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“Who Ate the Donut?” Eye-Examination That Children from Three Years Old Can Take : Analysis of the Current Situation and Issue of Eye-Examination on the Health-Check Program for Three-year-old Children
Full text linkThere is a sensitive period for the sense of vision. It peaks between the ages of three months
and one-and-a-half years, and finishes around the age of eight years. The development of the
sense of vision is delayed or stops if children have refraction abnormalities, strabismus and other
eye abnormalities that impede the development of normal vision and binocular visual function
during the sensitive period. If the cause of the impediment can be detected and treated during the
sensitive period, normal development of the sense of vision can be expected.
Refraction abnormality and amblyopia can not be found by medical examination. Refraction
abnormality and amblyopia can be found by eye-examination.
Children can participate in the eye-examination independently from around the age of three
years.
In order to detect refraction abnormality and amblyopia during the sensitive period and to start
treatment at an early age, an eyesight test was included in the health-check program for threeyear-old children in 1990.
Around 15 years have passed since then, and the status and issues of the eye-examination have
been reported.
As an achievement, hypo-visual amblyopia and refraction abnormal amblyopia, which previously
had not been detected until the-school health examination, can now be detected in the healthcheck program for three-year-old children. The percentage of children with poor eyesight has
thus been reduced.
The timing of the health-check program for three-year-old children is one of the issues. There
is an opinion that “it is better to conduct an eye-examination at the age of around three-and-a-half
years because the eye-examination success rate is low around 3 years old”. On the other hand,
there is a report that “it is too late to start the treatment of oblique amblyopia at the age of three
years.” Therefore, the timing of the eyesight test differs according to the local government
In addition, there are local governments that adopt Photo Screener, which is originally intended
for infants and skips the eyesight test because the eye-examination in the health-check program
for three-year-old children is considered “time consuming and unreliable.”
In addition, overlooking occurs because a secondary eye-examination is conducted at the venue
for the medical checkup based on the results of the primary eye-examination, even though “the
accuracy of the primary eye-examination conducted at home is low.”
Currently, the reference standard for eye-examinations is 0.5. Although there is a risk of overlooking hyperopia, it is considered that “there is no problem if the child’s eyesight is 0.5” from
the viewpoint of eyesight development.
We propose a solution based on the status and issues.
Specifically, we conclude that the “Who ate the donut?” eye-examination targeting children
from the age of three years can solve the issuesdepartmental bulletin pape
ファンドスキームの様々な取り組み ー地域・環境再生との関連を中心にー
Full text linkIn recent years, rehabilitations of medium and small enterprises are getting important. Various
activities, Guideline of Out-of-court Workouts for Financial Institutions, Industrial Revitalization
Corporation of Japan and Councils for Rehabilitation of medium and small enterprises, have been
introduced by the Japanese government. The activities were effective to improve balance sheets
of the enterprises, but sales and profits were not always improved.
In order to improve them, economic situation of the regions where the distressed enterprises
are operating have to be vitalized.
Regional vitalizations need various activities such as utilizing regional resources, training human
resources and constructing financial channels.
Among the financial channels, this paper focuses on and examines investment fund schemes,
because the investment fund schemes in which citizens invest in order to improve environmental
and regional situations are getting remarkable.
In addition, we examine the roles and effects of wind power generation funds, photovoltaic
power generation funds, agricultural funds and forest fundsdepartmental bulletin pape
