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Morphological and anatomical characteristics and DNA barcode of Vanilla tiendatii
Full text linkVanilla tiendatii is a rare species and it has only been found in Quy Dat town, Minh Hoa district, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. In this study, the detailed anatomical characteristics of this species were provided for the first time. Furthermore, five molecular markers, including ITS, psaB, psbB, psbC, and matK were firstly successfully sequenced. The lengths of these regions were ranging from 606 to 730 bps. They were deposited in the NCBI database with the accession numbers of PP696975, PP721190, PP721191, PP721189, and PP721188, respectively. The results also demonstrated that there were differences in these molecular markers between V. tiendatii and other Vanilla species, V. yersiniana and V. albida, which were similar in morphological characteristics
Antifungal activity of turmeric rhizome extract against Ganoderma boninense
Full text linkBasal stem rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense threatens the oil palm industry, particularly in Southeast Asia. This study evaluated methanol extracts of turmeric rhizome (TRE) from four ecotypes (Bangka, Bandung, Palembang, and Surabaya) for antifungal activity against G. boninense. TRE showed strong inhibition, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.31% and IC50 values between 0.93% and 1.92%, exhibiting dose-dependent effects. Treated fungal hyphae displayed morphological abnormalities with enhanced chitin and protein deposition. Elevated electrical conductivity in fungal culture media indicated membrane damage and leakage of intracellular contents. These findings highlight the potential of TRE as a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides for BSR management
Effect of high-temperature stress on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and antioxidant activities of Acer palmatum
Full text linkAcer palmatum is an ornamental tree grown in East Asia and is exposed to the possible hazards of global climate changes and increased temperatures. In this context, a study was conducted in a greenhouse at the experimental farm of Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea from April to August 2023, to explore the consequences of high temperature stress on A. palmatum and assess the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll content in its leaves. One-year-old seedlings were treated at 40 °C for 1-3 days to determine the phenolic and flavonoid content, chlorophyll concentrations, and antioxidant activity at various intervals. The highest phenylpropanoid, total phenolic compound, and total flavonoid contents were observed during the first 2 days of high temperature treatment and reduced afterwards. Regarding the duration of the plant’s exposure, 1 day of exposure was associated with the highest antioxidant level assessed with DPPH and ABTS assays, while antioxidant activity was lowest under a long duration. The chlorophyll B content increased 2-fold with 1 day of heating exposure, in contrast to the levels of chlorophyll A and B. However, A. palmatum benefitted from a moderate level of heat stress, which stimulated the development of protective biochemical responses without developmental features. At the same time, extended exposure compromised the physiological health of the plant, reducing the phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll content
Morphological and cultural variations of Alternaria brassicae isolates from mustard crop of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Full text linkMustard is the most economically important genus of the family Cruciferae. It is an oil seed crop grown under a wide range of agro-climatic conditions in India. Among the various fungal diseases occurring on mustard, Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicae is one of the devastating diseases reported to cause 10-70% yield losses. Variations in morphological and cultural characteristics among 31 representatives in Allahabad geographical isolates of A. brassicae. Different isolates showed high-level variability in vitro concerning growth pattern, sporulation, conidial length, width, and number of septa. Conidia of Allahabad isolate (II-1b21) was the smallest in size with the lowest number of horizontal and vertical septa. Conidia of Allahabad isolate (IV-8A21) and (II-7C21) showed the largest in size with the highest number of horizontal and vertical septa. Substantial variation was found in mycelial growth and sporulation among these isolates in different culture media, temperature, pH and relative humidity. However, Potato Dextrose Agar, oatmeal agar, Czapex dox agar, Carrot meal agar and V-8 juice Agar were best for all the cultures. The highest radial growth was shown in the OMA medium by III-6C20 isolates, while the lowest growth was shown in the CA medium by II-7C21 and II-8B21 isolates. Out of all of them, the isolate from Barwa (I-6B121) sporulated the most (41.75x105/mL) whereas the isolate from Shekhsarwa (I-4A21) sporulated the least (0.5x105/mL). The various isolates showed varying rates of mycelial development and sporulation at various pH values. Phoolpur isolate (UN120), Sahso (II-4II20), Bhandra Naini isolate (III-5C21), SHUATS Naini isolate (III-6C20), Among the 31 isolates,9 isolates II-UN120 from Phoolpur, PRG, IV-5C20 from Malak har har Soraon, I-4A21 from Shekhsarwa, I-6B21 from Barwa PRG, I-6A1y21 from Barwa PRG, II-8B21 from Devnahri Phoolpur, III-6C21 from Sarangpur, IV-4B21 from Phaphamau, and IV- 6AY21 from Morahu were found to be high degree of infection as the spot produced by them were more than 10 mm in diameter. A dendrogram was created using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Average Means (UPGMA) to analyze the morphological and cultural characteristics of A. brassicae isolates on nutrient media. This dendrogram identified two major clusters with 90% similarity. One cluster (group I) comprised 24 isolates while another cluster (group II) comprised of remaining seven isolates. Isolates of Karchana, Meja, and Koraon were found to be more similar to each other whereas Handia, Phoolpur, and Soraon isolates were distantly related to each other
In vitro antidiabetic evaluation of Bombax buonopozense methanol leaf extract
Full text linkDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a major worldwide health burden that requires research into cost-effective treatment alternatives. It has been claimed that herbal medicines, have improved glucose metabolism in diabetics. It has been showed that several plant extracts are useful in preserving glucose homeostasis. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical and antidiabetic activities of Bombax buonopozense methanol leaf extracts. Standard methods were used for the identification of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, cardiacglycosides and steroids. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts of B. buonopozense was evaluated on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The crude leaf extract of B. buonopozense exhibited a more effective inhibition on α-glucosidase with IC50 (Half maximal inhibitory concentration) values 888.20±35.06 μg/mL when compared to control (ascorbic acid) with values 1076±2.77 μg/mL. Fractions of ethyl acetate showed lower inhibitory property of alpha glucosidase with IC50 value 18.44±2.63 μg/mL compared to the control (ascorbic acid with IC50 value 16325±1318 μg/mL). This study showed the scientific basis for the traditional therapeutic usage of B. buonopozense by proven its antidiabetic activity in vitro. This is the first time that B. buonopozense’s antidiabetic efficacy and possible mechanisms have been documented
Chemical composition and biological activities of acetone extract from the fruit of Acronychia pedunculata
Full text linkAcronychia pedunculata, a member of the Rutaceae family, has long been used in traditional medicine in South and Southeast Asia. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical constituents, volatile compounds, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of the acetone extract from A. pedunculata fruit. The results revealed that the extract contains several bioactive compounds, including phenolics, tannins, coumarins, terpenoids, steroids, and flavonoids. Additionally, 26 volatile compounds were identified, with 3-furaldehyde; 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-; and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural being the major components. The extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against three of the six tested bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. It also exhibited ABTS radical-scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 223.62±4.83 μg/mL
Agroecological approaches to enhance pollination services in horticultural crops
Full text linkPollination is a crucial ecosystem service that directly influences the yield and quality of horticultural crops. However, the decline in pollinator populations due to factors such as habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change poses significant risks to agricultural productivity. This paper reviews agroecological approaches to enhancing pollination services in horticultural crops, focusing on strategies that promote biodiversity, create pollinator-friendly habitats, and minimize environmental stressors. By implementing practices such as diversified cropping systems, organic farming, and the conservation of natural habitats, agroecology provides sustainable solutions to support pollinator health and ensure the resilience of horticultural production systems. The review also examines the benefits and challenges of these approaches and suggests future research directions to optimize pollination services in horticulture
Foliar epidermal micromorphology of genus Glochidion J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Phyllanthaceae) by using light and electron microscopy
Full text linkThe present study was conducted to compare both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of foliar epidermal micromorphology on some members of Glochidion in Assam. As taxonomic attributes, the foliar epidermal micromorphology study of nine taxa of both abaxial and adaxial surfaces was performed by using light microscopy (LM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The result showed both amphistomatic and hypostomatic types of leaf surfaces. On the same surface of the leaf, multiple types of stomata were observed such as anomocytic, anisocytic, hemiparacytic, and paracytic types. Significant diversity and variations were observed in stomatal number, size, area, epidermal cell number, subsidiary cells, and trichomes. The stomatal index, stomatal shape, epidermal cell shape, length and width of the stomata, and trichomes showed variation among the studied taxa. Glands were absent in all studied members. Papillae and epicuticular wax crystals were observed in some taxa. In addition, a taxonomic key was also provided based on foliar leaf epidermal characteristics using qualitative and quantitative data from LM and FESEM. Based on quantitative data of foliar leaf micromorphology, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were carried out to authenticate the micromorphological data. These would aid in the identification of taxa as well as in taxonomic delimitation
Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) an in-depth review of its nutritional classification and therapeutic application
Full text linkThe nutritional and various medical benefits of Moringa oleifera have been recognized for ages in a variety of habitats and introduced areas. A common tree in many tropical and subtropical nations is the M. oleifera. It belongs to the family Moringaceae. Various plant parts, including the leaves, roots, seeds, fruit, bark, flowers, and immature pods, it is used as analgesic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, and antihypertensive properties both humans and animals can benefit from eating Moringa leaves. M. oleifera is a plant whose many components are used to make traditional human meals. Protein, vitamins A, B, and C, as well as minerals, are all abundant in Moringa leaves. Up to 25% of M. oleifera leaf is made up of crude protein. Various M. oleifera plant components, including leaves, fruits, immature pods, and flowers, are grown in many tropical and subtropical nations
Chemical profiles of essential oils of two cultivars of Melaleuca cajuputi leaves and flowers
Full text linkIn the present study, the differences between the chemical compositions of the essential oils obtained from the leaves and flowers of two cultivars of M. cajuputi collected from Moc Hoa district, Long An province. By using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, a total of 105 components have been identified in the essential oils of four samples of two M. cajuputi cultivars such as “Tràm gió” leaves, “Tràm gió” flowers, “Tràm cừ” leaves and “Tràm cừ” flowers. The Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster (AHC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were performed to show the similarities/dissimilarities in chemical compositions among the four studied samples. As a result, the components of the essential oils of four studied samples were divided into two clusters. Cluster I included two samples such as “Tràm gió” leaf and “Tràm gió” flower with high presence of 1,8-cineole (35.12 and 17.69%), linalool (3.31 and 5.03%), (R)-α-terpinyl acetate (9.17 and 8.1%). Cluster II comprised “Tràm cừ” leaf and “Tràm cừ” flower with the high concentration of α-pinene (9.87 and 12.19%), γ-terpinene (10.48 and 11.3%), p-mentha-2,4(8)-diene (8.8 and 12.7%)