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Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial potential of Bauhinia tomentosa leaf extracts
Full text linkHerbal medications have high demand in both advanced and budding nations because of their increased bioavailability and minimal side effects. In the present study, the ethanolic and acetone extracts from Bauhinia tomentosa leaf were investigated for their antibacterial potential against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Candida albicans). Phytochemical examination revealed the presence of diverse secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, and saponins in leaf extracts. GC-MS analysis detected 15 chemical constituents in the extracts, with the major compounds such as 2-Phenyl-1-3- Oxazol, Caryophyllne, dodecanoic acid, d-glycero-d-galacto-haptose, Phytol, Tetradecanoic acid, 1-Hexacosanol, Isophytol, Oleic acid, 7H-Purine-2-amine,7-methyl, and eicosane. Antibiotics study have been used to explore drug resistance in pathogens. These extracts exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. The acetone displayed higher antibacterial activity than the ethanol extract, which could be attributed to the efficiency of the solvent extract in extracting the bioactive compounds. The findings of this study offer valuable information regarding the phytochemical composition and antibacterial potential of B. tomentosa leaf extract. The bioactive compounds identified through GC-MS analysis may be responsible for the observed antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the leaf extracts were non-toxic, and their potent antibacterial effects may be attributed to the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents. Future studies may contribute to the development of B. tomentosa based antimicrobial agents with potential therapeutic applications
Exploring genetic diversity and trait associations with foliar blast disease among parental lines in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R Br]
Full text linkThirty-seven pearl millet genotypes were evaluated for morphometric traits and disease incidence and severity during summer and kharif, 2022. Pooled ANOVA revealed significant variation were present in all genotypes across different season. Association studies identified high positive correlations between grain yield and traits such as single earhead weight, single ear head threshed weight, and test weight, with direct and indirect effects on grain yield through key characters. E2 (kharif – 2022) showed favourable conducive weather parameters for disease infection throughout the growing season compared to E1. The higher PCV relative to GCV for disease incidence underscores the environmental influence in disease resistance programs. Negative correlations between disease metrics and yield traits highlight blast disease’s detrimental effect on grain yield. Disease severity indirectly suggests environmental factors may enhance its impact. Disease incidence exhibited a direct negative impact on yield, supported by negative genotypic correlations. The line, PT 6679, exhibit both high yield and highly resistant to blast. Restorer lines (PT 6029, PT 6067, PT 6300, PT 6707, PT 7068) and B lines (ICMB 01666, ICMB 02777) showed promising yield attributes with high to moderate disease resistant for future breeding programs. In D2 analysis, five clusters revealed distinct genetic diversity with Clusters II and V indicating strong hybrid vigor, while Clusters IV (PT 6946, ICMB 06111) and V (ICMB 93111, ICMB 95444) excelled in disease resistance. Clusters I (PT 6029, PT 7068) and II (GMR 58) exhibited superior grain yield, particularly Cluster I, had potential restorer lines for future breeding. Clear differentiation between B and R lines underscored genetic distinctions in trait expression, validating the use of morphological data for assessing genetic diversity
Genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with grain zinc and iron content for yield and its attributing traits
Full text linkWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is crucial for global food security, providing essential calories for about one-third of the world’s population and a great source of micronutrients like zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). This study focuses on the screening of thirty wheat germplasms for Zn and Fe content, and their association with yield and related traits. Analysis of variance showed significant variation among the genotypes for all studied traits including Zn and Fe content. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were very close for micronutrient indicating fruitful for selection of these traits, whereas great differences for yield and yield attributing traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was also observed for Zn and Fe content, but low for yield per plant. Genotype BAW897 and DSN117 for Zn, BAW1006 and SADH-22 for Fe and BAW1006 and Sonalika for yield were selected based on the mean performance, and BAW667 was best considering all three traits, suggesting their suitability and adaptability for cultivation to fulfil the agricultural demand. Zn and Fe content showed negative associations with canopy temperature, chlorophyll content yield and its different contributing characters. Principal Component Analysis revealed that zinc had a positive value in PCA1, iron showed a positive value in PCA2, and total yield was positively associated with PCA2, with the first five components explaining 77.1% of the cumulative variance. The thirty genotypes were clustered in four major groups, having maximum number in cluster 1 and minimum in cluster 4. Cluster 1 consists of the most promising genotypes having higher micronutrient content and high yielding ability. The identified genotypes can be utilized in forthcoming breeding to ensure both food and nutritional security in Bangladesh
Farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) diseases and management
Full text linkThis study aimed to examine farmers’ understanding and views on Cassava diseases and control methods. To achieve the former, k-means clustering and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to identify and visualize response patterns for each group of variables relating to farmers’ understanding of Cassava diseases and control methods, and heatmaps were used to detail the characteristics of each pattern. To achieve the latter, bar plots were used to visualize variables related to farmers’ views. Out of 22 response patterns relating to causes of Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD), 11 didn’t link a virus to CMD symptoms, while only one pattern associated CMD symptoms with a virus, the whitefly, and infected cuttings, indicating a lack of farmers’ knowledge on cassava viral diseases. Also, only 18.88% of farmers know about Cassava diseases and management technologies. This study highlights the urgent need for education and resources for farmers to safeguard their crops and livelihoods
Foliar epidermal micro-morphology of selected brinjal varieties: A study on leaf surface characteristics
Full text linkStudies on the leaf epidermal morphological characteristics were conducted on the three varieties of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) belonging to the family Solanaceae. The varieties used in the study were Bhavani Gold, Purple Round and Haritha. Fresh mature brinjal leaves were randomly selected from the three experimental genotypes, and the foliar epidermal features were studied by using light microscopy and SEM imaging. Measurements were taken with an ocular and stage micrometer using 10X and 40X magnifications. The photographs were taken from mounted slides. The stomatal count and each measurement represent the average of ten readings. The upper and lower epidermal surfaces of leaf were studied for stomatal features including, stomatal distribution, stomatal type, stomatal index, stomatal pore length, stomatal pore width, guard cell length, guard cell width, subsidiary cell length and width, epidermal cell type, epidermal cell length and width, trichome type, trichome length and width. Amphistomatous, anisocytic, and with more stomata on the lower epidermal surface than the upper epidermal surface were present in all leaf varieties. On the leaves, the abaxial stomatal index ranged from 68.19 mm-2 (Bhavani Gold) to 56.67 mm-2 (Purple Round) to 58.8 mm-2 (Haritha). While on the adaxial surface, it varied from 59.67 mm-2 (Bhavani Gold), 53.46 mm-2 (Purple Round) and 56.67 mm-2 (Haritha). The three varieties of this study exhibited similarities in the pattern of epidermal cell on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces and were irregular in shape. Among the three varieties epidermal cell become irregular in outline and trichomes were present on both leaf surfaces. It becomes stellate, non-glandular, glandular and 8-12 in number. The highest trichome length was obtained in Bhavani Gold (63 μm) followed by Haritha (57.5 μm) and Purple Round (43 μm) on the upper epidermis. On the lower epidermal region maximum length was obtained in Bhavani Gold (65.5 μm) followed by Haritha (53 μm) and Purple Round (44 μm)
A mathematical primer to classical deep learning
Full text linkThis manuscript synthesizes the statistical foundations of classical deep learning by integrating insights from eight seminal works. It covers matrix calculus, neuron layers, weight and bias indexing, cost functions, differentiation of neuron operations, activation functions, bias functions, gradient descent, and backpropagation algorithms. The synthesis aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mathematical and statistical principles underpinning deep learning models, facilitating their application and further development in various domains
Biophysical and molecular evolutionary analysis reveals evidence of micro-evolution in the seminal fluid protein-Diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) of a Heliothine insect Helicoverpa armigera
Full text linkSeveral seminal fluid peptides (SFP) are critical for gametogenesis and reproduction related physiological processes in insects. Male seminal fluid induced mating results in post mating physiological responses (PMR) in the female, further impacting the reproductive success of the mating pair. We have previously reported Diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) protein in the lepidopteran Helicoverpa armigera with species specific PMR response. In the present study, we study the biophysical properties of the DBI protein with bioinformatics methods, further; we map its origin and diversification in the Heliothine clade using molecular evolutionary methods. Our analysis suggests unique biophysical properties of the protein such as four α helices, high exposed and disordered regions. Further, the Proteins B-Value and ProNA values are indicative of its roles in lipid metabolism. High aliphatic amino-acid composition and conservation of protein domain at unique residues along with the hydrophobicity and transmembrane index are indicative of the relative solubility of amino acid residues conferring adaptability. Evolutionary analysis indicated the gene has undergone selection. Further, several unique evolutionary-constrained domain residues/regions (ECRs) in the protein are suggestive of their roles in reproduction related physiological mechanisms. Our data implicate that the protein DBI has undergone evolutionary variation through the micro-evolution process enabled through adaptive mutation in the proteins conferring flexibility and adaptability, thus ensuring genus and species specific specificity
Shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration of Achyranthes japonica
Full text linkThis study focused on the in vitro plant regeneration and micropropagation of Achyranthes japonica Nakai by employing various cytokinins and auxins to determine their effects on shoot and root elongation. Seed sterilization was conducted utilizing a 70% solution of ethanol and subsequent sodium hypochlorite treatment. Seeds were germinated on Murashige and Skoog medium. Shoot regeneration was assessed by placing stem nodes, which were excised from the in vitro plants, on the supplemented medium. The effects of various cytokinin concentrations, BAP, kinetin, TDZ, and zeatin were analyzed. According to the results, TDZ at 2.0 mg/L demonstrated the highest number of effects of regeneration of shoots with minimal growth of 3.6±0.4 mm. At the same time, supplementation of kinetin without auxins leads to longer shoot length (17.2±2.1 mm). The addition of auxins such as IAA and IBA along with kinetin showed that the shoot length was increased than that of the control. The effects of AgNO3 and putrescine on shoot regeneration were also analyzed. It was stated that AgNO3 at 10 mg/L provided the most suitable shoot induction (3.8±0.49 shoots/explant). In addition, it is shown that among the various auxin concentrations, 0.1 mg/L IBA is the most suitable concentration for root regeneration (11.4±2.5 roots/shoot). The results imply that hormonal concentrations have significant effects on plant regeneration. Overall, these results identify the potential need for further research concerning the micro propagational techniques of A. japinca and similar plants
Vietnamese herbal opioid addiction treatment medication Heantos-4
Full text linkHeantos-4 is a non-toxic, non-addictive herbal detoxification medicine for opioid addiction. It was initially invented in Vietnam in the 1980s and tested and developed further in Vietnam in the early 1990s. Since 1995 it has been studied in international cooperation, standardized first into earlier versions and finally to the current version Heantos-4. The various versions have been utilized at Vietnamese inpatient rehabilitation clinics since 1991. During detoxification, it has a predominantly sedative effect. It likely acts as a dopaminergic stabilizer, counteracting both hyperdopaminergic and hypodopaminergic states. Up to 2008, an estimated 9000 patients had been treated. An uncontrolled phase III clinical trial carried out in Vietnam in 2008 indicated an approximately 90% success rate during an initial seven-day inpatient detoxification treatment. This formally unpublished trial is briefly reviewed in this article. In 2012, Heantos-4 was licensed for over-the-counter outpatient use in Vietnam. The Heantos-4 formulation consists of extracts of twelve plants commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In addition, animal-based gelatin is utilized as a binding agent. The product has been said to conform to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) standards. The patent of the product belongs to the National Institute of Chemistry of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST). An initial hindrance to clinical trials and international adoption was a lack of necessary polypharmacokinetic methods for determining the constituent molecules and the active agents of the complex mixture. In 2020 a key active agent l-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP) was identified. Due to synergistic effects between components Heantos-4 likely provides better tolerability and a greater therapeutic efficacy in comparison to l-THP alone. The article also briefly describes the approximately 40-year history of the development of Heantos, partly based on unpublished internal documents of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In the 2000s, a severe opioid epidemic emerged in the United States. More than ever an effective method for resolving opioid addiction is needed. As of yet only uncontrolled clinical trials of Heantos have been carried out. There is thus an urgent need for randomized controlled clinical trials
Hair style of Solanaceous plant: A morphological investigation
Full text linkHairs are a covering of trichomes (fine hairs) covering plant surfaces including leaves, stems, fruits, sepals, petals and reproductive parts, and hold a significant position in plant taxonomy, physiology, stress response and fossil reconstruction study. To study the objective of hair morphology of Solanaceous plants, three local taxa - Solanum lycopersicum L., Physalis minima L., Solanum diphyllum L. were collected and epidermal hairs were investigated. Both vegetative and reproductive parts were prepared by following proper methodology including cleaning, peeling and observation under the light microscope. A total of ten different types of hairs have been documented in the tree taxa. The hairs can be classified as pointed gland, glandular hair, unicellular hair, unicellular stinging hair, multicellular stinging hair, multicellular finger hair, strigose, hirsute, hispid, and short conical hair. The similarities and dissimilarities of hair types among taxa can be used as a reference point for future systematic and stress response studies in the family Solanaceae