosophically some philosophical flavors which Luke gives off in it, especially an image of Socrates-like Paul and an image of a stalking horse-like Epicurus. There may be an objection from the side of the Christian orthodoxy to this manner of dealing with a biblical text.However, insofar as Luke refers to philosophical matters, and that seriously, it is inevitable to respond to him philosophically. In short, this article has no apologetic intension. It is rather an investigation into how much Luke is able to endure the scrutiny by the pursuits of classics and philosophy.
For this purpose the above-mentioned text will be closely examined verse by verse. The expected results obtained from the examination will be as follows:
1. Luke’s image of Socrates-like Paul is portrayed in densely Stoic colors and is exclusively exploited for the apologetic and evangelistic purpose. He shows
little or no interest in the philosophy in proper form.
2. Luke’s image of the Epicureans is a stereotype. They are merely given the backseat role of a foil or a ‘scapegoat’ in order to add spice to the supremacy
of Christianity allied with Stoicism. There can be found no sign on the part of Luke to try to understand either Epicurus or the Epicureans.departmental bulletin pape
Cross-border Migration in Proximity : Thai-Malay Workers Migrating from Southern Thailand to Northern Malaysia
Get PDF本稿では、国民国家の周辺に位置づけられている国境地帯に暮らすエスニック・マイノリティにとっては、国民国家の境界を越えるほうが、宗教・文化の境界を越えるよりはるかに容易な行為として認識され、それが彼らのライフコースに影響を与えていることを、移民労働者に対するフィールド調査をもとに描き出す。
具体的には、長年にわたってマレーシア領ランカウイへ労働者を供給している南タイのサトゥン県のマレー系タイ人に着目し、なぜ彼ら/ 彼女らはタイ南部の産業が発達した地域ではなく、国境を越えてランカウイへ移民労働する習慣を維持しているのかを分析した。国境地帯のマイノリティによる越境移住労働については、国家とジェンダーを軸とした人身売買に関する研究の蓄積が多いのに対し、本稿では小規模水産加工業の現場で工場労働者として働く、移民女性労働者に着目する。これにより、本稿ではマイノリティによる主体的な就労（地）選択の構造を描き出し、そこから浮かび上がる、国境地帯における共同体意識と国民国家との境界の乖離を分析していく。departmental bulletin pape
Identification of a Class of Household Production Function without Perfect Substutability between Market Goods and Home Production
Get PDFWe consider a class of household production models and reconsider the identification problem for the econometric analysis. In the household production model literature, perfect substitutability of the market good and the home-produced good in households has been assumed. In such models, the amount of homeproduction time of each member of the household; depends only on wages and time endowments. In other words, the maximization problem has the dichotomy property: the production decision in households constitutes the first stage and the consumption decision is made in the second stage. Thus it is not necessary to estimate the utility function in the process of constructing the household production function. This property considerably simplifies the empirical analysis and leads to explicit testable predictions. Also, under this assumption with a joint production function which jointly produces leisure with household labor, the identification of the model in the empirical analysis has been made. However, since perfect substitutability between the market commodity and the home-produced commodity is a strong assumption we offer an alternative assumption on the marginal substitution rate of household-production time and market commodity input in household-production, which enables us to enjoy the same convenience: the so-called dual property of home productivity between partners.departmental bulletin pape
Inquiry Through Dialogue : From the Contact Point Between Philosophical Dialogue and Psychotherapy
Get PDFIn this article, philosophical dialogue and psychotherapy were arranged as a form of “inquirythrough dialogue”. One’s experience accompanied by such a form of inquiry was examined using examples of philosophical dialogue and psychotherapy. It was suggested that “inquiry through dialogue” entailed consciousness of one’s thought, and a sense of “feeling it to be genuine”. In addition, dialogue with others seemed to help generate a feeling of difference from one’s own sense, and make one more conscious of “feeling it to be genuine”. It was conceivable that dialogue would clarify one’s thought and lead to new inquiry.departmental bulletin pape