INVOTEK: Jurnal Inovasi, Vokasional, dan Teknologi
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Reinforcement of Piles in Landslides at KM. 619+900
Full text linkLandslides are events that can cause both moral and non-moral losses, one of which is the damage to the Subulussalam–Lipat Kajang Road section at KM. 619+900, resulting in restricted movement and disrupted activities of the local community. This could be due to factors such as rainfall or groundwater levels. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of addressing the existing problems by providing appropriate and effective solutions to the landslides caused. This research uses secondary data and primary data in analyzing slope stability. The initial conditions and the slope conditions following sheet pile reinforcement are used this analysis. An application called Plaxis is required in order to examine the slope stability. This study produced a safety factor value of 1.104 under existing conditions, and after being reinforced with sheet piles, the safety factor value increased to 1.502. However, if the slope in the existing condition is subjected to an earthquake load, it will obtain a very low safety factor value of 1.044, and this requires strengthening with sheet piles and anchors to increase the safety factor value, ensuring that the slope is in a stable condition. This research provides one of the much-needed alternatives in addressing landslide issues, especially in the fields of construction and geotechnical engineering. The findings of this research can serve as a reference or guideline in the civil engineering planning process, particularly in the use of reinforcement systems such as sheet piles (retaining walls) and anchors as effective solutions.Landslides are events that can cause both moral and non-moral losses, one of which is the damage to the Subulussalam–Lipat Kajang Road section at KM. 619+900, resulting in restricted movement and disrupted activities of the local community. This could be due to factors such as rainfall or groundwater levels. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of addressing the existing problems by providing appropriate and effective solutions to the landslides caused. This research uses secondary data and primary data in analyzing slope stability. The initial conditions and the slope conditions following sheet pile reinforcement are used this analysis. An application called Plaxis is required in order to examine the slope stability. This study produced a safety factor value of 1.104 under existing conditions, and after being reinforced with sheet piles, the safety factor value increased to 1.502. However, if the slope in the existing condition is subjected to an earthquake load, it will obtain a very low safety factor value of 1.044, and this requires strengthening with sheet piles and anchors to increase the safety factor value, ensuring that the slope is in a stable condition. This research provides one of the much-needed alternatives in addressing landslide issues, especially in the fields of construction and geotechnical engineering. The findings of this research can serve as a reference or guideline in the civil engineering planning process, particularly in the use of reinforcement systems such as sheet piles (retaining walls) and anchors as effective solutions
Design and Implementation MPPT Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm to Overcome Partial Shading Condition on Solar Panel
Full text linkSolar energy is a type of renewable energy whose capacity is tremendous and fast in increasing its capacity so that it can be used for energy sustainability in the future. Solar panels are the only devices that can be used to utilize solar energy. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a method to maximize the power generated by solar panels. However, the problem with solar panels is the condition of partial shading, this occurs due to something blocking the rate of solar irradiation to the solar panel. The result is that there are 2 or more maximum power points from solar panels, the highest power is the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP) and the other is the Local Maximum Power Point (LMPP). This partial shading condition cannot use conventional MPPT methods due to the complexity of finding GMPP. So, MPPT optimization method is needed, one of which is the Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm (IWOA). IWOA is a development of the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) by applying the Sine-Tent-Cosine Map for the first time the algorithm works to be more effective in the initialization process of the algorithm population and can ensure a more uniform distribution of population distribution throughout the search space. IWOA will be applied to the MPPT system to achieve the GMPP of the solar panel under partial shading conditions.Solar energy is a type of renewable energy whose capacity is tremendous and fast in increasing its capacity so that it can be used for energy sustainability in the future. Solar panels are the only devices that can be used to utilize solar energy. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a method to maximize the power generated by solar panels. However, the problem with solar panels is the condition of partial shading, this occurs due to something blocking the rate of solar irradiation to the solar panel. The result is that there are 2 or more maximum power points from solar panels, the highest power is the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP) and the other is the Local Maximum Power Point (LMPP). This partial shading condition cannot use conventional MPPT methods due to the complexity of finding GMPP. So, MPPT optimization method is needed, one of which is the Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm (IWOA). IWOA is a development of the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) by applying the Sine-Tent-Cosine Map for the first time the algorithm works to be more effective in the initialization process of the algorithm population and can ensure a more uniform distribution of population distribution throughout the search space. IWOA will be applied to the MPPT system to achieve the GMPP of the solar panel under partial shading conditions
Optimizing Solar Panel Output with an IoT-Based Solar Tracker: UNIPMA Integrated Lab Case Study
Full text linkThe development and development of new renewable energy has become increasingly widespread recently, one of the most widely used is solar panels. The biggest disadvantage of installing solar panels is that they are not able to follow the movement of the sun so that the power output produced is less than optimal. A solar tracker is a device used to optimize the absorption of sunlight by solar panels by following the movement of the sun. However, the use of sensors on solar trackers often requires quite complicated manufacturing. Therefore, this research aims to design a solar tracker without sensors in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The method in this research is to compare the power produced by solar panels with and without solar trackers based on IoT (Internet of Things) case studies at the UNIPMA Integrated Lab. Data collection was carried out in real time over a period of 3 days starting at 09.00 WIB with a solar panel tilt of 45° until 15.00 WIB with a solar panel tilt of 135°. The results of measurements using a solar tracker on photovoltaic (PV) showed an average current of 0.74 amperes (A), an average voltage of 18.7 volts (V), and an average power output of 14.4 watts. (W). Meanwhile, measurement results without a solar tracker showed an average current of 0.6 amperes (A), an average voltage of 17.9 volts and an average power output of 11.04 watts (W). So, the power produced with a solar tracker is more optimal than without a solar tracker.The development and development of new renewable energy has become increasingly widespread recently, one of the most widely used is solar panels. The biggest disadvantage of installing solar panels is that they are not able to follow the movement of the sun so that the power output produced is less than optimal. A solar tracker is a device used to optimize the absorption of sunlight by solar panels by following the movement of the sun. However, the use of sensors on solar trackers often requires quite complicated manufacturing. Therefore, this research aims to design a solar tracker without sensors in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The method in this research is to compare the power produced by solar panels with and without solar trackers based on IoT (Internet of Things) case studies at the UNIPMA Integrated Lab. Data collection was carried out in real time over a period of 3 days starting at 09.00 WIB with a solar panel tilt of 45° until 15.00 WIB with a solar panel tilt of 135°. The results of measurements using a solar tracker on photovoltaic (PV) showed an average current of 0.74 amperes (A), an average voltage of 18.7 volts (V), and an average power output of 14.4 watts. (W). Meanwhile, measurement results without a solar tracker showed an average current of 0.6 amperes (A), an average voltage of 17.9 volts and an average power output of 11.04 watts (W). So, the power produced with a solar tracker is more optimal than without a solar tracker
Evaluation Inclusive Education in Higher Education: Development and Implementation of Assessment Indicators
Full text linkThe 1945 Constitution of Indonesia ensures education access for all citizens. Law No. 19 of 2011 ratifies the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), emphasizing inclusive education. Despite efforts by several universities, including Universitas Andalas, challenges remain. A preliminary survey with five students with disabilities at Universitas Andalas identified barriers such as communication difficulties, limited library resources for the visually impaired, and inadequate public facilities. However, no formal research or evaluation indicators have been developed to assess the university's inclusivity. This study aims to develop self-evaluation indicators for improving inclusive education at Universitas Andalas. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, it examines challenges, formulates evaluation indicators, and assesses implementation. The proposed indicators cover seven aspects: institutional policies, admissions, learning, socio-psychological support, physical accessibility, graduate preparedness, and teaching methods. The evaluation results highlight institutional policies, social support, and learning methods as the strongest aspects, whereas physical accessibility scores the lowest. Universitas Andalas attained a self-evaluation score of 483, categorizing it as "Moderately Inclusive." Key recommendations include improving infrastructure such as accessible dining areas, specialized learning tools, laboratories, and libraries. Additional measures include career training programs, inclusive teaching workshops for faculty, periodic policy updates, and enhanced counseling services. These improvements aim to establish Universitas Andalas as a more disability-friendly institution, ensuring equal opportunities for all students.The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia ensures education access for all citizens. Law No. 19 of 2011 ratifies the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), emphasizing inclusive education. Despite efforts by several universities, including Universitas Andalas, challenges remain. A preliminary survey with five students with disabilities at Universitas Andalas identified barriers such as communication difficulties, limited library resources for the visually impaired, and inadequate public facilities. However, no formal research or evaluation indicators have been developed to assess the university's inclusivity. This study aims to develop self-evaluation indicators for improving inclusive education at Universitas Andalas. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, it examines challenges, formulates evaluation indicators, and assesses implementation. The proposed indicators cover seven aspects: institutional policies, admissions, learning, socio-psychological support, physical accessibility, graduate preparedness, and teaching methods. The evaluation results highlight institutional policies, social support, and learning methods as the strongest aspects, whereas physical accessibility scores the lowest. Universitas Andalas attained a self-evaluation score of 483, categorizing it as "Moderately Inclusive." Key recommendations include improving infrastructure such as accessible dining areas, specialized learning tools, laboratories, and libraries. Additional measures include career training programs, inclusive teaching workshops for faculty, periodic policy updates, and enhanced counseling services. These improvements aim to establish Universitas Andalas as a more disability-friendly institution, ensuring equal opportunities for all students
Evaluation of the Impact of Governor-less Control on the Transient Response of Hydraulic Load Frequency Control Systems
Full text linkThis study evaluates the transient performance of a hydraulic Load Frequency Control (LFC) system configured with a single controller and without a governor. The analysis focuses on rise time, peak time, settling time, and overshoot, using various controllers including PI, PD, PID, PDF, and PIDF. Simulation results indicate that eliminating the governor significantly enhances system responsiveness and reduces overshoot, particularly when using the PDF controller. Quantitative analysis shows that the PDF controller achieves 85% faster rise time (0.101s vs 0.607s for P controller) and maintains system stability with minimal overshoot (1.765% for PID vs 59.263% for P controller). This configuration enables for a more direct and efficient control response to load fluctuations, improving system stability. Thus, employing a single controller without a governor presents a promising alternative for frequency regulation in hydraulic LFC systems under dynamic load conditions. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for optimizing controller selection and configuration in practical implementations, providing guidance for engineers and researchers to enhance grid reliability, operational efficiency, and stability in various real-world hydraulic power system scenarios.This study evaluates the transient performance of a hydraulic Load Frequency Control (LFC) system configured with a single controller and without a governor. The analysis focuses on rise time, peak time, settling time, and overshoot, using various controllers including PI, PD, PID, PDF, and PIDF. Simulation results indicate that eliminating the governor significantly enhances system responsiveness and reduces overshoot, particularly when using the PDF controller. Quantitative analysis shows that the PDF controller achieves 85% faster rise time (0.101s vs 0.607s for P controller) and maintains system stability with minimal overshoot (1.765% for PID vs 59.263% for P controller). This configuration enables for a more direct and efficient control response to load fluctuations, improving system stability. Thus, employing a single controller without a governor presents a promising alternative for frequency regulation in hydraulic LFC systems under dynamic load conditions. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for optimizing controller selection and configuration in practical implementations, providing guidance for engineers and researchers to enhance grid reliability, operational efficiency, and stability in various real-world hydraulic power system scenarios
Performance Analysis of FRP Reinforced Concrete After Corrosion Damage
Full text linkCorrosion in bridge girder beams frequently leads to significant structural damage, such as concrete spalling and reduced reinforcement, which directly impacts the bending capacity. This study experimentally assessed the efficacy of a combined repair strategy of grouting and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcement on simulated damaged reinforced concrete beams. Twelve beams were tested with various repair configurations, including a standalone grouting repair and a combination of grouting with GFRP in strip and U-wrap configurations. The primary objective was to comprehensively evaluate the enhanced flexural capacity and failure modes of these repaired beams. The results indicated that GFRP reinforcement, particularly the U-wrap configuration, significantly improved the beams' flexural capacity. Beams with the GFRP U-wrap configuration achieved an average maximum load of 32.50 kN, surpassing the control beam's 29.74 kN by 9.27%. Conversely, a standalone grouting repair drastically decreased the load capacity to 14.49 kN, highlighting its inefficiency in strength restoration. Debonding failure at the grout-concrete interface was identified as the primary cause of this reduction. The U-wrap configuration outperformed the strip configuration, likely due to its enhanced shear resistance and confinement. The GFRP strain analysis showed linear behavior at low loads but significant deviations at higher loads, which indicates debonding. All beams exhibited a dominant flexural cracking failure mode, with the addition of GFRP reducing the number of cracks. In conclusion, the combined grouting and GFRP reinforcement, especially the U-wrap configuration, proved to be an effective strategy for repairing damaged RC beams. However, achieving strong adhesion between the repair materials and the concrete is crucial to prevent debonding and optimize structural performance. Further research on enhancing adhesion and optimizing GFRP configurations is recommended.Corrosion in bridge girder beams frequently leads to significant structural damage, such as concrete spalling and reduced reinforcement, which directly impacts the bending capacity. This study experimentally assessed the efficacy of a combined repair strategy of grouting and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcement on simulated damaged reinforced concrete beams. Twelve beams were tested with various repair configurations, including a standalone grouting repair and a combination of grouting with GFRP in strip and U-wrap configurations. The primary objective was to comprehensively evaluate the enhanced flexural capacity and failure modes of these repaired beams. The results indicated that GFRP reinforcement, particularly the U-wrap configuration, significantly improved the beams' flexural capacity. Beams with the GFRP U-wrap configuration achieved an average maximum load of 32.50 kN, surpassing the control beam's 29.74 kN by 9.27%. Conversely, a standalone grouting repair drastically decreased the load capacity to 14.49 kN, highlighting its inefficiency in strength restoration. Debonding failure at the grout-concrete interface was identified as the primary cause of this reduction. The U-wrap configuration outperformed the strip configuration, likely due to its enhanced shear resistance and confinement. The GFRP strain analysis showed linear behavior at low loads but significant deviations at higher loads, which indicates debonding. All beams exhibited a dominant flexural cracking failure mode, with the addition of GFRP reducing the number of cracks. In conclusion, the combined grouting and GFRP reinforcement, especially the U-wrap configuration, proved to be an effective strategy for repairing damaged RC beams. However, achieving strong adhesion between the repair materials and the concrete is crucial to prevent debonding and optimize structural performance. Further research on enhancing adhesion and optimizing GFRP configurations is recommended
Various Types of Biodiesel as Sustainable Fuel Choices: a Review
Full text linkThe energy sources used today are non-renewable energy. Non-renewable energy, if used continuously will experience scarcity. Therefore, renewable energy sources are needed as an alternative energy. One of alternative energy source is biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel produced from vegetable or animal raw materials. The sustainability and diversity of biodiesel feedstock sources make it an attractive option for reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The problem is that all existing natural resources have not been utilized, the potential availability of raw materials and their production, lack of knowledge about the types of biodiesel and other types of biodiesel that can be developed. This article aims to review the different types of biodiesel that are being researched and developed and increasing knowledge and becoming a reference regarding the potential of natural resources and the opportunity to develop other types based on the potential of available natural resources. The research method used is a literature review study using the Publish or Perish 8 application, on the search menu Google Scholar is selected. Article search retrieved September 19, 2023. Based on this search, 14 articles were obtained that were in accordance with this research. The research results showed that the various types of biodiesel are bintaro oil, hazelnut oil, corn oil, crude palm oil, hydrotreated vegetable oil, kapok seed oil, rubber seed oil, used cooking oil, kesambi oil and graphene nanoplatelets. Each type of biodiesel has its own advantages, while the biodiesel feedstock that has the potential to be produced in large quantities is palm oil. This research also suggests that Indonesia's natural resource potential is very large, so we can also process and develop other types of biodiesel which can be used as alternative fuel.The energy sources used today are non-renewable energy. Non-renewable energy, if used continuously will experience scarcity. Therefore, renewable energy sources are needed as an alternative energy. One of alternative energy source is biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel produced from vegetable or animal raw materials. The sustainability and diversity of biodiesel feedstock sources make it an attractive option for reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The problem is that all existing natural resources have not been utilized, the potential availability of raw materials and their production, lack of knowledge about the types of biodiesel and other types of biodiesel that can be developed. This article aims to review the different types of biodiesel that are being researched and developed and increasing knowledge and becoming a reference regarding the potential of natural resources and the opportunity to develop other types based on the potential of available natural resources. The research method used is a literature review study using the Publish or Perish 8 application, on the search menu Google Scholar is selected. Article search retrieved September 19, 2023. Based on this search, 14 articles were obtained that were in accordance with this research. The research results showed that the various types of biodiesel are bintaro oil, hazelnut oil, corn oil, crude palm oil, hydrotreated vegetable oil, kapok seed oil, rubber seed oil, used cooking oil, kesambi oil and graphene nanoplatelets. Each type of biodiesel has its own advantages, while the biodiesel feedstock that has the potential to be produced in large quantities is palm oil. This research also suggests that Indonesia's natural resource potential is very large, so we can also process and develop other types of biodiesel which can be used as alternative fuel
The Experimental Study of the Effect of Cooling Pad Surface Shape on Passive Cooling Performance
Full text linkClimate change causes the air conditions inside buildings to increase in temperature. This causes the demand for cooling processes to increase every year. The use of cooling equipment currently requires quite a lot of electricity costs and produces CO2 emissions. The experimental study of the effect of cooling pad surface shape on passive cooling performance to produce a cooling device that is economical and environmentally friendly. The variations of the cooling pad surface were sinusoidal wave and triangular wave. The method was experiments carried out in the laboratory to control environmental conditions. The test results showed that the sinusoidal wave variation had a temperature drop of 1.1 °C lower than the triangular wave. The sinusoidal wave variation has 5% lower relative air humidity than triangular wave variation but air humidity for both variations had increased. Meanwhile, the use of silica sand could not reduce air humidity, it was because of the sum of sand that was used.Climate change causes the air conditions inside buildings to increase in temperature. This causes the demand for cooling processes to increase every year. The use of cooling equipment currently requires quite a lot of electricity costs and produces CO2 emissions. The experimental study of the effect of cooling pad surface shape on passive cooling performance to produce a cooling device that is economical and environmentally friendly. The variations of the cooling pad surface were sinusoidal wave and triangular wave. The method was experiments carried out in the laboratory to control environmental conditions. The test results showed that the sinusoidal wave variation had a temperature drop of 1.1 °C lower than the triangular wave. The sinusoidal wave variation has 5% lower relative air humidity than triangular wave variation but air humidity for both variations had increased. Meanwhile, the use of silica sand could not reduce air humidity, it was because of the sum of sand that was used
The Sub-Criteria for Evacuation-Based Pedestrian Route Design Parameters
Full text linkIndonesia, surrounded by three major tectonic plates—the Indo-Australian plate, the Pacific plate, and the Eurasian plate—faces a relatively high disaster risk. The city of Padang in West Sumatra, located on the western side of Sumatra Island and in proximity to tectonic plates, is particularly susceptible to earthquakes and tsunamis. To mitigate disaster risk, Padang requires evacuation-focused road infrastructure, including pedestrian paths. This study aims to assess the validity of sub-criteria parameters for creating pedestrian evacuation routes in Padang. It employs quantitative descriptive research methods, utilizing Aiken's V and Cronbach Alpha. The study involved distributing validation forms to five experts, comprising two Civil Engineering lecturers and three members of Padang City's BPBD (Regional Disaster Management Agency) specializing in Planning and Preparedness. The participants' responses, recorded through the forms, served as data for analyzing and identifying sub-criteria for evacuation-oriented pedestrian route design parameters. The study's findings reveal that one sub-criteria—Safety Fence from the Amenities parameter with a value of V = 0.7—is invalid.Indonesia, surrounded by three major tectonic plates—the Indo-Australian plate, the Pacific plate, and the Eurasian plate—faces a relatively high disaster risk. The city of Padang in West Sumatra, located on the western side of Sumatra Island and in proximity to tectonic plates, is particularly susceptible to earthquakes and tsunamis. To mitigate disaster risk, Padang requires evacuation-focused road infrastructure, including pedestrian paths. This study aims to assess the validity of sub-criteria parameters for creating pedestrian evacuation routes in Padang. It employs quantitative descriptive research methods, utilizing Aiken's V and Cronbach Alpha. The study involved distributing validation forms to five experts, comprising two Civil Engineering lecturers and three members of Padang City's BPBD (Regional Disaster Management Agency) specializing in Planning and Preparedness. The participants' responses, recorded through the forms, served as data for analyzing and identifying sub-criteria for evacuation-oriented pedestrian route design parameters. The study's findings reveal that one sub-criteria—Safety Fence from the Amenities parameter with a value of V = 0.7—is invali
Analysis of Soil Replacement and Woven Geotextile Reinforcement on Embankment Stability
Full text linkToll roads are infrastructure built to improve the regional and national economy. The challenge faced on this toll road is soft soil as deep as 7 m. This research analyzes the stability of the embankment with a slope of 1V:2H and a height of 4.5 m without and with repair using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) because the Safety Factor (SF) value in LEM provides a more critical value than the Finite Element Method (FEM). In addition, the settlement amount was also analyzed. The SF value in short term conditions with an embankment load of 1.31 < 1.4 and earthquake load of 0.83 < 1.1. Then, at pavement installation, 1.33 < 1.4, plus earthquake load 0.84 < 1.1. In long term conditions, during the operational period, 1.48 < 1.5, plus earthquake load 0.84 < 1.1. This indicates that the soil requires improvement. To address the problem, soil improvement utilized 2.5 m deep soil replacement and 75 kN woven geotextile. The SF value with repair under short term conditions, with embankment load 1.53 > 1.4, plus earthquake load 1.18 > 1.1. Then, at the time of pavement installation, 1.56 > 1.5, plus earthquake load 1.19 > 1.1. In the long term condition, it was 1.62 > 1.5 at the time of operation, plus earthquake load 1.22 > 1.1. The total settlement after the operation is 0.21 cm ≤ 10 cm and the settlement rate is 0.68 < 2 cm/year. This shows that improvements can increase the SF value and reduce settlement.Toll roads are infrastructure built to improve the regional and national economy. The challenge faced on this toll road is soft soil as deep as 7 m. This research analyzes the stability of the embankment with a slope of 1V:2H and a height of 4.5 m without and with repair using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) because the Safety Factor (SF) value in LEM provides a more critical value than the Finite Element Method (FEM). In addition, the settlement amount was also analyzed. The SF value in short term conditions with an embankment load of 1.31 < 1.4 and earthquake load of 0.83 < 1.1. Then, at pavement installation, 1.33 < 1.4, plus earthquake load 0.84 < 1.1. In long term conditions, during the operational period, 1.48 < 1.5, plus earthquake load 0.84 < 1.1. This indicates that the soil requires improvement. To address the problem, soil improvement utilized 2.5 m deep soil replacement and 75 kN woven geotextile. The SF value with repair under short term conditions, with embankment load 1.53 > 1.4, plus earthquake load 1.18 > 1.1. Then, at the time of pavement installation, 1.56 > 1.5, plus earthquake load 1.19 > 1.1. In the long term condition, it was 1.62 > 1.5 at the time of operation, plus earthquake load 1.22 > 1.1. The total settlement after the operation is 0.21 cm ≤ 10 cm and the settlement rate is 0.68 < 2 cm/year. This shows that improvements can increase the SF value and reduce settlement