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The Fundamental Human Desire for Play and the Happiness of Sport : Taking a Cue from Maki and Saeki's Theory
Get PDFdepartmental bulletin pape
Commisarie or Testamentary Trusts in the Republic of Venice
Get PDFCommissarie（ sg.: commissaria） were testamentary trusts practised in
the Republic of Venice. Deriving from the Latin word fideicommissum,
commissaria meant everything trusted by a testament, mainly the
division of property and bequests, but also instructions on the funeral,
Masses, the construction of tomb and/or monument, and especially the
administration of assets ‘in perpetuo’ for the sake of the salvation of the
testator’s soul.
In charge of the execution of commissaria were commissarij, trustees
appointed by the testator, and their successors and agents. Often
commissarie were entrusted to confraternities or to the Procurators of
San Marco, the second highest offices after the Doge in the Republic of
Venice, or in some cases to both institutions.
Where perpetual management of assets was required, the bequests
were mainly in the form of government bonds, real estate, and charitable
houses （ospedali and ospizi）. Interests of government bonds and
rental incomes from real estates were used to support the surviving
family members or to pay for perpetual Masses, donated to religious
or charitable organizations, or distributed among the poor by the hand
of executors. Some testators wished to establish almshouses to
accommodate the socially vulnerable. Such facilities were expected to be
maintained forever and laid a heavy burden on the executors.
The benefactor and the beneficiaries could have a direct relationship,
but charitable trusts were aimed at unspecified people in need, and
the selection of the beneficiaries was left to the executors. For them,
this task was advantageous as well as arduous, because they could
consolidate their own personal ties through the distribution of the
benefits. The poor who received benefits had their role, too, because they
were indispensable for the salvation of the soul of the benefactors. Thus,
multilayered personal relationships were weaved around commissarie.
The detailed inventories of commissarie entrusted to the Procurators
in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia allow us to extract quantitative data
from some 3,500 commissarie. I collected information regarding the year
of establishment and the last year of the records of each commissaria to
figure out how long it was maintained. The results show that about 20
per cent or 688 commissarie lasted more than 100 years, among which
384 lasted more than 200 years. The documents I have surveyed are
silent about how a commissaria ended, but this analysis proved the
longevity of numerous commissarie.
Commissarie functioned as social bonds which brought people together
across time and class. In previous studies, commissaria documents have
been used for historical research about finance, charity, and art, but
they are also useful for social network research. In the future, it will be
necessary to elucidate the reality of commissarie in more detail through
specific case studies.
＊ Research for this study was made possible by the generous assistance
of Momoyama Gakuin University. I wish to express my special thanks
to Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia for allowing me to develop my
research in March-September 2022 as a visiting scholar.departmental bulletin pape
How are Music Tastes and Demographic Variables Related in Japanese University Students?
Get PDFThis paper describes how relationship between social stratification and
music tastes in Japanese university students． We use data from the
survey‘Lifestyle and Attitudes of Japanese University Students 2020’，
which is a large-scale online survey of students at19universities in Japan．
The result shows following． First， preferred music genres tend to
increase with more difficult universities． That means what B． Bryson
called cultural tolerance． Second， the preference for rock music
represents a characteristic of current Japanese music listening． In the
past， rock music was a symbol of resistance among the youth． But in
today’s Japan， however， a preference for rock music does not imply
resistance to society or else． On the contrary， rock music tends to be
favored by university students with high cultural capital， high admission
difficulty， and can’t afford the cost of living， making it closer to
legitimate culture than to counterculture．
In addition， it is showed the difficulty for capturing cultural
omnivorousness or music tastes using survey data， because the results
differ considerably between the questions asked in the multi-answer format
and those asked in the open-ended format， a more detailed survey design
will be required in the future．departmental bulletin pape
Nominal interest rate and inflation:From the perspective of theoretical and empirical studies
Get PDFThis paper examines the relationship between nominal interest rates and
inflation in terms of both cost channel and neo-Fisherian hypotheses. The
cost channel hypothesis helps explain why contractionary monetary policy
shocks increase the inflation rate, whereas the neo-Fisherian effect
captures how an increase in the central bank’s inflation target may cause
interest rates to rise rather than fall. In particular, if the zero lower bound
of the nominal interest rate is binding, the neo-Fisherian effect may explain
the relationship between the central bank’s inflation target and interest
rates. These two hypotheses can provide significant implications for
monetary policy.departmental bulletin pape
