Toyo Eiwa University Repository / 東洋英和女学院大学学術リポジトリ
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Living Together with Grief : Looking Back Over the Ages at Children's Songs
Get PDFAs modern science has spread and people’s views of death change, a shared culture of mourning has been diminishing in Japan. Children no longer tend to experience going to funerals nor do they join in rituals of mourning for people close to them. However, after this initial decline in shared mourning, there still were songs sung with which all could share the common sorrow. Now this, too, may be rare.
In Japan after the Meiji Restoration, the first government attempted to teach children songs and nursery rhymes to share sadness, and in the Taisho Period people composed many nostalgic children’s songs which were sung by a wide variety of people of various generations until the 1960s. This was a period when modernization and urbanization advanced and people experienced the loss of having a hometown. It is the author’s view that during the last quarter of the twentieth century and after, the sense of national solidarity has been greatly diminishing in Japan. It is not easy nowadays for the general public to have a shared sense of “home”. By and by as individualization advances, it may become more and more difficult to have a sense of solidarity with those around one. People may become accustomed to feel that others are distinct individuals from them.
In spite of all these changes, people still like to sing songs in which they yearn for their hometown or country. As loneliness increases and a sense of loss and grief becomes more and more acute, people seem to have a stronger need for healing and comfort. This suggests a perennial yearning for a “homeland of the soul” that might be one cause of the widening interest in grief care.departmental bulletin pape
"Little Deaths" and "Solitude"
Get PDFIn this paper I will clarify the relationship between the meaning of “Solitude” as a way of life, and the meaning of “Little Deaths” which were discussed by Kazuko Watanabe, a Catholic sister. Watanabe defined “Solitude” as the original way of human existence, and as a positive concept. She showed that “Little Deaths” were experienced when living with a consciousness of death, and when living honestly. Furthermore, living honestly means facing oneself and living honestly in “Solitude,” which is seen as the original way of life for human beings. In other words, she seemed to say that the original way of human existence is to accumulate experiences of “Little Deaths” through “Solitude” and honesty.departmental bulletin pape
Reconsidering the Rites of Passage in the Concept of Initiation : From the Viewpoint of Clinical Psychology and Education
Get PDFThe concepts of the rites of passage and initiation advocated by van Gennep are very known. They focus on the process of transformation not only in human life, but also on the process of all changing phenomena in nature and the universe. Gennep suggested that these concepts have three stages: separation, liminality, and incorporation. Today, the concept of the initiation is discussed in various fields, such as religious studies, pedagogy, clinical psychology, and anthropology. Traditional initiation proceeds through death and rebirth. Analytical psychology also emphasizes the aspect of entering a new society or stage, with a transition through the death of an old self and the rebirth of a new self. In this paper, the author reexamines the original concept of initiation and recognizes the high value of the aspect of the process of passage in initiation from the viewpoint of clinical psychology in school life of adolescent students. Today, adaptation classes for truant pupils have been established everywhere in Japan. It is even more important for children to spend their time safely there, even if they cannot attend their own school or make concrete achievements. In conclusion, as children spend their time in those classes, they may experience abandonment and a“small" initiation, a passage from an old self into the new self, as others offer them psychological support.departmental bulletin pape
Wartime Lecture “On the Dying” : A. E. Hoche’s View of Life and Death in the Great War
Get PDFAlfred Erich Hoche (1865–1943) was a professor of psychiatry of the University of Freiburg and a chairman of the German Fatherland Party in the district of Baden. As a conservative nationalist, he delivered the wartime lecture “On the Dying and Death” to the general population at the University of Freiburg on the 6th of November in 1918.This was amidst the Great War and the pandemic of the Spanish Flu. This lecture included some themes such as various experiences in the course of dying, an understanding of dying and death, and the fear of dying and death. He emphasized the idea that one need not be afraid of dying and death if one would live with the thought of overcoming suffering and then hoping to go on to a peaceful world after death.
In this article, the author explains how this lecture seemed to inspire young men to start to the front of the war without fear of death. Roger Chickering (2007) mentioned that this lecture sounded like a nationalist’s political testament. Furthermore, this wartime lecture by Hoche was chronologically and thematically closely related to the book Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens (English title: Allowing the Extermination of Life that is Unworthy: Its Measure and Form) written by Karl Binding and Hoche (1920), which was thought to coincide with the beginning of the euthanasia of mental patients in the Third Reich. In sum, Hoche’s view of life and death might have been taken as the for Hitler’s program of the euthanasia.departmental bulletin pape
Development of a Scale to Measure Syntactic Awareness in Japanese Language
Get PDFIG本研究の目的は統語意識を対象とした日本語のメタ言語能力テストを作成することである。本研究では曖昧性判断課題と文法関係判断課題で構成される尺度の検討を行った。208 名の日本語を母語とする高校生を対象にメタ言語能力テストを実施した（うち 1 名は無回答項目があったので分析から除外）。分析の結果、2 つの下位尺度に関してそれぞれ十分な信頼性が得られ、さらに、因子構造の観点から構成概念妥当性を確認することができた。departmental bulletin pape
