Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan (Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Banjarmasin)
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The Effectiveness of Cassava Peel (Manihot esculenta crantz) in Reducing Iron (Fe) Levels in Dug Well Water
No full textThis results in unsuitable water quality. A natural ingredient can be used to treat wastewater from cassava peel. This study aimed to ascertain the variation in iron (Fe) levels in dug well water before and after cassava peel treatment. This pure experimental research used a posttest-only control group design method. The research population consisted of water from a dug well in Sungai Tiung Village, Banjarbaru City, which contains high iron levels. The research sample was part of the dug-well water. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test revealed a significant difference between treatments, prompting using the Mann-Whitney test. Further statistical tests yielded the asymptote value Sig. (2-tailed) < 0.05, indicating significant differences between doses of 0 grams and 1 gram, 1.5 grams, 2 grams, 2.5 grams, and 3 grams; the dose of 1 gram and 2.5 grams and 3 grams; and the dose of 1.5 grams and 2.5 grams and 3 grams. The study concluded that using cassava peel for water treatment effectively reduces iron content. Further research is recommended to achieve iron levels by quality standards by varying the time of the coagulation-flocculation process and conducting a preliminary test to determine the optimal dose variation.This results in unsuitable water quality. A natural ingredient can be used to treat wastewater from cassava peel. This study aimed to ascertain the variation in iron (Fe) levels in dug well water before and after cassava peel treatment. This pure experimental research used a posttest-only control group design method. The research population consisted of water from a dug well in Sungai Tiung Village, Banjarbaru City, which contains high iron levels. The research sample was part of the dug-well water. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test revealed a significant difference between treatments, prompting using the Mann-Whitney test. Further statistical tests yielded the asymptote value Sig. (2-tailed) < 0.05, indicating significant differences between doses of 0 grams and 1 gram, 1.5 grams, 2 grams, 2.5 grams, and 3 grams; the dose of 1 gram and 2.5 grams and 3 grams; and the dose of 1.5 grams and 2.5 grams and 3 grams. The study concluded that using cassava peel for water treatment effectively reduces iron content. Further research is recommended to achieve iron levels by quality standards by varying the time of the coagulation-flocculation process and conducting a preliminary test to determine the optimal dose variation
Effect of pH on Domestic Wastewater Treatment Efficiency with Biofilter Media Plastic Mineral Water Bottle Cap
No full textDomestic wastewater can be defined as water that comes from human activities and contains various types of harmful pollutants, such as TSS. Direct discharge of these pollutants into water-receiving bodies can cause pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it must be treated to meet the appropriate air quality standards before being discharged to the air-receiving body. This study aims to determine the effect of pH on the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment using mineral water plastic bottle caps with an anaerobic biofilter method. The study was conducted using an experimental method in two anaerobic biofilter reactors, with variations in the number of treatments of 100 and 300 bottles of bottle cap media and contact times for 0 days and 4 days, respectively. Anaerobic biofilter research results show that pH influences the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment with mineral water plastic bottle caps in accordance with quality standards. The optimum pollutant removal value was found at a contact time of 4 days, which was 46% on 300 pieces of media. The use of a biofilter with a plastic bottle cap media can be an alternative to treating organic wastewater that has a low load, such as household wastewater. Further research can be done by adding more pores in the bottle cap media to improve the performance of the biofilter, as well as increasing the contact time variation treatment and the amount of bottle cap media used.Domestic wastewater can be defined as water that comes from human activities and contains various types of harmful pollutants, such as TSS. Direct discharge of these pollutants into water-receiving bodies can cause pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it must be treated to meet the appropriate air quality standards before being discharged to the air-receiving body. This study aims to determine the effect of pH on the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment using mineral water plastic bottle caps with an anaerobic biofilter method. The study was conducted using an experimental method in two anaerobic biofilter reactors, with variations in the number of treatments of 100 and 300 bottles of bottle cap media and contact times for 0 days and 4 days, respectively. Anaerobic biofilter research results show that pH influences the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment with mineral water plastic bottle caps in accordance with quality standards. The optimum pollutant removal value was found at a contact time of 4 days, which was 46% on 300 pieces of media. The use of a biofilter with a plastic bottle cap media can be an alternative to treating organic wastewater that has a low load, such as household wastewater. Further research can be done by adding more pores in the bottle cap media to improve the performance of the biofilter, as well as increasing the contact time variation treatment and the amount of bottle cap media used
Analysis of Water Quality Status of Karang Mumus River Segment Gunung Lingai dan Gelatik Samarinda
No full textWater is a basic need for plants, animals, and humans. All daily activities require water, both as drinking water and as a fulfillment of needs in daily activities. The main problem is that surface water is often polluted, reducing water quality. The research was conducted using descriptive research methods with a quantitative approach. The results of the measurements of the eight water parameters of the Karang Mumus River in the Gunung Lingai Segment are TSS 39 mg/L, BOD 1.575 mg/L, COD 38.657, nitrate 0.137 mg/L, phosphate 0.085 mg/L, DO 2.925, fecal coli 81600/100 ml water, and pH 7.615. The measurement results of the Karang Mumus river water parameters in the Gelatik Segment are TSS 32.2 mg/L, BOD 1.75 mg/L, COD 21.701, nitrate 0.129 mg/L, phosphate 0.077 mg/L, DO 3.25, fecal coli 231200/100 ml water, and pH 6.67. The research results on the Karang Mumus River, Segments of Gunung Lingai and Gelatik, showed the same results. Calculation of the water quality status of the Karang Mumus River in the Gunung Lingai segment shows a value of 7.577. This value is included in the category of moderate contamination. Calculation of the water quality status of the Karang Mumus River in the Gelatik Segment is also included in the moderately polluted category with a pollution index value of 9.173.Water is a basic need for plants, animals, and humans. All daily activities require water, both as drinking water and as a fulfillment of needs in daily activities. The main problem is that surface water is often polluted, reducing water quality. The research was conducted using descriptive research methods with a quantitative approach. The results of the measurements of the eight water parameters of the Karang Mumus River in the Gunung Lingai Segment are TSS 39 mg/L, BOD 1.575 mg/L, COD 38.657, nitrate 0.137 mg/L, phosphate 0.085 mg/L, DO 2.925, fecal coli 81600/100 ml water, and pH 7.615. The measurement results of the Karang Mumus river water parameters in the Gelatik Segment are TSS 32.2 mg/L, BOD 1.75 mg/L, COD 21.701, nitrate 0.129 mg/L, phosphate 0.077 mg/L, DO 3.25, fecal coli 231200/100 ml water, and pH 6.67. The research results on the Karang Mumus River, Segments of Gunung Lingai and Gelatik, showed the same results. Calculation of the water quality status of the Karang Mumus River in the Gunung Lingai segment shows a value of 7.577. This value is included in the category of moderate contamination. Calculation of the water quality status of the Karang Mumus River in the Gelatik Segment is also included in the moderately polluted category with a pollution index value of 9.173
Causes and Prevention of Global Diseases Sexually Transmitted Infections: Literatur Review
No full textSexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a group of infections that are currently responsible for many morbidities and mortality in developing countries, because STIs have a role in facilitating the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and have a significant negative impact on reproductive health and children. Complications of STIs can cause infertility in both men and women, ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, premature death, congenital syphilis, low birth weight, prematurity and ophthalmia neonatorum. In developing nations, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a significant issue due to their high incidence and prevalence. To prevent these issues, efforts to control and prevent STIs are required. In addition to the lack of diagnostic tools for services, rising antibiotic resistance, shifting patterns of STI pathogens, low treatment seeking behavior, and complex transmission dynamics, the lack of political policies to control STIs is fundamental to the limited success of STI control in developing nations. Invest in effective control measures and to maintain and strengthen the basic health system; however, there is a lack of data on the prevalence of diseases and the effectiveness of programs. Primary prevention and a variety of treatment options are some general strategies that can be used to prevent and control STIs in developing nations. Programs for changing behavior, structural interventions, and the use of a variety of prevention technologies are all examples of primary prevention interventions.Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a group of infections that are currently responsible for many morbidities and mortality in developing countries, because STIs have a role in facilitating the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and have a significant negative impact on reproductive health and children. Complications of STIs can cause infertility in both men and women, ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, premature death, congenital syphilis, low birth weight, prematurity and ophthalmia neonatorum. In developing nations, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a significant issue due to their high incidence and prevalence. To prevent these issues, efforts to control and prevent STIs are required. In addition to the lack of diagnostic tools for services, rising antibiotic resistance, shifting patterns of STI pathogens, low treatment seeking behavior, and complex transmission dynamics, the lack of political policies to control STIs is fundamental to the limited success of STI control in developing nations. Invest in effective control measures and to maintain and strengthen the basic health system; however, there is a lack of data on the prevalence of diseases and the effectiveness of programs. Primary prevention and a variety of treatment options are some general strategies that can be used to prevent and control STIs in developing nations. Programs for changing behavior, structural interventions, and the use of a variety of prevention technologies are all examples of primary prevention interventions
Analysis of factors related to respiratory disorders complaints of scavengers At Klotok Landfill Kediri City
No full textKlotok landfill is a place where the waste is collected by the community every day. Klotok landfill was also used as a source of livelihood for scavengers. Scavengers working in landfills are prone to respiratory problems due to dust and pollutant gases produced through the waste decomposition process. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that have a relationship with scavengers' respiratory complaints at the Klotok landfill. This study used an analytic observational research design with a cross-sectional approach. The research was conducted on 43 scavengers with the total sampling technique used. Data was collected through interviews using questionnaires and observation in the TPA environment. The results showed that 67.4% of scavengers at the Klotok TPA experienced respiratory disorder complaints. The study also revealed a relationship between the use of masks (p=0.003), years of service (p=0.027) and age (p=0.002) with scavengers' complaints of respiratory disorders. And there was no relationship between smoking habits (p=0.826), working hours (p=0.191), and gender (p=1.000) with scavengers' complaints of respiratory disorders.Klotok landfill is a place where the waste is collected by the community every day. Klotok landfill was also used as a source of livelihood for scavengers. Scavengers working in landfills are prone to respiratory problems due to dust and pollutant gases produced through the waste decomposition process. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that have a relationship with scavengers' respiratory complaints at the Klotok landfill. This study used an analytic observational research design with a cross-sectional approach. The research was conducted on 43 scavengers with the total sampling technique used. Data was collected through interviews using questionnaires and observation in the TPA environment. The results showed that 67.4% of scavengers at the Klotok TPA experienced respiratory disorder complaints. The study also revealed a relationship between the use of masks (p=0.003), years of service (p=0.027) and age (p=0.002) with scavengers' complaints of respiratory disorders. And there was no relationship between smoking habits (p=0.826), working hours (p=0.191), and gender (p=1.000) with scavengers' complaints of respiratory disorders
Testing BIOSEL-SR2020 to Reduce Physical-Chemical Contents in Faecal Sludge Treatment Installations in Puulonggida and Potential as An Organic Fertilizer Ingredient
No full textTo improve environmental health and address the issue of domestic fecal sludge waste, it is essential to treat the waste using an environmentally friendly organic oxidizing material, BIOSEL-SR2020. This study examines the effect of adding BIOSEL-SR2020 to reduce the physicochemical content of fecal sludge at the Puulonggida sludge treatment plant (STP) in Kendari City and its potential as a component of organic fertilizer. The environmental condition of Puulonggida STP shows that the air quality around the STP is excellent. The area is far from residential zones and features numerous trees, which help transform the toxic gases produced by septage treatment. The application of BIOSEL-SR2020 to septage solids significantly alters and enhances the chemical elements in the septage. Oxide composition data, such as MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, and CaO—soil components—indicate that BIOSEL-SR2020 application significantly improves chili plant growth compared to commercial organic fertilizer and untreated samples. Furthermore, treating fecal sludge liquids with BIOSEL-SR2020 affects the pH, maintaining a standard range of 7.06 - 7.13. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) value increases slightly, and the fecal liquid’s salinity indicates no mineral salts. BIOSEL-SR2020 also demonstrates antibacterial properties, reducing bacterial colonies by an average of 26%. The most prevalent bacteria, Klebsiella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. are effective in decomposing fecal organic matter at the Puulonggida STP. In conclusion, BIOSEL-SR2020 effectively enhances the physicochemical properties of fecal sludge and holds potential as a mixture in organic fertilizers, significantly benefiting plant growth and environmental health.To improve environmental health and address the issue of domestic fecal sludge waste, it is essential to treat the waste using an environmentally friendly organic oxidizing material, BIOSEL-SR2020. This study examines the effect of adding BIOSEL-SR2020 to reduce the physicochemical content of fecal sludge at the Puulonggida sludge treatment plant (STP) in Kendari City and its potential as a component of organic fertilizer. The environmental condition of Puulonggida STP shows that the air quality around the STP is excellent. The area is far from residential zones and features numerous trees, which help transform the toxic gases produced by septage treatment. The application of BIOSEL-SR2020 to septage solids significantly alters and enhances the chemical elements in the septage. Oxide composition data, such as MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, and CaO—soil components—indicate that BIOSEL-SR2020 application significantly improves chili plant growth compared to commercial organic fertilizer and untreated samples. Furthermore, treating fecal sludge liquids with BIOSEL-SR2020 affects the pH, maintaining a standard range of 7.06 - 7.13. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) value increases slightly, and the fecal liquid’s salinity indicates no mineral salts. BIOSEL-SR2020 also demonstrates antibacterial properties, reducing bacterial colonies by an average of 26%. The most prevalent bacteria, Klebsiella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. are effective in decomposing fecal organic matter at the Puulonggida STP. In conclusion, BIOSEL-SR2020 effectively enhances the physicochemical properties of fecal sludge and holds potential as a mixture in organic fertilizers, significantly benefiting plant growth and environmental health
The Relationship of Noise Intensity and Hypertension in Communities Living Around Kendal Regency Railways
No full textRailway traffic contributes significantly to noise pollution in urban areas, adversely affecting human health. This study focuses on the impact of train noise on hypertension among residents living near the Kendal Regency railroad tracks. With 105 participants residing within 0–30 meters from the tracks, aged 25–64, the study utilized purposive sampling to select 50 individuals. The average noise intensity measured was 73.1975 dBA, exceeding the permissible limit of 70 dBA. While the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures indicated pre-hypertension, statistical analysis revealed a significant association between age and hypertension incidence (p = 0.042), with those over 40 facing a 4.5 times higher risk. However, no significant association was found between noise intensity and hypertension incidence (p = 0.292), systolic (p = 0.312), or diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.729). Additionally, factors such as distance from home, length of stay, rest, BMI, water consumption, and physical activity showed no significant association with hypertension incidence (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that while age is crucial in hypertension risk, noise intensity from railway traffic may not be a primary contributing factor. Further research is warranted to explore additional variables impacting hypertension in railway-adjacent communities.Railway traffic contributes significantly to noise pollution in urban areas, adversely affecting human health. This study focuses on the impact of train noise on hypertension among residents living near the Kendal Regency railroad tracks. With 105 participants residing within 0–30 meters from the tracks, aged 25–64, the study utilized purposive sampling to select 50 individuals. The average noise intensity measured was 73.1975 dBA, exceeding the permissible limit of 70 dBA. While the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures indicated pre-hypertension, statistical analysis revealed a significant association between age and hypertension incidence (p = 0.042), with those over 40 facing a 4.5 times higher risk. However, no significant association was found between noise intensity and hypertension incidence (p = 0.292), systolic (p = 0.312), or diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.729). Additionally, factors such as distance from home, length of stay, rest, BMI, water consumption, and physical activity showed no significant association with hypertension incidence (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that while age is crucial in hypertension risk, noise intensity from railway traffic may not be a primary contributing factor. Further research is warranted to explore additional variables impacting hypertension in railway-adjacent communities
Study of Contamination Control in The Pharmaceutical Industry: Ethylene Glycol and Diethylene Glycol
No full textContamination cases in health products are on the rise, mainly due to ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol contaminants, which contribute to the high number of child deaths. Contamination caused by toxic compounds should be controlled and minimized to ensure public safety and security. Therefore, contamination control needs further review. This paper aims to discuss HACCP and GMP procedures for controlling and minimizing contaminants in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as policies and coordination between actors to prevent the recurrence of cases of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol contamination. The research used the literature study method, with hazing's publication or perish as a search tool. The results of this paper show that in the application of HACCP, there are several critical control points, namely the manufacture of drugs, the removal of materials, screening of raw materials, dry mixing, mixing, and packaging. GMP implements controls on sanitation and hygiene, equipment, self-inspection and supplier approval audits, personnel, training, personal hygiene, and locations and buildings. In order to prevent the recurrence of contamination cases, it is necessary to apply policies related to suppliers of raw materials, raw materials, and the application of GMP. Coordination between actors at the country and company scales is necessary to prevent the recurrence of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol contamination cases.Contamination cases in health products are on the rise, mainly due to ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol contaminants, which contribute to the high number of child deaths. Contamination caused by toxic compounds should be controlled and minimized to ensure public safety and security. Therefore, contamination control needs further review. This paper aims to discuss HACCP and GMP procedures for controlling and minimizing contaminants in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as policies and coordination between actors to prevent the recurrence of cases of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol contamination. The research used the literature study method, with hazing's publication or perish as a search tool. The results of this paper show that in the application of HACCP, there are several critical control points, namely the manufacture of drugs, the removal of materials, screening of raw materials, dry mixing, mixing, and packaging. GMP implements controls on sanitation and hygiene, equipment, self-inspection and supplier approval audits, personnel, training, personal hygiene, and locations and buildings. In order to prevent the recurrence of contamination cases, it is necessary to apply policies related to suppliers of raw materials, raw materials, and the application of GMP. Coordination between actors at the country and company scales is necessary to prevent the recurrence of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol contamination cases
The Relationship of Sanitation Hygiene with The Presence of Echericia Coli on Jamu Beras Kencur in The Official Village of Banjarbaru City
No full textJamu is a traditional medicine originating in Indonesia. We process herbal medicine from natural plants without using chemical additives as additional ingredients. Herbal medicine must meet health standards by BPOM Regulation, namely Escherichia coli negative. Escherichia coli found on jamu beras kencur can cause health problems for those who consume it. The Banjarbaru City Official Village is a collection of herbal medicine makers and traders. This study aimed to determine the correlation between hygiene and sanitation in the manufacture of jamu beras kencur and the presence of Escherichia coli in jamu beras kencur in Kampung Pesantren Banjarbaru City. The research type was an analytical and cross-sectional design approach. There were 13 makers and samples of jamu beras kencur. We gathered the data through observation and utilized laboratory testing techniques for MPN. Data analysis used the Spearman rank correlation test. Observations of herbal medicine makers' hygiene and sanitation conditions revealed that 7 (53.8%) fell into the excellent category. The results of laboratory examinations obtained by as many as seven (53.8%) met the requirements. The results of the Spearman test showed a correlation between hygiene and sanitation with Escherichia coli on jamu beras kencur in Kampung Pesantren Banjarbaru City. Herbalists use gloves, head coverings, masks, and aprons during herbal medicine processing to improve the bacteriological quality of the medicine. They also ensure that their nails are short, maintained, and cleaned. Herbalists process herbal medicine using boiling water as the raw material and adhering to strict hygiene and sanitation protocols.Jamu is a traditional medicine originating in Indonesia. We process herbal medicine from natural plants without using chemical additives as additional ingredients. Herbal medicine must meet health standards by BPOM Regulation, namely Escherichia coli negative. Escherichia coli found on jamu beras kencur can cause health problems for those who consume it. The Banjarbaru City Official Village is a collection of herbal medicine makers and traders. This study aimed to determine the correlation between hygiene and sanitation in the manufacture of jamu beras kencur and the presence of Escherichia coli in jamu beras kencur in Kampung Pesantren Banjarbaru City. The research type was an analytical and cross-sectional design approach. There were 13 makers and samples of jamu beras kencur. We gathered the data through observation and utilized laboratory testing techniques for MPN. Data analysis used the Spearman rank correlation test. Observations of herbal medicine makers' hygiene and sanitation conditions revealed that 7 (53.8%) fell into the excellent category. The results of laboratory examinations obtained by as many as seven (53.8%) met the requirements. The results of the Spearman test showed a correlation between hygiene and sanitation with Escherichia coli on jamu beras kencur in Kampung Pesantren Banjarbaru City. Herbalists use gloves, head coverings, masks, and aprons during herbal medicine processing to improve the bacteriological quality of the medicine. They also ensure that their nails are short, maintained, and cleaned. Herbalists process herbal medicine using boiling water as the raw material and adhering to strict hygiene and sanitation protocols
The Effect of Motored Houses on Coliform Pollution in Marine Waters and Its Impact On Public Health, Jayapura City
No full textAn anchored house, which stands above seawater, is common in North Jayapura and South Jayapura. Wooden foundations support these houses. People frequently contract waterborne diseases when they use or consume water that is contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, such as coliform bacteria from human feces. In these areas, high levels of coliform bacteria can have an impact on water quality and public health. This study looks into how anchored houses affect total coliform contamination, the number of cases of waterborne disease (WBD), and the link between demographic factors, water quality, and WBD cases. We use the Most Probable Number (MPN) method to detect total coliform bacteria in marine waters. It consists of an initial test using LBS and LBD media for prediction, followed by a second test using Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth (BGLBB) media for confirmation. We also use observation and interview methods to identify WBD cases in anchored housing in North Jayapura and South Jayapura districts. North Jayapura has the highest coliform bacteria contamination in marine waters, with an average of 25.7 MPN/100 mL. Similarly, the highest contamination in clean water is in North Jayapura, averaging around 347.6 MPN/100 mL. The demographic characteristics in both districts are mostly men aged 18–65 years with high school education and occupations such as housewives and fishermen. The South Jayapura sub-district has the highest incidence of WBD. Anchored houses have no significant effect on water quality or the incidence of WBD, and there is no correlation between water quality and WBD incidence.An anchored house, which stands above seawater, is common in North Jayapura and South Jayapura. Wooden foundations support these houses. People frequently contract waterborne diseases when they use or consume water that is contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, such as coliform bacteria from human feces. In these areas, high levels of coliform bacteria can have an impact on water quality and public health. This study looks into how anchored houses affect total coliform contamination, the number of cases of waterborne disease (WBD), and the link between demographic factors, water quality, and WBD cases. We use the Most Probable Number (MPN) method to detect total coliform bacteria in marine waters. It consists of an initial test using LBS and LBD media for prediction, followed by a second test using Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth (BGLBB) media for confirmation. We also use observation and interview methods to identify WBD cases in anchored housing in North Jayapura and South Jayapura districts. North Jayapura has the highest coliform bacteria contamination in marine waters, with an average of 25.7 MPN/100 mL. Similarly, the highest contamination in clean water is in North Jayapura, averaging around 347.6 MPN/100 mL. The demographic characteristics in both districts are mostly men aged 18–65 years with high school education and occupations such as housewives and fishermen. The South Jayapura sub-district has the highest incidence of WBD. Anchored houses have no significant effect on water quality or the incidence of WBD, and there is no correlation between water quality and WBD incidence