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Informatics Carnot Machine in an Optical Fiber
Get PDFAbstract. Based on Planck's blackbody equation it argued that a single mode light pulse, with a large number of photons, carries one entropy unit. Similarly, an empty radiation mode carries no entropy. In this case, the calculated entropy that a coded sequence of light pulses is carrying is simply the Gibbs mixing entropy, which is identical to the logical Shannon information. This approach supported by a demonstration that information transmission and amplification, by a sequence of light pulses in an optical fiber, is a classic Carnot machine comprising of two isothermals and two adiabatic. Therefore, it concluded that entropy under certain conditions is information.Keywords. Information theory, Second law.JEL. C62
Impact of strategic factors on enterprise resource planning implementations
Get PDFAbstract. Deciding on the Enterprise Resource Planning system, determining the business needs and determining the Enterprise Resource Planning strategies is a very important issue. The fact that the strategies created by the businesses are simple and understandable to all employees, also has a critical prescription on the success of the Enterprise Resource Planning system implementation. It is very useful for the continuity of the system to conduct a model study on the necessity of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system of enterprises. However, success factors that are important during the election phase may be useful on the success of the system throughout the implementation process. This study aimed to investigate the strategic factors during and after the implementation of ERP system by using survey method. Before the implementation of ERP systems, tactical decisions of the vendor selection, the employee training, determination of the project manager, and the method implementation should be taken. Selection of the method of implementation is very important step. Ignoring this step will reduce the probability of success in the ERP implementation.Keywords. Enterprise resource planning system, Enterprises, Strategic factors.JEL. M11, M13, M15
International policy entrepreneurship and production of international public goods: the case of multilateral trade regime
Get PDFAbstract. The paper considers public goods in the realm of international governance, provides a framework explaining their provision, and applies it in the analysis of the trade policymaking in the GATT/WTO. International governance regime is seen as a public good; it is conceptualized as an equilibrium state, one where the extent of ideational and material conflicts, incongruities in policy mechanisms and the lack of institutions are substantially minimised. Such state is brought by policy entrepreneurship on the part of multiple actors. Three generic entrepreneurial functions (policy leadership, innovation and facilitation/coordination) are identified. Successful equilibration is characterized by the complementarity of entrepreneurial functions, as well as by the persistence and ingenuity of entrepreneurs in selecting and using specific means and instruments of entrepreneurship. Policy entrepreneurship is considered crucial in several areas, including problem framing, advocacy and coalition building, policy experimentation, and creation of the analytical instruments. It is also salient in moderation of conflicting positions, exercise of influence and management of the policy process.Keywords. Entrepreneurship, Public goods, Trade, International governance.JEL. F13, F50, H41, L2
The Potential Driving Forces of Wealth Accumulation by South Korea’s Leading Shipbuilding Giants: Wage-Labor Nexus and Dual-channel Capital Accumulation
Get PDFAbstract. This study explores how institutional factors increase the possibility of Korea’s three main shipbuilders’ capital accumulation and what effect institutional factors have on their capital accumulation. By examining the structural features of these shipbuilders’ labor and changes in their wage-labor nexus, the mechanisms of dual-channel capital accumulation are better understood. Ultimately, our findings show that dual-channel capital accumulation, which allows three shipbuilders to secure the practicality of overall loss minimization or overall profit maximization, has been created through the evolution of their labor structure.Keywords. Dual-channel capital accumulation, Wage–labor nexus, Korean shipbuilders, Structural transformation, Shipbuilding and offshore industry.JEL. D22, J21, J31, L62
“What are we Wauting for?" Professor Stern Bypasses the Juggernaut Links in Climate Change
Get PDFAbstract. Professor N. Stern had had an enormous influence on global warming policy debates. In his 2007 book, he stated the dangerous problem for mankind clearly. And now he comes back with a new book 2016, expressing his frustration about the developments with the UNFCCC and UNEP. The message is: Time is short for policy-making stabilising Planet Earth's climate and thus its overall environment. However, there is an answer to Stern's worry. “What are we waiting for?” in his 2016 book. The COP21 Treaty was possible after years of heavy transaction costs, because it contains the Stern Promise,, i.e. a Super Fund of $100 billion yearly for supporting the giant energy transformation involved in the COP objective of decarbonisation in this century. The COP project stets up global gaming where governments will play their rational strategies including opportunism with guile. Reducing emissions are linked with energy consumption, which is linked with country affluence. Mixing up climate stabilisation with general social development goals (SDG), as economist Sachs suggests, would be a serious mistake, Phycisist Hawkins' recommendation to leave the Earth for some new place in the Universe is but a fairy tale due to lack of energy. Emmissions are linked with energy that is linked with affluence. And all people have the same drive when it comes to money.Keywords. Emissions, Energy, Affluence, Stern, Sacks, Juggernaut, Super Fund.JEL. N70, O13, P28
The Impact of Technical Regulations on Trade: Evidence from South Africa
Get PDFAbstract. The purpose of this study is to investigate empirically the impact of technical barriers to trade (TBTs) by using the gravity model. The study used data from South Africa’s exports of all products and other product groupings destined to 57 selected countries which comprise both developing and developed countries. To control for misspecification error the study incorporated other explanatory variables. STATA system version 13 was used to analyse the regression of data ranging from 1995 to 2015. The results revealed that TBT notifications in general are trade restrictive. The regression results unravel that TBTs negatively affect mechanic and electrical products more than other product groupings. Accordingly for all exports in general the study’s findings are an increase in the number of TBTs has an effect of reducing exports by 4.88% on average. Given the results from the study it is imperative for South Africa to harmonise its standards with its trading partners.Keywords. Gravity model, South Africa, Technical regulation, WTO.JEL. F10, F40
Path to carbonization: The new silk road
Get PDFAbstract. How irresistible economic development appears for the 21st centure, facing the absolute necessity of decarbonisation, is apparent in the immense project of the New Silk Road. The new giant land connections over "Turkestan" will display China's technological might, where infrastructure trumps decarbonisation. The countries linked up from Xinkiang to Istanbul are highly fossil fuel dependent already now, and much more will with a new silk highway bonanza.Keywords. COP21Treaty, GOALS I, II, III, New Silk Road, Fossil fuel dominance with some hydro power, "Turkestan", Old and New Silk Road, risks of greenhouse gases, fossil fuel dependent countries from China to Turkey.JEL. N70, O13, P28
A Political Economy Approach of Institutional Research
Get PDFAbstract. Institutional research is ready to move to the next stage, the stage, as argued by this paper, should be characterized with a more comprehensive and integrated social sciences approach. The theoretical foundation for such a move exists, as the naturel connections between political institutions and economic institutions were well addressed by North, Fukuyama, and Acemoglu; the influences of cultural heritage on the institutional choices were aldo discussed by North and Huntington. Another shift in institutional research proposed by this paper is the change from the general solutions to the specific solutions because the institutional characteristics are individualized after considering the impacts of culture heritage. Through the data analysis of World Governance Index (WGI) and other development indicators this paper presents the connections between political and economic institutions and the unique characteristics of political orders and developmental paths of a few specific groups of countries. The paper also discusses the influences of cultural heritage on the institution’s choice and transformation path. Finally the paper proposes an institutional research framework.Keywords. Institutional economics, Political economy, Comparative economic system, Comparative political system, World Governance Index (WGI).JEL. O43, P26, P51
Puzzling Features of the Historical Income per Capita Distributions Explained
Get PDFAbstract. Distributions describing the growth ofthe Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP/cap) arepuzzling. They show that income per capita was approximately constant over hundreds of years, maybe even over thousands of years, but then, as if suddenly it started to increase.The growth was changed apparently rapidly from approximately horizontal to approximately vertical.Numerous efforts have been made to explain these features but we show that they represent nothing more than the purely mathematical property of dividing two hyperbolic distributions. Historical growth of income per capita can be explained as having been controlled by the simple and familiar forces of growth.Keywords. Income per capita, Gross Domestic Product, Growth of population, Hyperbolic growth.JEL. A10, A12, A20, B41, C02, C12, C20, C50, Y80