Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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The Suffering and Transfiguration of Job : An Analysis of the View of Life and Death in the Book of Job and the Editor's Intention in its Extant Form
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Indonesia's Violent Jihad Movement in its Supply-Demand Relations
Get PDFActs of terror violence (as “supply”) are one of the movement methods used to appeal to the social environment (as “demand”) in order to achieve a political goal. In this paper, I place Indonesia’s terror group Jemmah Islamiyah (JI) and its terror violence as supply, and analyze whether its terror activities appealed effectively to the Indonesian social environment. In order for JI to appeal effectively to the Indonesian social environment, JI needs to choose the most effective methods. In this analysis, JI had not been successful in appealing to Indonesian society, let alone reaching its ultimate political goal of establishing a caliph system in Southeast Asia. This paper first explains the social environment by categorizing four Islamic social groups such as secularists, modernists, fundamentalists, and jihadists. In spite of many terror acts, JI was split into different groups as it failed to appeal to the social environment for support. However, the establishment of Islamic State (ISIL) has provided a new social environment in Indonesia. Hundreds of self-professed fighters from Indonesia have gone to join the group to fight, and the eventual return of these fighters may result in increase of terrorism.departmental bulletin pape
An exploratory study of the attitude of undergraduate students toward communication skills
Get PDF‘Communication skills’ are required in job-hunting of young people. While people regard ‘communication skills’ as important, there are often some aspects of‘communication skills’ that people perceive negatively. This study investigated undergraduate students’attitudes toward ‘communication skills’. These attitudes were assessed using five factors: versatility, uncertainness, excessive demands, absoluteness, and possibility of measurement. Undergraduate students with job-hunting experience appreciated versatility more so than inexperienced students. Furthermore, students with high score on locus of control felt less uncertainness than the low group. Finally, it was suggested that the attitudes toward communication skills are independent of social skills levels.departmental bulletin pape
Bereavement Research in the Domain of Psychology : Problems of Surveys for the Bereaved
Get PDFMost people experience bereavement. Bereavement from a close relative’s death is a very stressful life event. The resultant changes in a wide domain of internal or behavioral elements influences the severity of grief from which the bereaved person suffers. In a study of the bereaved who lost loved ones through a disaster, it becomes clear that external factors affect the person’s recovery from grief. In addition, the characteristics of the disaster often determine the strength and quality of grief. A survey regarding people bereaved from an airplane accident shows that individuals who are bereaved unexpectedly, experience a higher amount of stress than those bereaved under other circumstances. However, the accident-bereaved typically show great behavioral change after their grief has subsided and often come to be interested in social pursuits. Furthermore, in an investigation about keepsakes from their loved one held by the bereaved, the findings showed that people’s feelings are complicated, in the sense that they want to continue to remember their deceased loved one but their bereavement is a traumatic memory.
Finally, bereavement studies often take the form of interviews or surveys and there are certain aspects of the methodology and interpretation of data from such studies that researchers need to pay attention to. In addition, researchers must address confidentiality issues and other ethical considerations to minimize further potential stress on the bereaved that can be caused by completing the survey.departmental bulletin pape
Characteristics of U.S. Presidential Decision Making Style:the Case of Harry S. Truman as the 33rd President
Get PDFSince 1945, 13 Americans have been sworn into office as president of the United States. Each president has adopted and developed his own unique decision making style. This paper aims to explore how Truman’s style evolved during his presidency.
Truman was an accidental President, chosen by Democratic Party regulars to replace Henry Wallace as Roosevelt’s Vice Presidential running mate in 1944. Roosevelt rarely contacted him, even to inform him of major decisions. The President and Vice President met alone together only twice during their time in office. Therefore, Truman knew little of the detail of American foreign and military policy. He turned to his diplomatic and military advisers, such as Averell Harriman, Joseph Davis, James Byrnes, and Henry Stimson, and followed their advice. President Truman’s serious trouble with Secretary of State Byrnes in late 1945 led him to abandon his early decision making style of relying on advisers.
There was ambivalence with respect to Truman’s decision-making style from early 1947 until the outbreak of the Korean war. On the one hand, learning a lesson from the experience of Roosevelt’schaotic decision-making style, President Truman came to place more significance upon both the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff and the National Security Council, both of which were establishedin 1947. Most of the national security policy papers were produced through the NSC’s coordinating process. On the other hand, despite the growing importance of the NSC, President Truman participated only sporadically in the council discussions because he did not want to be captive to the NSC’s decisions. Truman’s reluctance reflected his view of the NSC’s role that, since the NSC’s responsibility was to advise the President, at no time should it force its views on the president’s decision. Therefore, President Truman still relied on informal advice by Secretary of State George Marshall and Under Secretary of State Dean Acheon.
When the Korean War broke out, President Truman suddenly began to value the NSC process and depend upon the NSC meeting. Particularly, after July 19, 1950, Truman directed the NSC to meet each week in order to discuss national security policy matters. However, both a first important decision of June 26 to authorize air and naval operations in Korea and a second critical decision of June 30 to send U.S. combat troops were made at the informal meeting held in the Blair House. From Truman’s point of view, the NSC was not appropriate for making prompt decisions. He preferred a small group meetingover the NSC.departmental bulletin pape
The Hidden Symbolism of Life and Death on the Painted Ceiling in Zillis (Switzerland, Graubunden)
Get PDFThe church of St. Martin in Zillis, located near the Viamala road over the Alps, has a painted ceiling that dates from the beginning of the 12th century. The paintings are on 153 wooden panels. They are arranged in horizontal rows of 9 panels each, and vertical columns each containing 17 panels. The design of the paintings gives an idea of “land surrounded by the sea”, almost like a map of the world. However, this “world” shows the life of Christ according to the New Testament and some scenes from the legend of St.Martin. Fabulous animals and mythical ocean people fill the sea.
In the center of the paintings a cross is formed by the decorative frame, and the cross extends into the area of the sea both vertically and horizontally. The cross is a symbol of the Resurrection, which is overcoming Death, and it rules over the area of the sea which denotes chaos, evil, and Death. In the center of the cross Christ is represented as the King who conquers the temptations of the Devil. St. Martin follows Christ in a scene where St.Martin vanquishes the Devil. The pictures show an example of conduct not only for the people who crossed the dangerous alpine passes, but also were intended for the influential people of the Holy Roman Empire.
The paintings teach people how to attain Eternal Life by overcoming evil. It is not only the paintings themselves, but also the number and arrangement of the panels that play an important role in the symbolism of the artwork. 17 panels form the vertical axis of the cross. This number constitutes the base of the entire 153 panels, as the collective sum of the numbers 1 to 17 is 153 (1+2+3…15+16+17=153). According to the number symbolism of the Middle Ages, the number 17 means Eternal Life. Thus it can be said that the paintings include a hidden symbolism of “Life and Death”.departmental bulletin pape
Forming Continuing Bonds Between Survivors and the Deceased : Providing Religious Resources during Disaster Relief from the Great East Japan Earthquake
Get PDFIn this article, providing bereavement care through making religious resources available in public spaces that help people form continuing bonds with the deceased is explained. Soon after the Great East Japan Earthquake, some leaders of Buddhism, Shinto, Christianity and New Religions in Miyagi Prefecture cooperated in an attempt to console the souls of both the victims and the survivors. One of their relief projects was called ‘Cafe de Monk’, which is a mobile cafe managed by a Soto Zen monk and his friends from various denominations of Buddhism and other religions. They delivered ihai (mourning tablets), short juzu (prayer beads) and palm-sized jizo (Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva) statues to survivors who wanted them. Ihai, juzu and jizo are popular items in Japanese Buddhist folk culture and commonly used
by Japanese people of any Buddhist denomination, so distributing them did not propagate any specific doctrine. The cafe staff is not aiming to proselytize the participants in this public space. Instead, they have utilized these folk items as religious resources for the participants to help them form continuing bonds with the deceased.departmental bulletin pape