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The Actual Situation and Challenges of Rural-Urban Labor Mobility Phenomenon in China －Focusing on the Current State of Rural Labor Mobility in Henan Provinceー
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to grasp the situation of rural labor
migration from the 1990s, when labor migration was in full swing, to the
present day in China as a whole and in Henan Province, and to clarify the
characteristics and trends of the rural labor force.
The subject of this paper’s research will be the actual situation of rural
labor migration in China as a whole and the case of Henan Province, which
has more rural-born labor migration in the country, from macro and semimacro
perspectives.
Henan’s provincial population in 2020 will reach approximately 115
million, making it the most populous province in China. On the other hand,
due to the rather slow development of the provincial economy, the labor
force from rural areas that has moved out of the region has reached
approximately 15.85 million, the highest figure in the country. Therefore,
research on the phenomenon of rural labor migration in Henan Province
has a certain significance in understanding the nationwide trend of rural
labor migration.
Furthermore, we would like to focus on how the spread of new
coronavirus infection since 2020 has affected the migration phenomenon of
the rural labor force.departmental bulletin pape
The Formation of Online Friendship in Modern Chinese Society: On a Case of “Age of Gunslingers” Players
Get PDFWith the rapid popularization of the Internet in Chinese society, great
changes have taken place in personal relationships. For example, intimate
relationship such as making friends is constructed by playing online games.
This means that “intimate strangers” previously proposed by Japanese
sociologist Hidenori Tomita appear on the Internet.
This paper aims to examine how to construct “online friendship” on
interviews with Chinese “Age of Gunslingers”, which is very popular online
game in Chinese society, players. As a result, it is proved that some
players do this online game in order to make friends, on the other hand the
others do at first in order to enjoy playing it, and afterward to make
friends. That indicates that a distinguishing feature of playing online games
in modern Chinese society is not consummatory, but instrumental.departmental bulletin pape
French Editions of the Origin of Species
Get PDFCharles Darwin was eager for the Origin of Species（ 1859） to be read
in foreign countries. In this paper, processes of French editions are investigated
by analysing the correspondence of Darwin with publishers,
translators, and others.
In 1860, Pierre Talandier, an exile Frenchman teaching languages at
the Royal Military Collage, wrote to Darwin that he wanted to translate
the Origin. Darwin welcomed his proposal. Yet Talandier failed to get a
publisher. Bailliere, Masson, and Hachette, prominent publishers of scientific
books in Paris, all rejected it with contempt. Darwin greatly disappointed.
In 1862 the French version of the Origin based on Murray’s 3rd edition
（1861） was published by Guillaumin, a publisher of economic books
in Paris. The translator was Clémence Royer, a self-educated social
thinker. In the translator’s preface she stated her belief of social progress
by struggle and said that the Origin authorized her belief. In the translator’s
footnotes she wrote different opinions from Darwin’s on problems
of natural history, although she learned natural history only by books. In
a letter to J. D. Hooker, Darwin wrote, “It is really curious to know what
conceited people there are in the world,”. As a matter of course Darwin
was greatly dissatisfied with the Royer’s translation. Nevertheless, Darwin
assisted with her works, because Darwin desired eagerly the Origin
to be read in foreign languages.
The 2nd edition of the Royer’s translation （1866） was also based on
Murray’s 3rd edition. Darwin read proof sheets despite his illness and
told revisions to Royer. But this kindness of Darwin was annoyance for
Royer, because she thought that the translator’s status was independent
from the original writer.
The 3rd edition of the Royer’s translation was published in 1869 without
a notice to Darwin. The text was also based on Murray’s 3rd edition,
neither on Murray’s 4th edition （1866） nor Murray’s 5th edition （1869）.
In the new translator’s preface Royer criticized severely Darwin’s theory
of heredity advanced in Darwin’s new book The Variation of Animals
and Plants Under Domestication（ 1868）. Darwin was angry and deprived
rights of translation from Royer.
Thereafter, French translations of Darwin’s books were published by
Charles-Ferdinand Reinwald come from Germany, a publisher of translated
scientific books in Paris. Murray’s 5th edition of the Origin was
translated by Jean Jacques Moulinié and published in 1873. Murray’s 6th
edition was translated by Edmond Barbier and published in 1876. This
version remains the standard French translation. Other translation of the
Origin did not appear until 2009. These circumstances show the unpopularity
of Darwinism in France.departmental bulletin pape
A Study on Career Education and Career Support for Students Based on an Attitude Survey about Abilities of Self-education and Significance of Working"
Get PDFdepartmental bulletin pape
The Primitive Accumulation of Capital and the Experiences of the Soviet Industrialization. Part 2（3）
Get PDFThe acceleration of industrialization increased the demand for grain in
industries and cities. As grain prices rose, so did the shortage of livestock
feed made from the same grain. The starting point of the problem of
declining livestock numbers due to slaughter and sale of livestock in rural
areas is the forced industrialization without any serious consideration of
the balance with the agricultural situation.
Regarding the form of collectivization in the countryside, Stalin’s
leadership repeatedly vacillated between the basic stable form of artels,
which allowed common ownership of land as well as vegetable gardens and
a certain amount of livestock on the land attached to the houses, and the
transitional form of arteries, which was merely a transitional form to the
kommuna (communes), where all means of production including livestock
were shared. This accelerated the decline in the number of livestock.
Furthermore, the policy of “socialization of livestock,” which was supposed
to be a response to the urgent problem of the livestock crisis rather than
an ideology that aimed for a higher level of collectivization, failed miserably
to curb the slaughter of livestock.
In the end, after a long period of catastrophe in which the number of
livestock could not be recovered, certain livestock holdings, such as cow,
poultry and sheep were allowed as “individual sideline farming” along with
land attached to housing estates. Thus, the dual structure of collective farm
and tiny individual farming became a permanent feature of Soviet
agriculture. It can be said that the destruction of small peasant farming
through forced collectivization reached its historical limit here.departmental bulletin pape