Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series
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THE ESTABLISHMENT OF INTENSIVE APPLE ORCHARDS IN SERBIA
Get PDFSerbia at the present time grows apple on an area of 25.917 ha with an average production of 412.000 tons per year. This production is almost 2.5 fold higher than in the period of 2001-2005., which is associated with establishment of new intensive orchards, starting from 2006.Apple production was moving from the locations, typically used for traditional apple production to the regions, mostly located in the different valleys, that poses enough quantity of fresh water for drip irrigation. The new established orchards are equipped with anti-hail net preventingfruit damagesagainst hail or intensive sunlight. The most dominant cultivars are different clones of Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Gala and Red Delicious, which are mostly grafted on M9 rootstock. Spacing between the rows is the same as in the past (3.0-3.5 m), while distance withinthe rows is significantly reduced and now is 0,5-0,9 m, which provide 3,200-6,250 trees ha-1. Tree height reaches 2.20-3.0 m. Large and well feathered nursery trees are used for planting, which provide fast returns of high investment. "Knip" nursery trees as 2-year-old trees with one-year old crown are preferred for establishing new orchards. After planting, light pruning is usually applied. Only lateral shoots at the tip which are too steep and too vigorous lateral shoots along the leader are removed in its base. This type of pruning, which promotes fruit bud production and early cropping, reduces vegetative growth of the tree. In the case of good development of the trees after planting , they can be loaded up to 40 fruits in the second growing year, providing a yield of more than 30 tons per hectare. Production in the third leaf can achieve 40-50 t ha-1 and full production, which usually started in the fourth leaf, more than 60 t ha-1can be expected depends on cultivar and growing conditions. Pruning of the mature trees means cutting of the strong watersprouts, the upright shoots and the strong terminal shoots at the top of the tree at their base, remaining only weak fruit-bearing wood. The fruit thinning is regularly applied in modern apple orchards, starting from the second growing year, in order to achieve regular yield and uniform fruit quality.. For this purpose plant growth regulators such as auxins [naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or naphthalene acetamide (NAAm)] and cytokinin [6 - benzyladenine (BA)] are used. Recently, herbicide metamitron, as a new chemical thinners that at a low dosage reduces photosynthesis and consequently enhances fruit drop are also used. Metamitron exhibited thinning activity when applied to apple fruitlets at the 6 to 15 mm in diameter, or even later, at 20 mm. It can be applied once or twice, depend on the weather conditions in the day of application and three days after
EVALUATION OF MAIZE HYBRIDS UNDER LOCAL CONDITIONS OF CRAIOVA, OLTENIA REGION
Get PDFA field experiment with twelve maize hybrids was conducted at Agricultural Research and Development Station (ARDS) Simnic – Craiova during the cropping season 2015-2016. The results of present study revealed significant differences for grain yield and for all the traits except anthesis - silking interval that exhibited non-significant difference among the studied hybrids. The hybrids HSF 787-13 and HSF 825-13 took more days to anthesis (82 days) and silking (84 days), while hybrid HSF1098-13 was found early maturing, which took 74 days, to anthesis and 75 days to silking. The highest plant height of 214 cm was noted in hybrid HSF 1098-13, and the highest ear height of 81 cm was noted in HSF 787-13. The studied hybrids had a wide genetic background, thus showing grain yield ranges from 7.70 to 12.09 t/ha. The hybrids HSF 711-13 (12.09 t/ha), HSF 1223-13 (11.06 t/ha), HSF 1098-13 (10.20 t/ha) and HSF 825-13 (9.82 t/ha) had the highest grain yield, and these hybrids were found most promising, which have the potential to increase the average yield of maize in local condition of Craiova and similar growing areas
THE PROTECTION OF THE RAPESEED CROP AGAINST THE ATTACK OF ATHALIA ROSAE IN THE S-E OF BOIANULUI PLAIN
Get PDFAthalia rosae, in the larval stage can compromise the crop in a very short time if no seed treatments have been performed. The prevention of the attack of this pest can be done by using the Lumiposa 625 FS insecticide seed treatment in a dose of 40 ml/500 thousand seeds, the only insecticide currently approved for rapeseed crop. From the tests carried out resulted that the product has an efficiency of 98.3%. If for various reasons the seed has not been treated with insecticide, in the vegetation when reporting larvae in the crop it can be intervened with one of the following products: Decis Mega 50EW, Proteus 110 OD, Mospilan 20SG or Fastac 10 EC whose effectiveness is basically the same ranging from 97.30% to 98.00% the only difference being the protection period which in the case of Proteus and Mospilan products is greater due to the systemicity of the product
RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE USE OF ALPHA-ALPHA AS COVERCROP FOR SUNFLOWER CULTIVATED AFTER NO TILL TECHNOLOGY
Get PDFLot of research effort is devoted nowadays for reduced tillage. The new no-till technology brings about changings and challenges. Agronomists became aware of the benefits of this system and try to make it suitable for different soil-clime conditions. Soil organic matter, mineralization, erosion, compaction and last but not least, the high energy requirements are the main disadvantages of the plow-based agriculture. The no till system has disadvantages, too: soil temperature decreasing, higher leaching, difficult low soluble fertilizer incorporation but its advantages strongly overpass them. They can be summarized as follows: increasing soil organic matter content, reducing the fuel and labor consumption as well as machinery requirements, almost stopping the soil water erosion, increasing the yield by approx. 20%, increasing the surface that can be worked by a farmer and enhancing the benefit. The present paper presents the results of an experiment carried out during 4 years. The first three years the experimental plots were planted with alpha-alpha. In the spring of the fourth year the alpha-alpha vegetation was destroyed by glyphosate and there was sown sunflower. The results were very good (2,400 kg/ha) as compared with the plowed treatment
PRIMARY OFFER FOR SOME ZOOTECHNICAL PRODUCTS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VITOMIREŞTI (2016-2018)
Get PDFLivestock farming in Romania is of food, industrial importance, valorization of secondary fodder resources, use of labor resources, export, profit sources. The municipality of Vitomireşti, through its surface, represents 0.84% of the total county area. In the context of agricultural production, the municipality holds 0.59% of the total county agricultural area and 0.44% of the county arable area. As regards livestock, it can be noted that the locality has variable weights as follows: 2.63% for bee families; 0.84% for bovine animals; 0.58% for ovine animals; 0.46% Equines; 0.44% for swine; 0.36% in poultry; 0.16% in goats. If we report the total production of the zootechnical sector to the county situation, the following weights may be highlighted: 1.85% of honey production; 0.37% of egg production; 0.18% sheep and goat milk; 0.10% of total County milk production. The structure of total milk production (612 hl) was as follows: 68.66% cow's milk; 18.15% goat milk; 13.19% sheep's milk
THE INFLUENCE OF THE BERRY SIZE ON THE SKIN ANTHOCYANINS CONTENT OF SOME BLACK WINE VARIETIES
Get PDFThe influence of the berry size on the skin anthocyanins content of the black wine grape varieties Cabernet sauvignon (clone 169), Merlot (clone 348) and Pinot noir (clone 115) was studied. Research was conducted in vineyard of Experimental estate "Radmilovac" and in the laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade. The aim of the research was the determination of an anthocyanin of malvidin-3-glucoside on the berry skin. For all three varieties, berries were separated into three categories: small, medium and large. Based on the results, the goal was to compare the berry skin anthocyanin content of different sizes of berries. Determination of fertility coefficients, yield indicators, analysis of the composition and structure of clusters and berries and the content of sugars and total acids were performed regularly. The obtained results on the content anthocyanin of malvidin-3-glucoside were expressed in mg/g skin fresh weight. Varieties Cabernet sauvignon and Pinot noir had an expected result, meaning that the highest anthocyanin content was recorded in the smallest berries (diameter < 7.5 mm). For the Merlot variety, the highest anthocyanin content was observed in the medium berries (diameter 7.6 – 10 mm). The lowest anthocyanin content in varieties Cabernet sauvignon and Merlot was obtained in the largest berries (diameter > 10.1 mm), which was the expected result, while in the Pinot noir variety the lowest anthocyanin content was registered in the medium category (diameter 7.6 – 10 mm). Variety Cabernet sauvignon (clone 169) showed the highest anthocyanins content (average 6.871 mg/g fresh skin weigh), followed by Merlot variety, clone 348 (average 4.61 mg/g fresh skin weigh), whereas the lowest anthocyanin content was observed in Pinot noir, clone 115 (average 4.05 mg/g fresh skin weigh)
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EPIGEOUS COLEOPTERS FAUNA IN SOME FRUIT APPLE ORCHARDS
Get PDFObservations were made at the SC Loturi Service SRL Delesti, Vaslui in a fruit tree apple orchards where a vegetal carpet is made especially of garlands between the rows of trees. In the plantation it was chosen to maintain the interval between rows as a black the field and as an overworked interval that could influence the local ecosystem conditions, with multiple effects on the quantity and quality of the fruit and finally on the profitability of the apple culture. To collect the biological material, were used six Barber soil traps which were arranged on a single row of trees at a distance of 10 m between them. The traps worked for 5 days in each of the three months: April, May, June. In April between 25 and 30, in May between 5 and 10 and in June between 10 and 15. At each collection, the trap material was cleansed by plant debris, and the entomofauna collected was brought to the lab and then the useful and harmful species were identified
THE DIFFICULTYS IN OBTAINING OROBANCHE CUMANA SUNFLOWER RESISTANCE HYBRIDS
Get PDFOne of the biggest issues when developing performant sunflower hybrids is broomrape, representing up to 80% of yield losses for the susceptible hybrids. The best way to eliminate the threat of Orobanche cumana in the field is to include in the breading programs the introgression of resistance genes in to the sunflower lines but lately it has become more and more difficult because the interaction of the female line with the genes form the restore line must fit perfectly in order to have a complete resistance to the paraziste, this aspect is couse by the very fast development of this parasite and a rapid appearance of new and more virulent races. The gene-for-gene model and different other authors agreed with monogenic and dominant inheritance of resistance to sunflower broomrape, but there are also reported two dominant genes, one recessive gene, double dominant epistasis and dominant-recessive epistasis, coming with a concludent conclusion that resistance must be incorporated into both parental lines for developing resistant hybrid. Since the year 2013 when we began our breading program where we develop sunflower lines and tested them to 0robanche.cumana in 5 different location in Romania  and also 1 location in Bulgaria and 1 in Spain. The purpose of the scientific paper is to to present some strategic conclusion from our testing along this 5 year of our sunflower breeding program. Â
RESEARCH ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SPRING PLANTS THAT INHABIT OAK FORESTS
Get PDFThe paper presents the results of the research carried on the physiology of the spring plants belonging to the following species: Ficaria verna, Gagea lutea, Anemone ranunculoides, Scilla bifolia, Corydalis cava. The physiological indices which have been analyzed were: photosynthesis, transpiration, total water content, free and linked water, osmotic pressure and suction force. There were recorded increased values of transpiration, a high content of total water, a low percentage of linked water and low values of osmotic pressure at all the plants which have been studied. The low temperature of the soil during the flowering period of these plants does not influence the normal activity of the roots. The defoliated forest allows for the sun's rays to penetrate to the ground level, but the values of photosynthesis do not increase in proportion to the intensity of the light, remaining relatively constant until the evening
THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ON THE ABUNDANCE AND DOMINANCE OF HARMFUL ENTOMOFAUNA IN RAPESEED CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE S-E BOIAN
Get PDFThe rapeseed crop is attacked by a very large number of pests. At the untreated control group, a number of 94 samples of Athalia rosae were collected with a dominance percentage of 23.26% and within the variant where seed treatment was performed with LUMIPOSA 625 FS (40ml/500 thousand seeds) the number of samples is reduced to 17 with a dominance percentage of 5.90%. And in the case of the Ceutorhynchus napi species the reduction of the number of pests takes place from 99 samples as we find in the control variant to 22 in the case of a treatment in the spring. The higher the number of treatments, the lower the number of pests and consequently the production losses associated with them decrease