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The Origin of Species as a Book
Get PDFIn 1859, Charles Darwin published Origin of Species as the abstract of
the Big Species Book. He published revised editions of the Origin five
times, 2nd ed.（ 1860）, 3rd ed.（ 1861）, 4th ed.（ 1866）, 5th ed.（ 1869）, and
6th ed.（ 1872）. In this paper, differences of formats over the six editions
are described, and alterations of Darwin’s attitude toward writing and
revising the Origin are investigated by analysing the correspondence
of Darwin with John Murray, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley and
others.
In writing the 1st ed. and the 2nd ed., Darwin wanted to complete the
Big Book. He showed unwillingness to devote time to writing the Origin.
But at the stage of the 3rd ed., he gave up the idea of completing the Big
Book and decided to expand upon his theory of the biological evolution
through the Origin.
After ten years from the 1st ed., Darwin’s idea of the branching evolution
from a common ancestor had been widely acknowledged. In the
concluding chapter of the 6th ed., Darwin states, “Now things are wholly
changed, and almost every naturalist admits the great principle of
evolution.” （p. 424）. This is Darwin’s declaration of victory. The most
important object of the Origin had been accomplished. After the 6th ed.,
therefore, Darwin did not try to revise the Origin, and concentrated his
energy on studying botany.
The 6th ed. was published as a cheap edition. The appearance of the
6th ed. was markedly different from the previous editions. The format
from the 1st ed. to 4th ed. was post octavo. The 5th ed. was crown
octavo. The 6th ed. was shorter and narrower than the 5th ed. The types of
the text in the previous editions were 10-point, but 8-point in the 6th ed.
In the previous editions, texts were 35 lines in a page, but 45 lines in the
6th ed. The previous editions are regarded as fair specimens of Victorian
typography. But the 6th ed. is difficult to read.
From the 1st ed. to 4th ed., the price of the Origin was 14s. The 5th
ed. was 15s. The 6th ed. was half of the 5th ed., i.e., 7s6d. The previous
editions were type printing and were never reprinted. The 6th ed. was
stereotype printing and was reprinted almost annually.
After the Education Act of 1870, the readership of England was enlarged.
Murray’s objective in publishing the cheap edition was for the
new readership. The 6th ed. sold well, but it is probable that many people
were kept from reading the book by its unattractive appearance.
Now the Origin has become a classical book of science and has been
published in various forms in various languages. However, it is rare
that the book is read thoroughly. The Origin is the typical book that is
bought but not read.departmental bulletin pape
Our Mutual Friend Inherent in The Mystery of Edwin Drood : The Similarities between Jasper and Headstone
Get PDFThe Mystery of Edwin Drood（ 1870） is Dickens’s 15th novel, left unfinished
at the time of his death in June 1870, when he had nearly completed
six of the projected 12 monthly parts. The six parts were published
from April to September 1870 by Chapman & Hall, with the illustrations
by Luke Fildes （1843-1927）. Although most of the commentary has
attempted to explain how Dickens would have finished the novel, The
Mystery of Edwin Drood can also be read as the culmination of themes
and motifs in his earlier works.
Angus Wilson states that Jasper is by accident of Dickens’s death the
last of the long line of violent, murdering men, that typify the criminal
mind in Dickens’s novels. Although we can guess that the work is a
mystery story by the title of The Mystery of Edwin Drood, Dickens places
emphasis not on the solution of the mystery but on the representation
of Jasper’s mind. In The Mystery of Edwin Drood, the opium den may
have connections to the Orient, but its primary function seems to be to
represent the repressed inner world of John Jasper, so different from
his respectable outer appearance as the choir master of the cathedral,
a contrast not unlike that between Bradley Headstone’s controlled and
mechanical respectability as school master and his passionate murderous
suppressed self.
What has to be noticed is that Dickens has left a clue to the criminal
psychology of Jasper in Our Mutual Friend （1865）. In Our Mutual
Friend, Bradley Headstone has risen from low origins to his position
as schoolmaster, but his learning is insufficient to enable him to control
his passion and jealousy. Eugene Wrayburn and he became rivals for
Lizzie’s affection. Bradley pursues Eugene up the Thames, spies on his
assignation with Lizzie, and murderously attacks and nearly kills him.
In The Mystery of Edwin Drood, John Jasper is an opium addict and
frequenter of Princess Puffer’s den in London’s East End, although he is
choir director at Cloisterham. He is devoted to his nephew Edwin, but
he is also secretly in love with Rosa Bud, Edwin’s fiancé. Although he
tries to implicate Neville Landless in the disappearance of Drood, Jasper
himself is the most likely suspect at the close of the unfinished novel.
Jasper and Headstone have two points in common; they are twenty six
years old and have dark sides in their minds behind their respectable appearances.
Jasper leads a double life, as organist at the Cathedral which
he hates, and as drug-addict in low opium-dens in London, while Headstone
breaks loose at night like an ill-tamed animal, tied up all day with
his disciplined show upon him, subdued to the performance of his routine
of educational tricks, encircled by a gabbling crowd. They reveal their
dark sides in their minds when they face triangular love affairs. Dickens
not only has left clues to the mystery of the murder in Our Mutual
Friend, but also suggests that Jasper has a murderous design such as
Headstone has.departmental bulletin pape
Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch on Feeling and Emotion
Get PDFIn this paper I aim to make it clear ideas of Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch
（1802-1896） on feeling and emotion in his textbooks on psychology,
Empirische Psychologie nach naturwissenschaftlicher Methode （Empirical
psychology following the method of natural science, 1842）. Drobisch, as the
first Herbartian scholar, succeeded to Herbart’s thought on feeling and
emotion, mutatis mutandis .（1）He rejoined emotion with feeling, opposed
to Herbart who had disjoined them.（2）He classified kinds of feelings
schematically.（3）he described mechanism of emotion using visual images
of dynamic movements.departmental bulletin pape
Meaning of Recording in Parenting ：Analysis of Play Stories by Mothers
Get PDFdepartmental bulletin pape
The Primitive Accumulation of Capital and the Experiences of the Soviet Industrialization. Part 2(1)
Get PDFIn the Soviet Union, during the period of Stalinist industrialization and
collectivization of agriculture, large numbers of peasants from rural areas
migrated to cities. This occurred on a scale that can be likened to the
Exodus. Sheila Fitzpatrick pointed out that this was a very similar
phenomenon to what Marx described in his “Primitive Accumulation
Theory of Capital” in Capital and raised the “paradox” that Soviet
collectivization not only drove the peasants to kolkhoz, but also drove them
out of the countryside. The “paradox of collectivization” arose from the fact
that collectivization, on the basis of Marx’s theory, destroyed by force the
“small peasant management” that had traditionally been the mode of life
and livelihood for the peasantry. The collectivization of agriculture was
enforced by treating the wealthy peasant class of diligent farmers in the
village as “enemies of socialism” and by using the bare violence of the state
as leverage for the “extermination of the kulaks as a class. According to V.
P. Danilov’s research, prior to collectivization, the rural society in the NEP
period was undergoing its own changes with contradictions and difficulties.
Although the number of peasants migrating to the cities and industry was
increasing, the structure was not designed to meet immediately the
demand for labor from industrialization, which was rapidly changing gears.
The massive supply of labor was created only when the “small peasant
business” was thoroughly destroyed by forced collectivization with violent
leverage.departmental bulletin pape
