Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan (Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Banjarmasin)
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Effectiveness of Boiled Sapodilla Leaves (Manilkara zapota) in Reducing the Number of Bacteria and Escherichia coli Germs on Eating Utensils
No full textSeveral studies have shown that the high number of germs in cutlery is due to the inability to carry out the sanitizing process. The sanitizing process can be done physically and chemically, using natural ingredients that contain active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which function as antibacterials, such as sapodilla leaves. Sapodilla leaf boiled water can be a simple disinfectant for society to improve the quality of cutlery hygiene. The study aimed to determine the concentration of sapodilla leaf boiled water, which effectively reduces E. coli and the number of germs. The statistical test used was Kruskal Wallis, followed by a nonparametric post hoc test. A total of 24 swab samples were used with eight treatments and three repetitions. The results showed that the examination for the presence of E. coli on cutlery was negative. Examination of the germ count showed that the highest germ rate was in the control and the lowest was 10%. Statistical test results showed that a concentration of 10% is effective in reducing the germ number. This study concludes that E. coli in the samples were all negative, and the effective concentration in reducing the number of germs on cutlery is 10%, reducing from 60,768.11 colonies/cm2 to 12 colonies/cm2. Suggestions for future researchers are to conduct trials using other extraction methods.Several studies have shown that the high number of germs in cutlery is due to the inability to carry out the sanitizing process. The sanitizing process can be done physically and chemically, using natural ingredients that contain active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which function as antibacterials, such as sapodilla leaves. Sapodilla leaf boiled water can be a simple disinfectant for society to improve the quality of cutlery hygiene. The study aimed to determine the concentration of sapodilla leaf boiled water, which effectively reduces E. coli and the number of germs. The statistical test used was Kruskal Wallis, followed by a nonparametric post hoc test. A total of 24 swab samples were used with eight treatments and three repetitions. The results showed that the examination for the presence of E. coli on cutlery was negative. Examination of the germ count showed that the highest germ rate was in the control and the lowest was 10%. Statistical test results showed that a concentration of 10% is effective in reducing the germ number. This study concludes that E. coli in the samples were all negative, and the effective concentration in reducing the number of germs on cutlery is 10%, reducing from 60,768.11 colonies/cm2 to 12 colonies/cm2. Suggestions for future researchers are to conduct trials using other extraction methods
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Water Plant Based on Satellite Imagery and the Effect in Jatiluhur Reservoir
No full textWater vegetation in lakes or reservoirs can change the water's ecology. Water vegetation in Jatiluhur Reservoirs is dominated by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Water hyacinth in lakes or reservoirs becomes an invasive weed that can cause ecological degradation. Jatiluhur Reservoir is one of the water bodies affected by the uncontrolled growth of water vegetation. The study was conducted to determine the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of water vegetation and its effect on Jatiluhur Reservoir. Water vegetation's spatial and temporal distribution was analyzed using Sentinel-2A satellite image data. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm was used to see the distribution of water vegetation in the reservoir waters. The observations show that the movement of water vegetation starts from the inlet area and then moves along with the flow of water to the center of the reservoir. Finally, it accumulates in the outlet area. The correlation between vegetation cover area and month of observation obtained the equation y=662.5x + 128.1. Based on the equation, the increasing vegetation cover area in the Jatiluhur Reservoir is predicted to reach 128.1 ha per month. The physical method used for controlling the growth and distribution of vegetation (water hyacinth) in Jatiluhur Reservoir by taking in the waters. Efforts to control vegetation physically must notice the increasing rate of water hyacinth distribution.Water vegetation in lakes or reservoirs can change the water's ecology. Water vegetation in Jatiluhur Reservoirs is dominated by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Water hyacinth in lakes or reservoirs becomes an invasive weed that can cause ecological degradation. Jatiluhur Reservoir is one of the water bodies affected by the uncontrolled growth of water vegetation. The study was conducted to determine the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of water vegetation and its effect on Jatiluhur Reservoir. Water vegetation's spatial and temporal distribution was analyzed using Sentinel-2A satellite image data. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm was used to see the distribution of water vegetation in the reservoir waters. The observations show that the movement of water vegetation starts from the inlet area and then moves along with the flow of water to the center of the reservoir. Finally, it accumulates in the outlet area. The correlation between vegetation cover area and month of observation obtained the equation y=662.5x + 128.1. Based on the equation, the increasing vegetation cover area in the Jatiluhur Reservoir is predicted to reach 128.1 ha per month. The physical method used for controlling the growth and distribution of vegetation (water hyacinth) in Jatiluhur Reservoir by taking in the waters. Efforts to control vegetation physically must notice the increasing rate of water hyacinth distribution
Environmental and Social Risk Factors in the Event of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in the Work Area of Jiwan Health Center, Madiun Regency
No full textIn the past three years, the Jiwan Health Centre's area has had the highest dengue fever incidence in Madiun Regency. This area still has many water puddles that serve as mosquito breeding grounds. The Jiwan Health Center reported 40 cases and 2 deaths in 2019, 6 cases in 2020, and 16 cases in 2021. This study aimed to identify environmental and social risk factors linked to dengue fever cases in this region. We used an analytical observation method, including a case-control study, and analyzed data with the chi-square test, using probability sampling. A study that looked at just one variable found that air temperature (36.3%), humidity (83.3%), house index (68.8%), container index (41.3%), the lack of mosquito larvae observer cadres (87.5%), fogging activity (55%), and DHF PSN activity (27.5%) were all dangerous. Bivariate test results showed a correlation between the container index (p = 0.000) and fogging activities (p = 0.042) with DHF incidence. There was no significant connection between dengue incidence, air temperature (p = 0.642), humidity (p = 1.000), house index (p = 0.335), jumantic cadre activities (p = 0.737), or PSN DHF activities (p = 0.453). Environmental and social factors, such as positive larvae presence and fogging activities, contribute to the dengue fever incidence in the Jiwan Health Center's area. For the past three years, this area has consistently had the highest dengue fever cases in Madiun Regency, primarily due to persistent mosquito breeding sites.In the past three years, the Jiwan Health Centre's area has had the highest dengue fever incidence in Madiun Regency. This area still has many water puddles that serve as mosquito breeding grounds. The Jiwan Health Center reported 40 cases and 2 deaths in 2019, 6 cases in 2020, and 16 cases in 2021. This study aimed to identify environmental and social risk factors linked to dengue fever cases in this region. We used an analytical observation method, including a case-control study, and analyzed data with the chi-square test, using probability sampling. A study that looked at just one variable found that air temperature (36.3%), humidity (83.3%), house index (68.8%), container index (41.3%), the lack of mosquito larvae observer cadres (87.5%), fogging activity (55%), and DHF PSN activity (27.5%) were all dangerous. Bivariate test results showed a correlation between the container index (p = 0.000) and fogging activities (p = 0.042) with DHF incidence. There was no significant connection between dengue incidence, air temperature (p = 0.642), humidity (p = 1.000), house index (p = 0.335), jumantic cadre activities (p = 0.737), or PSN DHF activities (p = 0.453). Environmental and social factors, such as positive larvae presence and fogging activities, contribute to the dengue fever incidence in the Jiwan Health Center's area. For the past three years, this area has consistently had the highest dengue fever cases in Madiun Regency, primarily due to persistent mosquito breeding sites
Description of the Physical Condition of the House and the Presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the Toddler's House with Pneumonia in Pakusari District, Jember Regency
No full textPneumonia is a significant health issue, causing both long-term and short-term mortality across all age groups globally. The Pakusari District notably has a high rate of pneumonia among toddlers. According to data from the Jember District Health Office, in 2021, there were 88 cases of toddler pneumonia in Pakusari District. Preventive measures against pneumonia include addressing its various risk factors. This study employed a quantitative descriptive research design, focusing on 23 homes with toddlers suffering from pneumonia in Pakusari District, Jember Regency, from September to November 2023. A sample of 10 houses was selected based on Gay and Diehl's (1992) theory using systematic random sampling. The findings were presented in text and tables. The study revealed that 60% of the houses had good physical conditions, while 40% had poor physical conditions. Additionally, Staphylococcus aureus was not found in most houses, with only 10% of the homes having the bacteria present. The homes with Staphylococcus aureus typically had physical conditions that did not meet health standards, including issues with ceilings, floors, ventilation, kitchen smoke holes, lighting, temperature, humidity, and occupancy density. The study suggests that the Pakusari Health Center should enhance health promotion efforts and optimize sanitation clinics. The Jember District Health Office could implement programs to increase the number of healthy homes, such as plastering programs and providing glass roof tiles. The community should regularly clean their houses and ensure adequate lighting to improve overall health conditions.Pneumonia is a significant health issue, causing both long-term and short-term mortality across all age groups globally. The Pakusari District notably has a high rate of pneumonia among toddlers. According to data from the Jember District Health Office, in 2021, there were 88 cases of toddler pneumonia in Pakusari District. Preventive measures against pneumonia include addressing its various risk factors. This study employed a quantitative descriptive research design, focusing on 23 homes with toddlers suffering from pneumonia in Pakusari District, Jember Regency, from September to November 2023. A sample of 10 houses was selected based on Gay and Diehl's (1992) theory using systematic random sampling. The findings were presented in text and tables. The study revealed that 60% of the houses had good physical conditions, while 40% had poor physical conditions. Additionally, Staphylococcus aureus was not found in most houses, with only 10% of the homes having the bacteria present. The homes with Staphylococcus aureus typically had physical conditions that did not meet health standards, including issues with ceilings, floors, ventilation, kitchen smoke holes, lighting, temperature, humidity, and occupancy density. The study suggests that the Pakusari Health Center should enhance health promotion efforts and optimize sanitation clinics. The Jember District Health Office could implement programs to increase the number of healthy homes, such as plastering programs and providing glass roof tiles. The community should regularly clean their houses and ensure adequate lighting to improve overall health conditions
Description Of the Escherichia Coli Content in The Drinking Water of Diarrhea Sufferers in Gebangan Village
No full textDiarrhea is a digestive system disorder characterized by the frequent passage of stools three or more times a day. According to Riskesdas, the prevalence of diarrhea in Indonesia in 2018 was 8%, translating to 1 million cases. Generally, diarrhea is caused by the Escherichia coli bacteria, which can be present due to contamination from open defecation and livestock waste. This study employs a quantitative approach with a descriptive research design. The research was conducted in Gebangan Village, involving ten respondents diagnosed with diarrhea between July and December 2022. Examining the host factors, it was found that most respondents did not treat their drinking water (60%) and consumed less than 2 liters of water per day (70%). Regarding environmental factors, 70% of respondents sourced their drinking water from drilled wells or pumps, and the majority (70%) had a piping system at their drinking water source. Additionally, 50% of respondents had their drinking water source located less than 10 meters from pollutant sources. Regarding the agent factors, the physical parameters of drinking water for all respondents (100%) indicated no taste and no odor. However, 50% of respondents reported that their drinking water was colored. The assessment of Escherichia coli content in the drinking water of the ten respondents revealed that only one respondent (10%) had drinking water contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria. Future researchers are encouraged to investigate drinking water containers and other factors that can influence the presence of Escherichia coli, such as clean and healthy living behaviors and food sanitation.Diarrhea is a digestive system disorder characterized by the frequent passage of stools three or more times a day. According to Riskesdas, the prevalence of diarrhea in Indonesia in 2018 was 8%, translating to 1 million cases. Generally, diarrhea is caused by the Escherichia coli bacteria, which can be present due to contamination from open defecation and livestock waste. This study employs a quantitative approach with a descriptive research design. The research was conducted in Gebangan Village, involving ten respondents diagnosed with diarrhea between July and December 2022. Examining the host factors, it was found that most respondents did not treat their drinking water (60%) and consumed less than 2 liters of water per day (70%). Regarding environmental factors, 70% of respondents sourced their drinking water from drilled wells or pumps, and the majority (70%) had a piping system at their drinking water source. Additionally, 50% of respondents had their drinking water source located less than 10 meters from pollutant sources. Regarding the agent factors, the physical parameters of drinking water for all respondents (100%) indicated no taste and no odor. However, 50% of respondents reported that their drinking water was colored. The assessment of Escherichia coli content in the drinking water of the ten respondents revealed that only one respondent (10%) had drinking water contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria. Future researchers are encouraged to investigate drinking water containers and other factors that can influence the presence of Escherichia coli, such as clean and healthy living behaviors and food sanitation
Effectiveness of Decoction of Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum Burmanii) as A Fly Repellant In The Drying Process of Salted Fish
No full textFlies are vectors that can transmit disease to humans. Therefore, it needs to be controlled. To control flies, use natural insecticides (natural repellents). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the decoction of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent in the drying process of salted seat fish. This type of study is quasi-experimental, with a posttest-only control group design. The samples in this study were flies found in the wild. It consisted of 5 treatments, one control, and four repetitions (replications). The ANOVA test showed that varying doses of boiled cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent affected drying salted fish. The sig value is 0.00 < 0.05. The difference in the repellent power of the 12% dose was 14.47%, the 15% dose was 37.35%, the 18% dose was 55.2%, the 21% dose was 67.71%, and the 24% dose was 83.63%. It is hoped that the public can use a decoction of cinnamon bark as a natural repellent for fly vectors.Flies are vectors that can transmit disease to humans. Therefore, it needs to be controlled. To control flies, use natural insecticides (natural repellents). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the decoction of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent in the drying process of salted seat fish. This type of study is quasi-experimental, with a posttest-only control group design. The samples in this study were flies found in the wild. It consisted of 5 treatments, one control, and four repetitions (replications). The ANOVA test showed that varying doses of boiled cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent affected drying salted fish. The sig value is 0.00 < 0.05. The difference in the repellent power of the 12% dose was 14.47%, the 15% dose was 37.35%, the 18% dose was 55.2%, the 21% dose was 67.71%, and the 24% dose was 83.63%. It is hoped that the public can use a decoction of cinnamon bark as a natural repellent for fly vectors
The Relationship of Noise Exposure to Job Stress in Sand Mining Workers in The Banjarbaru City Area
No full textNoise is the sound of an inappropriate place and time. Workplace noise problems are a source of stress that causes psychological imbalances. Sources of noise in the workplace come from operating machines, such as sand mines in Cempaka and Banjarbaru, which contribute to workplace noise. Sand mines use diesel engines; the engine sound is loud enough that all workers in the mine are exposed to the noise. Workers who are exposed to high-intensity noise experience work stress. The study aimed to determine the relationship between noise exposure and work stress among sand mining workers in Banjarbaru. This observational-analytic study used a cross-sectional design. Observations were made on 25 workers who were exposed to noise. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. The results of noise measurements in sand mines ranged from 72.1 dBA to 88 dBA, with noise exposure for each worker ranging from 65.5 dBA to 83.7 dBA and work stress scores ranging from 34.12% to 50.7%. Statistically, there is an association between noise exposure and work stress. It is recommended to check the diesel engine, lubricate it to reduce noise in old and poorly maintained engines, use ear protection devices, such as ear plugs and ear muffs, to reduce noise exposure, and rotate every job task, especially for workers around diesel engines.Noise is the sound of an inappropriate place and time. Workplace noise problems are a source of stress that causes psychological imbalances. Sources of noise in the workplace come from operating machines, such as sand mines in Cempaka and Banjarbaru, which contribute to workplace noise. Sand mines use diesel engines; the engine sound is loud enough that all workers in the mine are exposed to the noise. Workers who are exposed to high-intensity noise experience work stress. The study aimed to determine the relationship between noise exposure and work stress among sand mining workers in Banjarbaru. This observational-analytic study used a cross-sectional design. Observations were made on 25 workers who were exposed to noise. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. The results of noise measurements in sand mines ranged from 72.1 dBA to 88 dBA, with noise exposure for each worker ranging from 65.5 dBA to 83.7 dBA and work stress scores ranging from 34.12% to 50.7%. Statistically, there is an association between noise exposure and work stress. It is recommended to check the diesel engine, lubricate it to reduce noise in old and poorly maintained engines, use ear protection devices, such as ear plugs and ear muffs, to reduce noise exposure, and rotate every job task, especially for workers around diesel engines
Relationship Between Physical Requirements Of Houses And Residential Density With The Incidence Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis On The Banks Of The Barito River
No full textTuberculosis is an infectious disease and one of the world's 20 leading causes of death. Marabahan Health Centre for TB's working area consistently records the highest cases in the Barito Kuala district, with most of the population residing along the densely populated river. The study's goal was to determine the relationship between the physical requirements of the house, occupancy density, and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis on the banks of the Barito River. This research was an analytical observational study using a case-control method. The sample size in this study was 1:2, with 15 cases and 30 controls, for a total of 45 samples. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Statistical analysis used the chi-square test and the odds ratio test for risk factors. The results of the chi-square statistical test showed a relationship between the physical requirements of the house and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Barito riverbanks, Barito Kuala Regency, in 2023. Results Odd's ratio analysis showed that the variable temperature is 20 times, the humidity is 13 times, the lighting is 18 times, and the occupancy density is 11 times the risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis. People can get used to opening windows in the morning and not accumulate unused items in their rooms.Tuberculosis is an infectious disease and one of the world's 20 leading causes of death. Marabahan Health Centre for TB's working area consistently records the highest cases in the Barito Kuala district, with most of the population residing along the densely populated river. The study's goal was to determine the relationship between the physical requirements of the house, occupancy density, and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis on the banks of the Barito River. This research was an analytical observational study using a case-control method. The sample size in this study was 1:2, with 15 cases and 30 controls, for a total of 45 samples. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Statistical analysis used the chi-square test and the odds ratio test for risk factors. The results of the chi-square statistical test showed a relationship between the physical requirements of the house and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Barito riverbanks, Barito Kuala Regency, in 2023. Results Odd's ratio analysis showed that the variable temperature is 20 times, the humidity is 13 times, the lighting is 18 times, and the occupancy density is 11 times the risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis. People can get used to opening windows in the morning and not accumulate unused items in their rooms
Microplastics Study of Microplastic Concentrations at the Drinking Water Depot in Sumbersari Village, Jember Regency
No full textMicroplastics are a new pollutant that has become a global problem and requires treatment as soon as possible. Microplastics are plastic waste that degrades into small particles measuring <5 mm. Until now, microplastics have not only been found in the environment but also in drinking water. Based on the results of field studies, it is known that drinking water refills at drinking water depots (DAM) are an alternative option used by the people of the Sumbersari sub-district to meet their drinking water needs. This paper examines the presence of microplastics in refillable drinking water, including the characteristics, concentration, and exposure to microplastics in consumers of refillable drinking water. This observational study uses descriptive methods to systematically examine and present facts regarding microplastics and exposure to microplastics in DAM in the Sumbersari sub-district. The research showed that microplastics had contaminated 12 DAM with an average microplastic concentration of 7.1 particles/liter. The forms or types of microplastics found were fibers and fragments with sizes ranging from 0.01 mm to <5 mm and the colors most commonly found were blue, black, red, gray, and transparent. The measurement results also explain that consumers of refillable drinking water will be exposed to microplastics of at least 5.61 particles/liter/day and a maximum of 15.98 particles/liter/day, depending on the amount of drinking water consumed daily.Microplastics are a new pollutant that has become a global problem and requires treatment as soon as possible. Microplastics are plastic waste that degrades into small particles measuring <5 mm. Until now, microplastics have not only been found in the environment but also in drinking water. Based on the results of field studies, it is known that drinking water refills at drinking water depots (DAM) are an alternative option used by the people of the Sumbersari sub-district to meet their drinking water needs. This paper examines the presence of microplastics in refillable drinking water, including the characteristics, concentration, and exposure to microplastics in consumers of refillable drinking water. This observational study uses descriptive methods to systematically examine and present facts regarding microplastics and exposure to microplastics in DAM in the Sumbersari sub-district. The research showed that microplastics had contaminated 12 DAM with an average microplastic concentration of 7.1 particles/liter. The forms or types of microplastics found were fibers and fragments with sizes ranging from 0.01 mm to <5 mm and the colors most commonly found were blue, black, red, gray, and transparent. The measurement results also explain that consumers of refillable drinking water will be exposed to microplastics of at least 5.61 particles/liter/day and a maximum of 15.98 particles/liter/day, depending on the amount of drinking water consumed daily
Effectiveness of Calcium Carbonate in Chicken Eggshell as a Copper Adsorbent in Kotagede Silver Craft Liquid Waste
No full textThe silver craft industry’s liquid waste contains hazardous heavy metals such as Cu. Waste containing Cu is directly discharged into the environment, harming the environment and living organisms. An alternative treatment for this liquid waste is the adsorption method using activated chicken eggshells, which have a high CaCO3 content as an adsorbent. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chicken eggshell adsorbents in reducing Cu levels in silver craft liquid waste solutions. The research employs a quasi-experimental method. The dependent variable in this study is the Cu content in the silver craft liquid waste. In contrast, the independent variables are adsorbent particle size with variations of 50 mesh, 100 mesh, and 150 mesh and adsorbent concentrations with variations of 30 g/L, 40 g/L, and 50 g/L. The statistical test used is the General Linear Model (GLM). The results showed that eggshell adsorbents could reduce Cu levels by 80.82% (from 2.671 mg/L to 0.512 mg/L), which occurred in the particle size group of 150 mesh and a concentration of 40 g/L. However, this result has yet to effectively reduce Cu levels below the standard (0.5 mg/L) stipulated by DIY Regional Regulation No. 7 of 2016. Data analysis with the GLM test showed a significant difference in Cu levels based on variations in adsorbent particle size (p-value=0.000) and adsorbent concentration (p-value=0.024). The interaction between particle size and adsorbent concentration did not show a significant difference (p-value=0.810), indicating it did not reduce Cu levels effectively.The silver craft industry’s liquid waste contains hazardous heavy metals such as Cu. Waste containing Cu is directly discharged into the environment, harming the environment and living organisms. An alternative treatment for this liquid waste is the adsorption method using activated chicken eggshells, which have a high CaCO3 content as an adsorbent. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chicken eggshell adsorbents in reducing Cu levels in silver craft liquid waste solutions. The research employs a quasi-experimental method. The dependent variable in this study is the Cu content in the silver craft liquid waste. In contrast, the independent variables are adsorbent particle size with variations of 50 mesh, 100 mesh, and 150 mesh and adsorbent concentrations with variations of 30 g/L, 40 g/L, and 50 g/L. The statistical test used is the General Linear Model (GLM). The results showed that eggshell adsorbents could reduce Cu levels by 80.82% (from 2.671 mg/L to 0.512 mg/L), which occurred in the particle size group of 150 mesh and a concentration of 40 g/L. However, this result has yet to effectively reduce Cu levels below the standard (0.5 mg/L) stipulated by DIY Regional Regulation No. 7 of 2016. Data analysis with the GLM test showed a significant difference in Cu levels based on variations in adsorbent particle size (p-value=0.000) and adsorbent concentration (p-value=0.024). The interaction between particle size and adsorbent concentration did not show a significant difference (p-value=0.810), indicating it did not reduce Cu levels effectively