ISBS (International Society of Biomechanics in Sports): Conference Proceedings Archive
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FOOT FUNCTION ASSESSMENT THROUGH KINEMATIC AND KINETIC ANALYSIS
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to investigate toes’ function while performing barefoot and shod running between habitually unshod and shod runners. Seven habitually male shod runners and six habitually male barefoot runners participated the running test. Kinematic and kinetic analysis were synchronously conducted. The habitually unshod runners showed significantly higher ankle eversion-to-inversion angle in the pushing-off phase than habitually shod runners. And forefoot loading reduced as the big toe of habitually unshod runners pushing ground under shod condition, with similar function of other toes among habitually shod runners. It is noted that the work of big toe and other toes lead to the decreased loading to the forefoot. This might be beneficial for the prevention of foot injuries, like plantar fasciitis and metatarsal fatigue fracture
DIFFERENCES IN GROUND REACTION FORCES WHEN PERFORMING THE SIDE-STEP CUTTING ACTION ON DIFFERENT INFILL DEPTHS
Get PDFThis study aimed to quantify differences in ground reaction forces (GRFs) when performing a side-step cutting action on artificial grass turf with two different infill depths. GRFXPeak (7.27 ± 2.7 N/kg vs. 9.00 ± 2.7 N/kg, p=0.00) and GRFYPeak (5.41 N/kg ± 1.4 vs. 6.15 N/kg ± 1.6, p=0.00) were significantly larger, but not GRFZPeak (28.26 N/kg ± 8.6 vs. 29.64 N/kg ± 9.3, p=0.58) when participants (n=17) performed side-steps on turf with greater infill depths. Larger GRFZPeak during heel-strike may be due to larger knee extension angle (39.7 deg ± 8.2 vs. 34.7 deg ± 8.5, p=0.03) while significantly larger GRFXPeak and GRFYPeak at the weight acceptance phase and push-off phase may be due to a larger knee extension angle in conjunction with the hardness of sand/rubber infills given the increased thickness as well as frictional components of the artificial grass turfs
KNEE JOINT BIOMECHANICS UNDER SYSTEMATICALLY INCREASED LOADING CONDITIONS IN RUNNING
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to identify the general and individual biomechanical response to increased vertical loading with a particular emphasis on the knee joint in running. Biomechanical analysis was performed in three different loading conditions (100%, 110%, 120% body weight) by means of a standard inverse dynamics procedure using a Vicon Nexus system and an instrumented treadmill. Increased vertical loading was accompanied by increased peak internal knee abduction moments and a small increase (0.6°) of knee adduction angles. Two adaptation mechanisms could be identified, differing with respect to the increase of peak vertical GRF and abduction moments. It might be that runners aim at maintaining their habitual joint motion path, choosing a strategy that corresponds to their capacities to resist additional external loads
Influence of Step Length and Cadence on the Sharing of the Total Support Moments Between the Lower Limbs During Level Walking
Get PDFThe current study aimed to investigate the effects of walking speed on the inter-limb sharing of whole body support in terms of total support moments (Ms) during walking. A multiple linear regression model was conducted to explore the relationship between gait speed in terms of step length and cadence, and the difference of the first and second peaks of the Ms (DMs) during walking. The DMs were found to increase with either increased step length or cadence. Walking with greater speed relied more on the leading limb to provide support for the forward progression of the body. In addition, variations of gait speed parameters affected the load-sharing pattern between the lower limbs during weight transfer of walking. Gait speed parameters have to be taken as covariates when analysing the coordination of the kinetics between lower limbs
ELITE AND SUB ELITE FLAT WATER SPRINT KAYAKERS PERFORMANCE COMPARISON: A PRELIMINARY RESULT
Get PDFThe purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of using a fixed and swivel seat between elite and sub elite kayakers: conducted on a 200 metre simulation race in the laboratory setting. One elite and one sub elite male sprint kayaker participated in this study, performing on both seat conditions. Significantly increased results were found in paddle force and stroke rate using the swivel seat for the sub elite kayaker (
A KINEMATIC COMPARISON OF THE DELIVERY MOTIONS OF CATCHERS AND INFIELDERS IN BASEBALL
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to compare the delivery motions of baseball catchers and infielders. Thirteen catchers and 16 infielders participated in the study. 3D analysis was used to analyze the release parameters, the durations of 4 phases, and trunk, pelvis and throwing arm kinematics in the two groups. No statistical difference in ball velocity and angle of release was found between the groups. Of the 45 angular position and angular velocity parameters tested at key instants in the throws, 15 showed significant differences between the groups. The only significant differences in maximum angular velocities and in their times of occurrence were in the maximum pelvis forward rotation angular velocity and in the time of occurrence of the maximum elbow extension angular velocity. These results should be useful for the improvement of baseball throwing motions
THE EFFECTS OF LOAD AND SPEED ON THE GROUND REACTION FORCES OF THE SOLDIER DURING UPHILL, DOWNHILL AND LEVEL WAKING
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of load, speed and gradient on ground reaction forces of soldiers. Decline walking resulted in significant increases in peak loading rates, impact peak loads, braking forces and decreases in propulsive forces when compared to level and incline walking. The peak loading rates, vertical impact peak and anterio-posterior braking forces were significantly lower during the loaded condition compared to the unloaded condition during downhill walking. In addition, the first half of the stance phase was found to be significantly longer when carrying a load during level and decline walking suggesting individuals adopted compensation strategies to mitigate the high forces imposed during downhill loaded walking. This study contributes to the understanding of gait and the reduction of biomechanical stress placed on the body during downhill walking
HYDRODYNAMIC ANGLES, ORIENTATION AND VELOCITY OF THE HAND IN FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING
Get PDFThe hydrodynamic parameters of the hand (angle of attack, sweepback, velocity and orientation) play an important role in the generation of the resultant forces. These parameters were measured throughout an aquatic stroke to study the possible modifications caused by a variation of the swimming pace. Seventeen competitive swimmers swam at the long distance, middle distance and sprint paces. Parameters were calculated from the trajectory of seven markers on the hand measured with an optoelectronic system. Results showed that sweepback and angle of attack, and orientation of the hand do not vary significantly depending to the pace. Only the velocity of the hand increases when the pace increases, but only during the less propulsive phases. The increase of pace is then explained by the swimmer\u27s capacity to maintain propulsive phases rather than increasing the force generation within each cycle
EFFECT OF FATIGUE ON KINEMATICS OF SPRINT UNDERWATER UNDULATORY SWIMMING
Get PDFThe main aims of this study were to analyze body kinematics of underwater undulatory swimming and to determine the effect of fatigue along 15m. Performance of the undulatory underwater swimming decreased as distance increased, as it was showed by the higher values of the Strouhal number and the lower velocity at 12.5m distance. The swimmers were not able to maintain the high kick frequency from 7.5m to 12.5m and decreased their ankle angle which made the velocity decrease at 12.5m distance. In spite of the fact that the time per cycle was similar at both distances, the lower velocity produced lower cycle length at 12.5m Therefore, the swimmers covered longer distance per cycle at 7.5m
JUMPS IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WATER: AN OPTIMAL ENVIRONMENT TO JUMP ON LAND
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to compare rate of force development (RFD) and rate of impact force (RIF) among on-land and in different levels of water jumps. Fourteen male participants were recruited in this study. Participants carried out the testing on land first and followed by testing in knee-high (LOW), trochanter major high (MID), and nasal-high (HIGH) of water. In each condition, participants performed 3 countermovement jumps (CMJ) separated by 15 sec rest. RFD and RIF were calculated. A repeated measure ANOVA was used for assessing the differences of variables among different conditions. The results showed that RFD for LOW is significantly lower than the others, and loading impact on-land is significantly higher than the others. Jumping in MID and HIGH are optimal levels of water for jumps training