Jurnal Online Universitas Katolik Parahyangan / Parahyangan Catholic University Journal
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Explaining the United States of America\u27s Congressional Voting Variations on International Trade Organization Establishment
No full textThis study investigates why the United States Congress produced different outcomes when consider in joining two comparable trade institutions: the International Trade Organization (ITO) in 1948 and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994. Despite similar institutional settings, presidential leadership, and party platforms, Congress refused to ratify the ITO but approved the WTO. Using a paired comparative case study and structured, focused process tracing, the analysis evaluates two explanations of congressional voting behavior: the ideological alignment of members with their party’s platform and the constituency economic interests within each member’s district. The findings show that party platforms alone did not determine legislative behavior. Instead, the interaction between individual ideology and district-level economic exposure better explains cross-party defections and divergent outcomes across the two cases. Ideological divergence weakened party cohesion in both periods, but constituency economic vulnerability—particularly in import-sensitive or recession-affected regions—proved decisive in shaping opposition to trade liberalization. The study concludes that congressional responses to major trade agreements are driven less by formal party doctrine than by the economic structure of constituencies and the electoral incentives of their representatives. This highlights a persistent tension between international trade objectives and district-level economic realities in U.S. trade policymaking.
Keywords: Two-level Game; Trade Institutions; Liberalization; Congressional Decision Making; Ratification
KONFLIK NORMA DALAM PEMBERIAN IZIN JANGKA WAKTU HAK ATAS TANAH WILAYAH IBU KOTA NUSANTARA
No full textThis study analyzes the normative conflicts surrounding the regulation of land rights duration in Indonesia’s Capital City and the legal implications of the land rights cycle in its development. The research focuses on the implementation of Presidential Regulation Number 75 of 2024 and Government Regulation Number 29 of 2024, which amends Government Regulation Number 12 of 2023. Employing a normative method, the study reveals that inconsistencies arise between the general principles of the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) and the more specific provisions applicable to the Capital City. The newly introduced government regulation substantially extends the durations for the Right to Cultivate (HGU), Right to Build (HGB), and Right to Use, departing from UUPA’s more restrictive agrarian policies. This discrepancy creates legal uncertainty for investors and land users, underlining the urgent need for regulatory harmonization to maintain legal coherence and stability. Moreover, the policy allowing land control for up to two cycles may lead to monopolization and exacerbate social inequality due to the prolonged periods of HGU and HGB. The regulation also broadens foreign investor access to land in the Capital City, potentially clashing with UUPA’s principles of social justice and national sovereignty. To safeguard public interest, prevent legal ambiguity, and ensure equitable land governance, it is essential to align these new regulations with the foundational values of the UUPA. The government must provide a clear and accurate interpretation of these provisions and enforce limitations on land ownership by individuals and legal entities to prevent misuse and protect national interests
Pengaruh Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Sarimukti Terhadap Harga Rumah: Studi Kasus Kecamatan Cipatat, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penurunan kualitas lingkungan akibat pencemaran bau sampah yang dihasilkan dari tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA) Sarimukti terhadap harga rumah di sekitar TPA. Seiring bertambahnya jumlah penduduk, sampah dan permintaan rumah juga meningkat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan hedonic price method, data diperoleh dari situs jual-beli rumah dan rumah warga di sekitar TPA. Hasil analisis menunjukkan variabel luas bangunan, luas tanah dan jarak tempat tinggal dari TPA berpengaruh signifikan terhadap harga rumah. Semakin dekat tempat tinggal dengan TPA, kemungkinan terpapar oleh bau dari sampah juga semakin besar. Maka, masyarakat Kec. Cipatat mempertimbangkan kualitas dan kondisi lingkungan dalam memilih tempat tinggal
AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION CAPABILITY FOR SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS FUTURE
No full textSmall and medium enterprises contribute significantly towards Indonesia’s economy, since they are scattered widely throughout rural areas, the create substantial employment opportunity for local people as well as create many various products. While many large businesses had to lose their operation during the pandemic, small and medium enterprises were able to survive in order to create more innovation for the product and their business. The pandemic hit the economy very strongly and SMEs can survive if they can manage the innovation capability. The development of innovation capability started in 2000 and it has been growing until today. Innovation capability innovation capability will be more focused and stronger if it has digital adaptability. The primary goals of this paper are to present the model for development of innovation capability by systematic literature review, to collect the differences and similarities of methods that used in innovation capability research, understand deeply the dimensions of innovation capability, and know the future research in innovation capability. This research uses a systematic literature review method, that used more than 35 journals from Scopus access and another reputation access in 2020. The research funding that an area implementation of innovation capability varies widely with the research methodology the most researcher used is quantitative research. The dimension that construct the variable varies from internal and external dimension and innovation capability can improve and develop by finding the relationship with variables which still observed, cooperation and network is one of interest field to research. The limitation of the research is that the systematic literature review only focuses on journals published in Scopus and only in 2020, although researchers also review some of the best non-Scopus journals in the field of innovation capability
SEKUENS SPASIAL PADA GALERI SENI NUART SCULPTURE PARK, BANDUNG
No full textAbstract - A series of spatial arrangements that create a continuous path so that it has a starting and endingpoint can be referred to as a spatial sequence in architecture. The series of plots that play a role in conveyingthe concepts of art, culture, and nature in the NuArt Sculpture Park art gallery attracts the attention of theauthor to dig deeper into sequential experiences and their formation. This study aims to discuss the spatialsequences present in architecture through elaboration regarding the architectural elements that also shape andinfluence the spatial sequences in NuArt Sculpture Park.The type of approach used is descriptive qualitative research, where researchers will conduct aliterature study related to spatial sequences in architecture and its constituent elements in the form of bothphysical and non-physical elements which are then used as a basis for analyzing data. Then the data resultingfrom the qualitative analysis will be compiled and described narratively. The analysis process on the object ofstudy is then focused on elaborating existing paths and sketching at certain points to analyze the elements andtypes of spatial sequences that exist in NuArt Sculpture Park.From the research that has been done, it is concluded that this art gallery has spatial sequence formingelements as an ef ort to realize the main goals and concepts of NuArt Sculpture Park so that visitors get acomplete experience. Based on the relationship between music and architecture, the grooves in NuArt SculpturePark are bound by a unified sequence consisting of an intro, verse, chorus, bridge, and outro. Meanwhile, whenviewed from the spatial sequences in architecture, the types of sequences formed in NuArt Sculpture Park arelong sequences and short sequences.Key Words: spatial sequences, art gallery, NuArt Sculpture ParkAbstrak - Rangkaian tatanan ruang yang menciptakan suatu alur kontinu sehingga memiliki titik awal danakhir dapat disebut sebagai sekuens spasial dalam arsitektur. Rangkaian alur yang turut berperan dalammenyampaikan konsep seni, budaya, dan alam pada galeri seni NuArt Sculpture Park ini menarik perhatianpenulis untuk menggali lebih dalam mengenai pengalaman sekuensial dan pembentuknya. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk membahas sekuens spasial yang hadir dalam arsitektur melewati penjabaran terkaitelemen-elemen arsitektur yang turut membentuk dan memengaruhi sekuens spasial pada NuArt Sculpture Park.Jenis pendekatan yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, dimana Peneliti akanmelakukan studi literatur terkait dengan sekuens spasial dalam arsitektur serta elemen-elemen pembentuknyabaik berupa elemen fisik maupun non fisik yang kemudian digunakan sebagai dasar untuk menganalisis data.Lalu data hasil analisis tersebut yang bersifat kualitatif akan disusun dan diuraikan secara naratif. Proses analisispada objek studi kemudian difokuskan pada penjabaran jalur-jalur yang ada dan penggambaran sketsa padatitik-titik tertentu untuk menganalisis elemen maupun jenis sekuens spasial yang ada pada NuArt SculpturePark.
Dari penelitian yang sudah dilakukan, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa galeri seni ini memilikielemen-elemen pembentuk sekuens spasial sebagai upaya dalam mewujudkan tujuan dan konsep utama dariNuArt Sculpture Park sehingga pengunjung mendapatkan suatu pengalaman yang utuh. Berdasarkan hubunganmusik dan arsitektur, rangkaian alur pada NuArt Sculpture Park diikat oleh kesatuan sekuens yang terdiri dariintro, verse, chorus, bridge, dan outro. Sementara jika dilihat dari sekuens spasial dalam arsitektur, jenis sekuensyang terbentuk pada NuArt Sculpture Park adalah sekuens panjang dan sekuens pendek.Kata Kunci: sekuens spasial, galeri seni, NuArt Sculpture Par
Breaking the Chains: Unveiling the Gender Pay Gap through Socialist Feminism and Intersectionality in Aotearoa New Zealand
No full textThis essay explores the intricate landscape of the gender pay gap in Aotearoa New Zealand, delving into the complexities through the lenses of socialist feminism and intersectionality. Despite New Zealand\u27s commitment to gender equality since the introduction of the Equal Pay Act in 1972, persistent disparities remain, particularly for Māori and Pacific women. The socialist feminist perspective uncovers the roots of gender-based oppression intertwined with broader class-based inequalities, emphasizing the need for a unified labor movement. Simultaneously, intersectionality reveals that pay gaps are shaped by intersecting identities such as gender, race, and ethnicity. Māori and Pacific women face heightened challenges due to systemic racism and discrimination. To address these issues, policy initiatives are suggested, advocating for an intersectional approach that includes minimum wage increases, universal basic income, childcare support, and enhanced parental leave policies. The essay concludes by emphasizing the importance of recognizing and rectifying in-work poverty and promoting a collective, intersectional approach to achieve full gender parity in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Keywords: Gender pay gap, Socialist feminism, Intersectionality, Aotearoa New Zealand, Gender equality policiesPenelitian ini menjelajahi kompleksitas situasi kesenjangan gaji berbasis gender di Aotearoa New Zealand, menggali pemahaman tersebut melalui perspektif feminisme sosialis dan interseksionalitas. Meskipun New Zealand telah menegaskan komitmennya terhadap kesetaraan gender sejak diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Upah Setara pada tahun 1972, disparitas yang bertahan terus ada, khususnya bagi perempuan Māori dan Pasifik. Pendekatan feminisme sosialis mengungkap akar ketidaksetaraan gender yang terkait dengan ketidaksetaraan kelas yang lebih luas, menekankan perlunya gerakan buruh yang bersatu. Sejalan dengan itu, konsep interseksionalitas mengungkapkan bahwa kesenjangan gaji dipengaruhi oleh identitas yang saling berpotongan, seperti gender, ras, dan etnisitas. Perempuan Māori dan Pasifik menghadapi hambatan ekstra akibat rasisme sistemik dan diskriminasi. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini, diusulkan adanya inisiatif kebijakan, yang mendorong pendekatan interseksional yang mencakup peningkatan upah minimum, pendapatan dasar universal, dukungan perawatan anak, dan perbaikan kebijakan cuti orang tua. Penelitian ini diakhiri dengan menegaskan pentingnya mengakui dan mengatasi kemiskinan di tempat kerja, serta mendorong pendekatan kolektif dan interseksional guna mencapai kesetaraan gender penuh di Aotearoa New Zealand.
Kata Kunci: Kesenjangan gaji berdasarkan gender, Feminisme Sosialis, Interseksionalitas, Aotearoa New Zealand, Kebijakan Kesetaraan Gende
Between Love and Affection: Rahmatan Lil Alamin as a Transformative Axiological Framework in Global Education
No full textThis study explores the paradigm of Rahmatan Lil Alamin as a transformative axiological framework for reorienting global education in an era marked by instrumentalism, ecological crisis, and moral disintegration. Employing a descriptive qualitative method with a philosophical and interpretive literature-based approach, the paper critically examines how Islamic values of universal compassion, justice, and ethical responsibility can enrich and redirect the purpose of education beyond utilitarian ends. The findings reveal that when Rahmatan Lil Alamin is integrated into educational thought and practice, it enables the emergence of a holistic pedagogy that cultivates not only intellectual competence but also moral sensibility, ecological awareness, and spiritual depth. This paradigm positions education as a moral and civilizational project—one that fosters the formation of ethically grounded individuals committed to the common good. Rather than treating education as a neutral mechanism for economic mobility, Rahmatan Lil Alamin recasts it as an ethical vocation rooted in values that transcend religious, cultural, and disciplinary boundaries. The study contributes to the contemporary discourse on Islamic philosophy of education by constructing an integrative, value-based, and globally relevant framework for building an impactful, compassionate, and sustainable model of higher education
Integration of Amaedola in Pastoral Context of the Catholic Church in Nias, Indonesia
No full textThis study aims to reaffirm the relevance of amaedola, a traditional proverb of Nias which is rich ofethicsand moral values, as a means to form a humanistic, integrative, and dignified character. Despite its deep cultural significance, amaedolais increasingly neglected, particularly among younger generations who are more captivated by the allure of global culture. The rapid flow of information and modern technology has further eroded interest in local wisdom. This research employs a qualitative methodology with an ethnographic approach. Data were collected through literature review, interviews, and direct observation in local communities. The findings reveal that amaedolaserves as an effective medium for pastoral engagement in Nias, as its messages and meanings are embedded in the communal psyche and resonate with the lived experiences of the people. These values facilitate a more accessible embodiment of faith and spirituality through existing cultural traditions. The study implies that integrating amaedolainto pastoral practices not only enhances cultural sensitivity in ministry but also contributes to the preservation and revitalization of Nias’ indigenous wisdom. The originality of this research lies in its contextual theological approach, which bridges local culture and pastoral praxis in a manner that affirms indigenous identity and spiritual development.
Navigating the Democratic Crisis: Indonesia’s Journey Through Political Ethics, Law, and Social Change
No full textThis article explores the crisis narrative surrounding the erosion of democracy in Indonesia, with a particular emphasis on political and ethical responsibilities. It examines the prevailing consensus on the consequences, factors, and conceptualization of democracy, especially concerning political trust and ethical governance. The discussion underscores how democracy evolves by deconstructing and reshaping societal structures, drawing on Kantian philosophy and the core pillars of democratic society. The paper highlights the inherent flaws in democratic principles, demonstrating how these imperfections permit varying degrees of freedom within societal practices. It advocates for the value of cultivating a culture of open, public discourse aboutcollective societal objectives. However, it also points out that the actual practice of lawmaking, implementation, and enforcement often deviates from its doctrinal ideals, particularly when the law’s purported impartiality contrasts with its impact on marginalized communities. These inconsistencies are examined as outcomes of the exercise of political power, illustrating that the law is shaped by political morality and legitimacy rather than being wholly independent. Furthermore, the article delves into the decline of democracy by engaging in dialogue about the process of its deterioration, rather than simply questioning the reasons behind it. This study also explores democracy and philosophy both in theory and practice, framing law as a reflective inquiry into the democratic process. Ultimately, it advocates for the political concepts of democracy to be subjected to scientific analysis and validation.
Artikel ini mengkaji narasi krisis yang berhubungan dengan kemunduran demokrasi di Indonesia, dengan penekanan utama pada tanggung jawab politik dan etis. Artikel ini juga mengulas kesepakatan yang ada mengenai dampak, faktor,dan konsep demokrasi, khususnya dalam kaitannya dengan kepercayaan politik dan tata kelola yang etis. Pembahasandalam artikel ini memperlihatkan bagaimana demokrasi mengalami perkembangan melalui proses dekonstruksi danrestrukturisasi struktur sosial, mengacu pada pemikiran Kantian serta pilar- pilar utama demokrasi. Artikel ini menyoroti kelemahan mendasar dalam prinsip-prinsip demokrasi, memperlihatkan bahwa ketidaksempurnaan tersebutmemungkinkan berbagai tingkat kebebasan dalam praktik sosial. Selain itu, artikel ini menekankan pentingnya membangun budaya diskusi publik yang terbuka mengenai tujuan bersama masyarakat. Namun, artikel ini juga menunjukkan bahwa dalam praktiknya, proses pembuatan, pelaksanaan, dan penegakan hukum sering kalimenyimpang dari idealisme doktrinal, terutama saat citra hukum sebagai institusi netral bertentangan dengan pengaruhnya terhadap kelompok yang terpinggirkan. Ketidaksesuaian ini dianalisis sebagai hasil dari penerapan kekuasaan politik, menunjukkan bahwa hukum dipengaruhi oleh moralitas dan legitimasi politik, dan tidak sepenuhnya berdiri sendiri sebagai entitas normatif. Lebih lanjut, artikel ini menggali kemerosotan demokrasi melalui dialogtentang proses kemundurannya, bukan hanya sekadar mempersoalkan penyebabnya. Penelitian ini juga mempelajari demokrasi dan filosofi dari segi konseptual dan kontekstual, memposisikan hukum sebagai refleksi mendalam atas proses demokrasi. Akhirnya, artikel ini mengusulkan agar konseppolitik demokrasi lebih terbuka terhadap analisis dan verifikasi ilmiah.
 
Membaca Pemikiran Victor Frankl Dalam Konflik Timor Leste
No full textTulisan ini berupaya menggali relevansi pemikiran Viktor E. Frankl, khususnya logoterapi dan pencarian makna dalam penderitaan, terhadap konflik dan tragedi kemanusiaan yang terjadi di Timor Leste. Dengan pendekatan filosofis-eksistensial, penelitian ini membaca ulang pengalaman kolektif masyarakat Timor Leste, baik dalam masa pendudukan maupun pasca-kemerdekaan, melalui pemikiran Frankl, yang menekankan bahwa manusia tetap memiliki kebebasan batin untuk memberi makna pada penderitaannya. Konflik Timor Leste tidak hanya menyisakan luka sejarah, tetapi juga menyimpan potensi untuk penemuan makna eksistensial di tengah keterpurukan. Dengan merujuk pada prinsip-prinsip logoterapi, tulisan ini menunjukkan bagaimana individu dan komunitas di Timor Leste dapat mengubah penderitaan menjadi kekuatan batin, dan trauma menjadi kekuatan transformatif dalam membangun rekonsiliasi dan kemanusiaan. Studi ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman lintas-disiplin antara psikologi eksistensial dan studi konflik, serta menawarkan pendekatan spiritual-humanistik dalam merawat luka bangsa