Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan (Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Banjarmasin)
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Physical Air Quality in The Pneumonia Toddler Room in The Pakusari Puskesmas Working Area, Jember District
No full textPneumonia is a significant health issue, responsible for 14% of child deaths worldwide. At Pakusari Health Center in Jember Regency, cases of pneumonia have risen from 2021 to 2022, placing it among the top 10 health concerns. Pneumonia in young children is caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and foreign bodies, exacerbated by physical and chemical contamination. Children under five, who spend much time in the bedroom, are particularly susceptible to this respiratory disease. This study aims to describe the physical air quality in bedrooms and the characteristics of under-five children with pneumonia. This research employs a descriptive, quantitative approach with a case-series design. A sample size of 10 houses was determined using non-probability and purposive sampling techniques. Primary data were gathered from interviews and air quality measurements conducted by the Indonesian Environmental Health and Disease Control (BBTKLPP) Surabaya, focusing on temperature, humidity, and lighting parameters. Findings indicate that 70% of pneumonia cases occur in children aged 0-24 months, with a majority being female.Additionally, 50% of the children received exclusive breastfeeding, and 20% had a history of measles. Based on Ministry of Health Regulation 1077/2011 standards, the room air quality results showed that 40% of air temperature measurements qualified and 60% unqualified, with lighting and humidity also not meeting requirements. However, PM10 levels were 100% within the acceptable range. This suggests that the physical air quality in the bedrooms of children under five with pneumonia is suboptimal, likely due to poor ventilation and infrequent opening of windows and curtains.
Pneumonia is a significant health issue, responsible for 14% of child deaths worldwide. At Pakusari Health Center in Jember Regency, cases of pneumonia have risen from 2021 to 2022, placing it among the top 10 health concerns. Pneumonia in young children is caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and foreign bodies, exacerbated by physical and chemical contamination. Children under five, who spend much time in the bedroom, are particularly susceptible to this respiratory disease. This study aims to describe the physical air quality in bedrooms and the characteristics of under-five children with pneumonia. This research employs a descriptive, quantitative approach with a case-series design. A sample size of 10 houses was determined using non-probability and purposive sampling techniques. Primary data were gathered from interviews and air quality measurements conducted by the Indonesian Environmental Health and Disease Control (BBTKLPP) Surabaya, focusing on temperature, humidity, and lighting parameters. Findings indicate that 70% of pneumonia cases occur in children aged 0-24 months, with a majority being female.Additionally, 50% of the children received exclusive breastfeeding, and 20% had a history of measles. Based on Ministry of Health Regulation 1077/2011 standards, the room air quality results showed that 40% of air temperature measurements qualified and 60% unqualified, with lighting and humidity also not meeting requirements. However, PM10 levels were 100% within the acceptable range. This suggests that the physical air quality in the bedrooms of children under five with pneumonia is suboptimal, likely due to poor ventilation and infrequent opening of windows and curtains
The Relationship of The Physical Quality of The House and Personal Hygiene with Dermatitis in Juai District
No full textDermatitis is a skin disorder that appears inflamed and irritated. There are two factors that influence the occurrence of dermatitis: exogenous factors (chemicals, microorganisms, temperature, and humidity) and endogenous factors (personal hygiene, skin thickness, age, gender, and disease history). In 2020, the Balangan District Health Office recorded data showing dermatitis as the 6th most common disease among the community from various sub-districts in Balangan Regency, with Juai being the sub-district with the highest number of dermatitis cases. In Juai, the Balangan District Health Office recorded 519 cases of dermatitis in 2020. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between the physical environment of the house, personal hygiene, and dermatitis in the community. We conducted this research as an analytical survey, utilizing a case-control research design. The sample consisted of 43 cases and 43 controls. The instruments used were a thermohygrometer, a lux meter, and a questionnaire. Some cases involved the use of data analysis. Statistical test results In Juai District, Balangan Regency, Somers'd revealed a significant correlation between the physical environment of the house (temperature p = 0.001, humidity p = 0.004, and lighting p = 0.002), personal hygiene (p = 0.018), and dermatitis. Patients with dermatitis should avoid allergen-triggering substances found in daily products and improve habits that can trigger dermatitis.Dermatitis is a skin disorder that appears inflamed and irritated. There are two factors that influence the occurrence of dermatitis: exogenous factors (chemicals, microorganisms, temperature, and humidity) and endogenous factors (personal hygiene, skin thickness, age, gender, and disease history). In 2020, the Balangan District Health Office recorded data showing dermatitis as the 6th most common disease among the community from various sub-districts in Balangan Regency, with Juai being the sub-district with the highest number of dermatitis cases. In Juai, the Balangan District Health Office recorded 519 cases of dermatitis in 2020. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between the physical environment of the house, personal hygiene, and dermatitis in the community. We conducted this research as an analytical survey, utilizing a case-control research design. The sample consisted of 43 cases and 43 controls. The instruments used were a thermohygrometer, a lux meter, and a questionnaire. Some cases involved the use of data analysis. Statistical test results In Juai District, Balangan Regency, Somers'd revealed a significant correlation between the physical environment of the house (temperature p = 0.001, humidity p = 0.004, and lighting p = 0.002), personal hygiene (p = 0.018), and dermatitis. Patients with dermatitis should avoid allergen-triggering substances found in daily products and improve habits that can trigger dermatitis
Variations in the Flow Rate of Activated Carbon Filtration are implemented to reduce the amount of biochemical oxygen demand in a Gray Water Canteen
No full textDomestic liquid waste stemming from cooking and cleaning activities poses a significant environmental concern. Initial tests revealed a high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) level of 376 mg/L, far exceeding the permissible limit of 30 mg/L, according to Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 68 of 2016. Failure to treat this waste could have detrimental effects on the environment. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of varying flow rates in reducing BOD levels in canteen liquid waste, employing activated carbon derived from coconut shells. Employing an experimental design without control, the research encompassed three flow rate treatments: 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 liters per minute, each repeated six times. Thirty-six samples, equivalent to 54 liters of waste, were analyzed, exhibiting a normal data distribution. Results indicated a notable reduction in BOD levels across all flow rate variations. Specifically, the average decrease was 109.68 mg/L, 107.57 mg/L, and 99.52 mg/L for flow rates of 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 liters per minute, respectively. These findings underscore the effectiveness of varying flow rates in mitigating BOD in domestic liquid waste. Further research includes investigating activated carbon media's saturation point to optimize its adsorption capacity and determining reactivation timelines. Such endeavors are crucial for refining waste treatment processes and minimizing environmental impacts.Domestic liquid waste stemming from cooking and cleaning activities poses a significant environmental concern. Initial tests revealed a high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) level of 376 mg/L, far exceeding the permissible limit of 30 mg/L, according to Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 68 of 2016. Failure to treat this waste could have detrimental effects on the environment. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of varying flow rates in reducing BOD levels in canteen liquid waste, employing activated carbon derived from coconut shells. Employing an experimental design without control, the research encompassed three flow rate treatments: 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 liters per minute, each repeated six times. Thirty-six samples, equivalent to 54 liters of waste, were analyzed, exhibiting a normal data distribution. Results indicated a notable reduction in BOD levels across all flow rate variations. Specifically, the average decrease was 109.68 mg/L, 107.57 mg/L, and 99.52 mg/L for flow rates of 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 liters per minute, respectively. These findings underscore the effectiveness of varying flow rates in mitigating BOD in domestic liquid waste. Further research includes investigating activated carbon media's saturation point to optimize its adsorption capacity and determining reactivation timelines. Such endeavors are crucial for refining waste treatment processes and minimizing environmental impacts
Health Risks of Exposure to Cadmium in Tila Fish in The Community of Kerta Buana Village, Kutai Kartanegara District
No full textThe presence of heavy metal cadmium in ex-mining ponds results from coal excavation and refining activities. Ex-mining ponds are used by the community for fishing and fish farming, the community uses ex-mining ponds. Communities often consume fish without fully understanding its quality and the potential health risks it poses. As a result, it is necessary to conduct community research on environmental health risk analysis (EHRA) as a first step to estimating or predicting health risks. The research was conducted for one month, from June to July 2022. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires, food models, and anthropometric measurements. Fish samples were collected from five different locations in ex-mining ponds, while human samples were taken from 20 respondents. The analysis of cadmium concentration in fish was done using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The study's results showed that the highest number of samples was about 0.0006 mg/kg of cadmium, while all of the respondents had a risk level value (RQ) of less than 1. This indicates that none of the respondents faced any health risks. It is recommended that people know and pay more attention to the types and sources of fish produced.The presence of heavy metal cadmium in ex-mining ponds results from coal excavation and refining activities. Ex-mining ponds are used by the community for fishing and fish farming, the community uses ex-mining ponds. Communities often consume fish without fully understanding its quality and the potential health risks it poses. As a result, it is necessary to conduct community research on environmental health risk analysis (EHRA) as a first step to estimating or predicting health risks. The research was conducted for one month, from June to July 2022. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires, food models, and anthropometric measurements. Fish samples were collected from five different locations in ex-mining ponds, while human samples were taken from 20 respondents. The analysis of cadmium concentration in fish was done using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The study's results showed that the highest number of samples was about 0.0006 mg/kg of cadmium, while all of the respondents had a risk level value (RQ) of less than 1. This indicates that none of the respondents faced any health risks. It is recommended that people know and pay more attention to the types and sources of fish produced
Exposure To Infrared Rays Effectively Reduces the Total Germs on Eating Equipment in The Industrial Canteen
No full textTraditional food processing methods, unclean presentation and storage, and poor cutlery washing contribute to food-related diseases. The research occurred in an industry that transports oil and natural gas, fills LPG cylinders, and provides canteen facilities for workers to eat. According to Minister of Health Regulation No. 1096 of 2011, which pertains to Food Service Sanitation Hygiene, the permissible limit for the number of germs on cutlery surfaces is 0 colonies per cm2. The inspection results showed that the number of germs on the plate did not meet the recommended 321 colonies/cm2 threshold. We conducted this study to investigate the impact of varying infrared irradiation times on the number of germs on cutlery. The research was conducted using an experimental design, including a posttest and a control group, and involved three different irradiation time treatments: 10 minutes, 15 minutes, and 20 minutes, each with six repetitions. The study population consisted of 35 cutlery plates with a sample size 24. Data analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Walli's test, with results obtained at p <0.05 (0.000). After being irradiated for 10 minutes, 15 minutes, and 20 minutes, the average number of germs was 32 colonies/cm2, 11 colonies/cm2, and 0 colonies/cm2. The study's findings on reducing the number of germs in the industry were influenced by differences in the length of time for infrared light irradiation. It is recommended that sterilization cabinets be used in the industry to reduce the number of germs in industrial cutlery.Traditional food processing methods, unclean presentation and storage, and poor cutlery washing contribute to food-related diseases. The research occurred in an industry that transports oil and natural gas, fills LPG cylinders, and provides canteen facilities for workers to eat. According to Minister of Health Regulation No. 1096 of 2011, which pertains to Food Service Sanitation Hygiene, the permissible limit for the number of germs on cutlery surfaces is 0 colonies per cm2. The inspection results showed that the number of germs on the plate did not meet the recommended 321 colonies/cm2 threshold. We conducted this study to investigate the impact of varying infrared irradiation times on the number of germs on cutlery. The research was conducted using an experimental design, including a posttest and a control group, and involved three different irradiation time treatments: 10 minutes, 15 minutes, and 20 minutes, each with six repetitions. The study population consisted of 35 cutlery plates with a sample size 24. Data analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Walli's test, with results obtained at p <0.05 (0.000). After being irradiated for 10 minutes, 15 minutes, and 20 minutes, the average number of germs was 32 colonies/cm2, 11 colonies/cm2, and 0 colonies/cm2. The study's findings on reducing the number of germs in the industry were influenced by differences in the length of time for infrared light irradiation. It is recommended that sterilization cabinets be used in the industry to reduce the number of germs in industrial cutlery
The Potential of Rainwater Harvesting as an Alternative Source of Clean Water at the Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo Semarang
No full textRainwater harvesting (RWH) is the process of directly preventing rainwater runoff and introducing rainwater into a reservoir for daily use. RWH can also be an alternative for providing clean water in the UIN Walisongo campus area. With the construction of new buildings and the addition of the number of students each year, the need for clean water is also increasing. This study aims to determine the quality of rainwater in the FST Building and to analyse the potential of rainwater harvesting as an alternative source of clean water in the FST Building of UIN Walisongo Semarang. This study examined rainwater quality as a clean water alternative in the Faculty of Science and Technology building. The location for taking rainwater samples was carried out at the FST Campus 3 Building. Laboratory tests for rainwater quality were carried out at the Centre for Standardisation and Industrial Pollution Prevention Services (BBSPJPPI) in Semarang. The rainwater samples analyzed met the clean water quality standards based on Ministry of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017 concerning Environmental Health Quality Standards and Water Health Requirements for Sanitary Hygiene, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua, and Public Baths, except for the organic matter parameter (KMnO4), according to laboratory tests.Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the process of directly preventing rainwater runoff and introducing rainwater into a reservoir for daily use. RWH can also be an alternative for providing clean water in the UIN Walisongo campus area. With the construction of new buildings and the addition of the number of students each year, the need for clean water is also increasing. This study aims to determine the quality of rainwater in the FST Building and to analyse the potential of rainwater harvesting as an alternative source of clean water in the FST Building of UIN Walisongo Semarang. This study examined rainwater quality as a clean water alternative in the Faculty of Science and Technology building. The location for taking rainwater samples was carried out at the FST Campus 3 Building. Laboratory tests for rainwater quality were carried out at the Centre for Standardisation and Industrial Pollution Prevention Services (BBSPJPPI) in Semarang. The rainwater samples analyzed met the clean water quality standards based on Ministry of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017 concerning Environmental Health Quality Standards and Water Health Requirements for Sanitary Hygiene, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua, and Public Baths, except for the organic matter parameter (KMnO4), according to laboratory tests
Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3) at Puskesmas in Jember District
No full textPuskesmas X serves various programs such as health check-ups, outpatient care, inpatient care, emergency room services, and so on. The purpose of this research is to determine the type of B3 waste, the amount of B3 waste heap, the B3 waste treatment system, and also the impact that will be caused by poor B3 waste management. The type of study in this research is descriptive observational. This activity was carried out on February 14 to March 31, 2022. The data sources in this study were obtained from 4 (four) ways, namely by observation, interviews, weighing and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the types of waste (B3) in Puskesmas X are used syringes, expired syringes, expired drugs, soft infectious waste (used gloves, cotton, bandages, tissue, masks, used drug packaging, and used injection packaging), and infusion bottles. Sources of B3 waste come from service units such as the emergency room, immunization room, general treatment room, inpatient room, MCH room, laboratory room, delivery room, and dental and oral service room. The largest solid medical waste producer at Puskesmas X was from the delivery room unit with an average daily weight of 0.458 Kg and the laboratory room with an average daily weight of 0.299 Kg. B3 waste management in Puskesmas X is by collaborating with PT Sagraha Satya Sawahita and PT. International Wastec. Poor management of medical waste can lead to health hazards such as infection, hepatitis, HIV and Aids, respiratory or skin diseases, cancer, damage to offspring, and death.Puskesmas X serves various programs such as health check-ups, outpatient care, inpatient care, emergency room services, and so on. The purpose of this research is to determine the type of B3 waste, the amount of B3 waste heap, the B3 waste treatment system, and also the impact that will be caused by poor B3 waste management. The type of study in this research is descriptive observational. This activity was carried out on February 14 to March 31, 2022. The data sources in this study were obtained from 4 (four) ways, namely by observation, interviews, weighing and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the types of waste (B3) in Puskesmas X are used syringes, expired syringes, expired drugs, soft infectious waste (used gloves, cotton, bandages, tissue, masks, used drug packaging, and used injection packaging), and infusion bottles. Sources of B3 waste come from service units such as the emergency room, immunization room, general treatment room, inpatient room, MCH room, laboratory room, delivery room, and dental and oral service room. The largest solid medical waste producer at Puskesmas X was from the delivery room unit with an average daily weight of 0.458 Kg and the laboratory room with an average daily weight of 0.299 Kg. B3 waste management in Puskesmas X is by collaborating with PT Sagraha Satya Sawahita and PT. International Wastec. Poor management of medical waste can lead to health hazards such as infection, hepatitis, HIV and Aids, respiratory or skin diseases, cancer, damage to offspring, and death
Hubungan Sanitasi Tempat, Sanitasi Peralatan Dan Higiene Penjamah Dengan Bakteri Coliform Pada Depot Air Minum Di Kecamatan Sukmajaya
No full textThe increasing need for drinking water consumption has caused drinking water depots (DAM) to become one of the most popular choices among people. This is because the number of drinking water depots in Sukmajaya District has increased from 2019-2020 by 33%. To acquire consumption-safe status, DAM’s water must be free from coliforms. This study aims to determine the relationship between DAM’s sanitation hygiene with the number of Coliforms, with DAM in Sukmajaya District as the research subject. This study uses an analytical observational method using a cross-sectional approach. The research variables are place sanitation, equipment sanitation, and handler hygiene from the research population of 45 DAM units, with 31 DAM units taken as samples. By observation and interview with checklist sheets guided by the Minister of Health Regulation No. 43 of 2014, the results showed that among 31 DAMs, there were 15 (48.4%) DAMs that met the requirements for the total number of Coliforms, and 16 (51.6%) others did not meet the requirements for the total number of Coliforms. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between equipment sanitation (p = 0.001) and the hygienic conditions of the handlers (p = 0.001) in the presence of Coliform bacteria. Meanwhile, in the sanitation conditions (p=0.537) there was no significant relationship with the presence of Coliform bacteria. It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between equipment sanitation and handler hygiene and the number of coliforms in DAM waters. Conversely, the place sanitation variable shows that there is no significant relationship with the number of Coliforms in DAM waters.Meningkatnya kebutuhan konsumsi air minum telah menyebabkan air olahan DAM (Depot Air Minum) menjadi salah satu preferensi yang popular di kalangan masyarakat. Hal tersebut dikarenakan jumlah depot air minum yang terdapat di Kecamatan Sukmajaya mengalami peningkatan dari tahun 2019-2020 yaitu sebesar 33%. Untuk mempunyai status aman konsumsi, air olahan DAM harus terbebas dari kandungan Coliform. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara higiene sanitasi DAM dengan jumlah Coliform, dengan subjek penelitian DAM di Kecamatan Sukmajaya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross-sectional, dengan variabel sanitasi tempat, sanitasi peralatan, dan hygiene penjamah dari populasi penelitian sebanyak 45 unit DAM dengan jumlah sampel yang diambil sebanyak 31 unit DAM. Dengan menggunakan metode observasi dan wawancara dengan lembar checklist yang berpedoman pada Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No. 43 tahun 2014, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 31 DAM, terdapat 15 (48,4%) DAM telah memenuhi syarat angka total Coliform, dan 16 (51,6%) lainnya tidak memenuhi syarat angka total Coliform. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara sanitasi peralatan (p=0,001); dan kondisi higiene penjamah (p=0,001) dengan keberadaan bakteri Coliform. Sedangkan pada kondisi sanitasi tempat (p=0,537) tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan dengan keberadaan bakteri Coliform. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara sanitasi peralatan dan higiene penjamah dengan jumlah coliform air minum olahan DAM. Di lain sisi, variablel sanitasi tempat menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan dengan jumlah coliform air minum olahan DAM
Anthocyanins Absorption of Grapes (Vitis vinifera) on Filter Paper, Whatmann no. 41 and Whatmann no. 42 for Identification of Borax
No full textBorax detection can be done using the flame test method, volumetric titration, spectrophotometric analysis, and qualitatively using natural materials such as curcumin and anthocyanins. Acid-base titrations have the potential to utilize the high content of anthocyanins in grapes as an indicator of natural acid-base. The research objective was to determine the potential of anthocyanins in the flesh and skin of grapes in detecting natural borax, which is absorbed on filter paper, Whatmann paper no. 41, and Whatmann paper no. 42. We then tested it on meatball samples from five vendors in Samarinda Seberang and Mangkupalas village. The research method used is a quantitative analysis of the color changes that occur. Based on the research results, filter paper can have better absorption, as shown by the dark color on Whatman No. 41 and 42. Grape skin extract can detect borax more clearly than flesh by forming a dark purple ring when reacted with borax. In testing using meatball samples, the overall results of the samples contained borax. It was concluded that the filter paper from the absorption of grape skin anthocyanins could be used as an alternative for quantitatively testing the borax content in food.Borax detection can be done using the flame test method, volumetric titration, spectrophotometric analysis, and qualitatively using natural materials such as curcumin and anthocyanins. Acid-base titrations have the potential to utilize the high content of anthocyanins in grapes as an indicator of natural acid-base. The research objective was to determine the potential of anthocyanins in the flesh and skin of grapes in detecting natural borax, which is absorbed on filter paper, Whatmann paper no. 41, and Whatmann paper no. 42. We then tested it on meatball samples from five vendors in Samarinda Seberang and Mangkupalas village. The research method used is a quantitative analysis of the color changes that occur. Based on the research results, filter paper can have better absorption, as shown by the dark color on Whatman No. 41 and 42. Grape skin extract can detect borax more clearly than flesh by forming a dark purple ring when reacted with borax. In testing using meatball samples, the overall results of the samples contained borax. It was concluded that the filter paper from the absorption of grape skin anthocyanins could be used as an alternative for quantitatively testing the borax content in food
Effectiveness of Papaya Seed Solution and Avocado Seed As Larvicide of Mosquitoes Aedes sp.
No full textMosquito Aedes sp. is a species of mosquito in tropical and subtropical regions that are vectors for transmitting the dengue virus to man through the bite; with that, there is a need for existence, effort prevention, and a control-friendly alternative environment using larvicide vegetables that are solution seed fruit papaya (Carica papaya L.) and seeds fruit avocado (Persea americana). The study aims to determine the effectiveness of seed fruit papaya (Carica papaya L.) and seed fruit avocado (Persea americana) on the larval mortality of Aedes sp. Type study This is a post-test-only group design. The population is the third instar larva of Aedes sp. The sample used 1,200 larvae of Aedes sp. on each solution of seed fruit papaya and seed fruit avocado, with variations of 6 doses that are 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. Concentration variation of mosquito larvicide from papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) and avocado seeds (Persea americana), with the highest concentration of 10% resulting in the death of mosquito larvae as high as 72% and 88%, respectively. The effective concentration at Lc50 found is 6% for papaya seed solution (Carica papaya L.) and 4% for avocado seed solution (Persea americana)