History of science and technology (Collection of scientific papers of the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies) / Історія науки і техніки (Збірник наукових праць Державного університету інфраструктури та технологій)
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Аналіз застосування лазерів для боротьби з БПЛА
No full textFrom the dawn of human history, mankind has always made efforts to create more effective tools for combating other creatures, including fellow people. Thus, the utilisation of different species of animals, the creation of new weapons and other means of human progress have always led to new developments, aimed at emulating, replacing or combating these innovations. The development of unmanned aerial vehicles has prompted the need to develop alternative and innovative countermeasures. These methods may range from the usage of interceptor drones to the application of concentrated energy beams. This paper examines the progress and known uses of laser technology in the context of combating unmanned aerial vehicles. In order to deepen and systematize knowledge about the development of laser applications in the military field, a systematic bibliographic analysis of scientific papers and popular publications on the development of both laser technologies and unmanned aerial vehicles over the past century was conducted. The study focused on developments that were built (at least as a prototype) and tested against various unmanned aerial vehicles. The results were then compared with a number of articles that separately focused on the history, prospects, and current issues in the development of laser weapons and unmanned aerial vehicles. At the same time, due to the fact that laser technology is one of the most rapidly and comprehensively developing areas of scientific progress, it was decided to use a periodic classification model, the main criterion of which was the focus of laser technology development on countering unmanned aerial systems. The issue of determining the cause-and-effect relationship that links the development of unmanned aerial vehicle technologies and designs with the shift in the focus of laser weapons development to counteract them was considered. It is noted that, due to the high requirements for human and financial capital, the direction and pace of development of laser weapons depend not only on technological limitations, but also on the vision of military strategy and possible threats at a given time. As a conclusion, a variant of periodization of the history of the development of laser weapons as a means of combating unmanned aerial vehicles was proposed.З самого початку людської історії, людство завжди прикладало зусилля до створення більш ефективних інструментів боротьби з іншими істотами, включаючи й інших людей. Таким чином, створення і використання нових видів тварин, створення нового озброєння та інші методи прогресу людства завжди спонукало до нових розробок, спрямованих на емуляцію, заміну або для боротьби з даними новинками. Розвиток безпілотних літальних апаратів створив необхідність у розробці альтернативних та новітніх методів протидії. Ці методи можуть бути різними, від використання дронів-перехоплювачів, до використання концентрованих потоків енергії. Дана робота присвячена вивченню прогресу та відомих використань лазерних технологій у контексті боротьби з безпілотними літальними апаратами. Для поглиблення та систематизації знань про розвиток застосувань лазерів у військовій галузі, було проведено систематизований бібліографічний аналіз наукових робіт та науково-популярних публікацій, щодо напрямку розвитку як лазерних технологій, так і безпілотних літальних апаратів на протязі останнього сторіччя. Дослідження фокусувалось на розробках, котрі були фактично реалізовані та випробовувались проти різноманітних безпілотних літальних апаратів. Після цього, його результати було порівняно з рядом статей, котрі окремо фокусувались на історії, перспективах та нагальних питаннях розвитку лазерного озброєння та безпілотних літальних апаратів. При цьому, завдяки тому, що лазерні технології є одним з найбільш стрімко та всебічно розвиваючихся напрямків наукового прогресу, було вирішено використати періодичну модель класифікації, головним критерієм якої був фокус розробок лазерних технологій на протидію безпілотних літальних апаратам. Було розглянуто питання визначення причинно-наслідкового зв’язку, котрий пов’язує розвиток технологій та конструкцій безпілотників з зміщенням фокусу розробки лазерного озброєння на протидію ним. Відзначено, що через високі потреби в людському та фінансовому капіталі, напрямок та темпи розвитку лазерного озброєння залежать не тільки від технологічних обмежень, але й від бачення військової стратегії та можливих загроз в той чи інший момент часу. В результаті було запропоновано варіант періодизації історії розвитку лазерного озброєння як засобу боротьби з безпілотними літальними апаратами
Епістемологічний вплив Огюстена-Жана Френеля та його теорії хвиль світла в XIX столітті
No full textSkepticism and critical inquiry play crucial roles in the scientific process, acting as safeguards against the "ad verecundiam" fallacy, where claims are accepted solely based on authority endorsement. This study thoroughly investigates Augustin-Jean Fresnel's challenge to Newton's corpuscular theory with his innovative wave theory of light. Supported by precise measurements and the "Fresnel integrals," Fresnel earned the Paris Academy of Sciences Prize in 1819. Despite staunch opposition from corpuscular theory proponents, his theory's validity was confirmed with Poisson's point paradox, where light waves from two sources interfere to create a bright spot in the center of a shadow, providing compelling evidence for the wave nature of light. This successful resolution of the paradox confirmed the validity of Fresnel's wave theory and contributed significantly to the acceptance of wave optics over the corpuscular theory. This conflict transcended a mere clash of explanatory models in the physics of light, prompting reflections on the nature of light, reality, and epistemological issues. Examining how Fresnel overcame challenges offers lessons on constructing scientific knowledge, emphasizing the importance of avoiding theory acceptance based solely on authority and focusing on empirical evidence and theoretical coherence. The case of Fresnel serves as a valuable example for teaching the history of science and understanding complex scientific evolution. Analyzing how Fresnel navigated challenges and opposition provides valuable insights into the development of scientific knowledge, emphasizing the intricate nature of scientific progress characterized by debates and efforts to gain acceptance. This study on Fresnel's groundbreaking wave theory of light not only illuminates the historical clash between competing scientific paradigms but also aims to contribute to modern science by emphasizing the enduring significance of empirical evidence and theoretical coherence in knowledge construction. Through an insightful exploration of Fresnel's triumph over challenges, we anticipate offering valuable insights that resonate with contemporary scientific methodologies, fostering a deeper understanding of the dynamic evolution of scientific thought.Скептицизм та критичне дослідження відіграють важливу роль у науковому процесі, діючи як засоби захисту від логічної помилки, коли твердження приймаються виключно на підставі авторитетного підтвердження. Це дослідження ретельно вивчає виклик Огюстена-Жана Френеля корпускулярній теорії Ньютона за допомогою його інноваційної теорії хвиль світла. Підтриманий точними вимірюваннями та "інтегралами Френеля", Френель отримав Премію Паризької академії наук в 1819 році. Незважаючи на тверду опозицію прихильників корпускулярної теорії, валідність його теорії була підтверджена парадоксом точки Пуассона, де світлові хвилі з двох джерел взаємодіють, щоб створити яскраву точку в центрі тіні, надаючи переконливі докази про хвильову природу світла. Цей успішний вирішення парадоксу підтвердило валідність хвильової теорії Френеля та внесло значний вклад у прийняття хвильової оптики над корпускулярною теорією. Цей конфлікт перейшов далеко за межі простого зіткнення пояснювальних моделей в фізиці світла, спонукаючи до рефлексій над природою світла, реальністю та епістемологічними питаннями. Дослідження того, як Френель подолав виклики, пропонує уроки з конструювання наукових знань, акцентуючи важливість уникання прийняття теорії лише на підставі авторитету та акцентуючи на емпіричних даних та теоретичній узгодженості. Справа Френеля слугує цінним прикладом для викладання історії науки та розуміння складного наукового розвитку. Аналіз того, як Френель подолував виклики та опозицію, надає цінні інсайти в розвиток наукових знань, акцентуючи складну природу наукового прогресу, що характеризується дискусіями та зусиллями отримати прийняття. Це дослідження про проривну хвильову теорію світла Френеля не лише проливає світло на історичний конфлікт між конкуруючими науковими парадигмами, але також має на меті сприяти сучасній науці, акцентуючи вічне значення емпіричних доказів та теоретичної узгодженості у конструкції знань. Шляхом проникливого дослідження перемог Френеля над викликами, ми очікуємо надати цінні інсайти, які резонують з сучасними науковими методологіями, сприяючи глибшому розумінню динамічного розвитку наукової думки
Рішення для міської санітації: випадок вивчення технології Імхоффа в місті Бандунг, Нідерландської Ост-Індії (1917‒1938)
No full textThis research investigates how municipalities managed wastewater in the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. We focus on Bandung, one of the most important cities in the Dutch East Indies, which transformed into a modern residential area, economic center, and seat of government. This research combines primary data from written sources and field observations using historical-archaeological methods. The written sources include official reports from the Public Works Department, Civil Health Department, Bandung City Council, old maps, sewer network designs, environmental engineering journals, and newspapers published from 1909 to 1941. Using the techno-environmental approach introduced by Martin V. Melosi, this study considers urban technology as a strategic response by decision-makers to address the challenges faced by developing cities in the early 20th century. The study reveals that Bandung City faced environmental problems, such as the natives' habit of defecating in rivers and open spaces, spreading diseases, and potentially polluting river water. These problems arose due to the lack of sanitation facilities and the densely populated settlements, especially in the native and Chinese residential areas. To address these challenges, policymakers, environmental engineers, and researchers initiated the design and implementation of sewers, public toilets, and wastewater treatment plants in 1917. The Municipality integrated sewers with the Imhoff Tank sewage treatment technology developed by researchers and engineers from 1932 to 1938 to introduce circular sewage treatment. Imhoff Tanks was a significant technological innovation in the Dutch East Indies. In the early 20th century, only a handful of cities in the Dutch East Indies, including Bandung, Medan, and Yogyakarta, had integrated sewer networks. Among the cities that did have sewer networks, Bandung pioneered the implementation of the Imhoff Tank. As a result, it emerged as an important laboratory and development center for Bandung and the entire Dutch East Indies. The Imhoff Tank treatment process, which produces clean water, fertilizer, and methane gas that can be used as vehicle fuel, was part of a proactive strategy pioneered by policymakers in Bandung in the early 20th century, reflecting their vision to create a healthy and sustainable city.Це дослідження вивчає, як муніципалітети управляли стічними водами в Нідерландській Ост-Індії на початку 20-го століття. Ми зосереджуємося на Бандунгу, одному з найважливіших міст Нідерландської Східної Індії, яке перетворилося на сучасний житловий район, економічний центр і місце уряду. Це дослідження поєднує первинні дані з письмових джерел і полеві спостереження за допомогою історико-археологічних методів. Письмові джерела включають офіційні звіти від Департаменту з будівництва, Департаменту цивільного здоров'я, Міської ради Бандунгу, старих карт, проекти каналізаційної мережі, журнали з екологічного інженерінгу та газети, опубліковані з 1909 по 1941 рік. Використовуючи техно-екологічний підхід, запропонований Мартіном В. Мелосі, це дослідження розглядає міську технологію як стратегічну відповідь приймачів рішень на виклики, що стоять перед розвиваючимися містами на початку 20-го століття. Дослідження показує, що Бандунг мав проблеми з навколишнім середовищем, такі як звичка місцевих мешканців залишати екскременти у річках та на відкритих територіях, що призводило до поширення хвороб і потенційного забруднення води в річках. Ці проблеми виникли через відсутність санітарних умов та щільне заселення, особливо в місцевих та китайських житлових районах: Кампунг і Китайський Табір. Для вирішення цих викликів політики, екологічні інженери та дослідники ініціювали проектування та впровадження каналізацій, громадських туалетів та очисних споруд для стічних вод у 1917 році. Муніципалітет інтегрував каналізаційні системи з технологією очищення стічних вод за допомогою баків Імхоффа, розроблених дослідниками та інженерами з 1932 по 1938 рік, щоб впровадити циклічну очистку стічних вод. Баки Імхоффа стали значущим технологічним вдосконаленням в Нідерландській Ост-Індії. На початку 20-го століття лише декілька міст у Нідерландській Ост-Індії, включаючи Бандунг, Медан та Джок'якарту, мали інтегровані каналізаційні мережі. Серед міст, які мали каналізаційні системи, Бандунг першим запровадив впровадження баків Імхоффа. В результаті він виріс у важливий лабораторний і розвитковий центр для Бандунгу і всієї Нідерландської Ост-Індії. Процес очищення за допомогою баків Імхоффа, який виробляє чисту воду, добриво та метановий газ, який може бути використаний як паливо для транспортних засобів, був частиною активної стратегії, впровадженої політиками в Бандунгу на початку 20-го століття, що відображає їхню візію створення здорового та сталого міста
Whether the biosphere will turn into the noosphere? Review of the monograph: L. A. Griffen. The last stage of the biosphere evolution: monograph. Kyiv: Talkom, 2024. 200 p. ISBN 978-617-8352-32-5
Get PDFThe biosphere is usually thought of as the shell of our planet, formed by living matter, literally as a certain "sphere of life." However, for V. I. Vernadsky, who developed the doctrine of the biosphere, it was a geological phenomenon, the part of the earth's crust, that was suitable for the existence of life. He was talking about a certain structure originally formed not by living but by inert matter. Life appeared millions of years later, also thanks to the biosphere. The biosphere not only created the conditions for the existence of life, it gave rise to life itself. The latter arose due to the interaction of planetary and cosmic factors, in particular, the inert matter of the earth's crust and solar energy. And then life in the biosphere developed owing to all the same factors – the material of the inert matter of the biosphere and the energy of the sun's ray, also causing the evolution of the biosphere itself.
Living organisms function as active agents that cause and determine the direction of the biosphere evolution. Using its inert matter for their own construction, they thereby change the character of the biosphere. The biomass of living organisms gradually increased due to the transition of atoms of inert matter into living matter. But the life of every living organism is limited in time, and after its end, the substance that made it up completely turned back into the biosphere for further use. This, in Vernadsky's words, "current of atoms" between living and inert matter under the influence of solar energy was the main reason for the evolution of the biosphere. But as a conclusion of his doctrine of the biosphere, Vernadsky suggested that with the appearance of mankind on the planet, a new factor in the evolution of the biosphere arises – mind ("scientific thought"), which accelerates and qualitatively changes the evolutionary processes in the biosphere, gradually turning it into the "sphere of mind" – the noosphere.
This assumption of the scientist caused a significant resonance in the scientific and semi-scientific community. Especially recently, there have been a lot of materials devoted to this issue and at the same time to another such "sphere" – the technosphere. But despite the abundance of relevant publications, there are still no defined ideas about these phenomena. Different opinions are expressed, but attempts to generalize and analyze them with consideration of the issue on solid scientific grounds, are hardly ever made. One of such attempts is the peer-reviewed monograph in which the author sought to consider this issue in connection with the peculiarities of society as a kind of biological superorganism on the basis of its scientific and technological progress, which largely determines the interaction of living and inert matter in the biosphere today.
Having considered the main provisions of V. I. Vernadsky's concept, as well as a number of current publications on the noosphere and technosphere, the author comes to the conclusion that many of those who seem to consider themselves followers of Vernadsky, have actually departed far from his views. The main content of publications about the noosphere is actually reduced to considering it not as a material phenomenon, but as a kind of "emanation of the mind" that creates this very noosphere. This causes a certain euphoria in these authors in anticipation of the beneficial moral and ethical consequences of its functioning. As for the technosphere, even its composition is not really defined, but despite the recognition of its usefulness, many of the publications are downright imbued with technophobia.
As a result, the author considered it necessary to study the current evolution of the biosphere on the basis of its history and to see how society as an active biological organism differs from the previous ones, and what impact these differences have on modern processes in the biosphere. In this regard, he consistently considers the emergence and development of living organisms in the biosphere, their evolution, as a result of which the processes of interaction between living and inert matter change. With the enormous variety of their forms arising as a result of the development of living matter, the main direction of evolution associated with the complication of the structures of living organisms can be clearly traced in this development. From the very beginning, they were separate autotrophic and heterotrophic types of cells. Their interaction with each other led to the formation of colonies of such cells, and then to the formation of an integral multicellular organism with the division of functions first between its constituent cells, and then between the organs.
This division was caused by the need to improve the adaptation of a living organism to the environment in which it exists. Its main task is to resist entropy more and more successfully, as all material objects – with the destruction of their structures and the degradation of energy – are susceptible to the growth of entropy in our world. The development of living organisms, on the contrary, presupposes a decrease in their entropy, which can be achieved only by removing its material carrier into the environment and consuming objects with negative entropy from it. According to E. Schrödinger, a living organism remains alive only as long as it receives negative entropy from the environment. And this means the need for a constant material exchange of a living organism with the environment.
The very need determines the main direction of the evolution of living organisms. For this purpose, they become more complex, including the formation of their own specialized subsystems designed for the more and more successful implementation of this function. And this presupposes the development of a living organism's ability to successfully perform the necessary actions, on the one hand, and to determine the nature of these actions depending on specific conditions, on the other. In other words, the formation and development of two functional subsystems of the body, one of which is intended for material (material and energy), and the second – for informational interaction with the environment. In a single-celled organism these systems are only outlined in the form of its internal structural components. And in a multicellular organism they already represent groups of specialized cells and then special organs. In fact, for the sake of their development and improvement, the evolution of living organisms takes place.
The author of the monograph examines in detail the nature of the ongoing evolutionary changes from this point of view. And first of all, he emphasizes the above-mentioned "general line" on the complication of the structure of organisms. In this direction, after multicellular organisms consisting of an organic group of various cells, the next stage in the evolutionary development of living things was the appearance of a kind of "collective" organism consisting of previously independent separate individuals – a superorganism. Now the idea of "collective" associations of eusocial insects as unified, integral organisms is almost universally accepted. Their appearance basically was revolutionary in nature – precisely as the next stage in the development of living organisms. The division of functions was realized on the level of separate individuals. However, these organisms were not able to change their relationship with the biosphere in the same revolutionary way, particularly because of their size that did not contribute to the development of a powerful informational system.
This happened much later on another evolutionary branch, in which the size of multicellular organisms provided the possibility of their development due to the growth of the brain size, which not only ensured the enlargement of hereditary programs of behavior, but also their formation in ontogenesis on the basis of experience. So, the relationship between living organisms and the inert matter of the biosphere has also changed. Many species of animals in interaction with inert matter not only introduced it into their composition as usual (some – autotrophs – directly, others – heterotrophs – indirectly) but also used external material objects (objects of "pre-technology" – from a spider web to a beaver dam) in interaction with the environment. This is potentially a very significant point, although it did not play a particularly important role until the appearance of a new kind of superorganism - human society.
Society, like any other biological organism, also forms two functional subsystems – one for informational and the other for material interaction with the environment. But, unlike the superorganisms of eusocial insects (ants, bees, termites, etc.), these are systems, not just an external association of their constituent functioning individuals. First of all, this concerns the information subsystem which, in addition to providing appropriate connections with the environment, also plays the role of a protective, and most importantly, unifying shell for the entire superorganism which is formed and functions due to the interaction of the cerebral structures of the individuals that make up the social organism.
In the opinion of the author, the role of connecting elements between informational processes in the brain of each member of society is performed by special material formations – signs, that form sign systems. They provide the transcoding of individual information which is processed by the brain of each individual in internal natural individual codes by means of "external" common codes jointly formed in each individual by society as a whole. The result of the social functioning of such an information system, which significantly exceeds the information of each individual brain in its power, is the appearance of a completely new phenomenon – social consciousness. Exactly this makes society an integral biological organism in which the individual consciousness of each member is a reflection of the social consciousness.
Thanks to social consciousness, the nature of the interaction of the entire social organism also changes with its environment. Regarding the reduction of entropy, this interaction is carried out in the form of a special process – the production process. This process begins with social consciousness which forms tasks for individuals on this interaction. It includes the analysis of the environment, the needs of individuals and society as a whole, the possibilities and means for obtaining consumer goods, necessary for the satisfaction of individuals from the environment through their labor, the choice of the object of labor as well as the imperative impulse for individuals to participate in the labor process.
This process, just like the formation of social consciousness, is embodied by the same individuals, but in a different capacity. Under the influence of individual consciousness, which has accepted the attitude of social consciousness, individuals perform actions aimed at its realization, that is, the transformation of an object of labor taken from nature into an object of consumption necessary for society with the help of means of production. The latter, being a carrier of negative entropy, enters society to reduce its entropy. As a result, the entropy of society decreases, and the entropy of the consumer increases. Therefore, at a certain point, it ceases to perform its function, and it is removed back into the environment as the waste, increasing meanwhile its entropy.
Any other organism carries out a fundamentally similar process. But in relation to society, the author pays special attention to the fact that, in contrast to the metabolism of multicellular animals, additional material objects obtained through the transformation of environmental objects also take part in social "metabolism" – tools of labor and consumer goods (technical devices). Entropy is transferred from the social organism as a whole into the environment by their means. For this purpose, they are functionally and physically included in the composition of the social organism. Namely they, together with individuals in their "creative" function, form the second functional subsystem of society (its "technosphere").
This moment – the introduction of environmental objects into the composition of a biological organism – is of fundamental importance. Prior to this, in order to provide its existence in interaction with the environment, a living organism could use only the possibilities directly inherent in its constituent organic matter. The appearance in its composition of transformed objects of nature, first of all its inert matter, creates conditions for the use of the forces of nature itself that are also "external" to its living matter, opening up new, extremely wide opportunities for the biological organism. These possibilities are now limited only by the resources of nature itself, which fundamentally changes the nature of its interaction with it. The latter circumstance also turned out to be very significant, but its effect became known much later.
Accordingly, the first informational subsystem of society, based on social consciousness, is a certain "sphere of mind" of the social organism, i.e. its "noosphere". It includes all the same individuals, but in their intellectual function. Specifically, its material structure consists of the cerebral structures of individuals, which are active agents of the noosphere, since those processes that are commonly called ideal are carried out exactly in them; material sign systems that provide the transcoding of information from the individual into the social (and vice versa), and consequently, the interconnection between the cerebral structures of individuals through their sense organs and effectors, thus creating the integrity and unity of the entire given information system; specialized technical devices contributing to the receiving, processing, keeping and transmission of information; and in a certain sense, all the objects of material culture created by society without exception are in their aspect that represents the objectified in them information, distributed by the cerebral structures of individuals as required.
The author draws special attention to the fact that in this case, in addition to their biological elements, environmental objects are also organically introduced into the composition of the organism, removed from the environment and turned into elements of the organism itself. After returning to an environment with increased entropy, they appear to be with high energy expenditures and do not completely respond to regeneration, which leads to a steady reduction in the resources of nature, and consequently in the environment of society existence as a biological organism. At the first stages of the development of society, these losses in the environment were not particularly noticeable, although even then the economic activity of society caused significant damage to the environment. But with its development, losses increased quite rapidly, especially with the evolutionary development of the social organism.
Biological evolution did not stop with its emergence. But its object now became not a single multicellular individual, but the entire social organism that took evolutionary changes upon itself. Initially it existed in the form of a primitive tribe with a common noosphere and technosphere, the structure of which was mentioned above. We will only add that the very nature of the interaction of society with the environment as a whole required the appropriate structuring of the noosphere and technosphere so that they would provide the integral nature of society. Therefore, the task of its functional subsystems included two points: providing direct interaction with the environment and ensuring the integrity of society. Accordingly, both the noosphere and the technosphere were structurally and functionally divided into extroverted and introverted components.
And as a result of their development (thanks to scientific and technological progress), the growth and division of a primitive tribe are starting, followed by interaction between newly formed social organisms with the formation of new associations, just as before the division with the subsequent unification of unicellular organisms led to the emergence of multicellular organisms. We will not dwell on this here, although the author examines this process and its mechanisms in sufficient detail, showing how the structure and functions of operating subsystems developed in this process. We will only note that as a result of these interconnections, the original integrity of social organisms is lost, they turn into some only partially independent quasi-organisms (such as a state or civilization) with interacting and counteracting private noospheres and technospheres. And this, with regard to the additional expenditure, caused the increasing of environmental resources use, reducing itself due to the withdrawal of resources in order to include them in this aggregate "social organism" (with subsequent transformation into waste).
But simultaneously with the disjunctive processes, there are also unifying processes. Despite the significant differences in the noospheres of different social formations, the processes of borrowing and unification are taking place between them. Moreover, there has been for four centuries in the world a forced globalization of one of the civilizations – the western one, which imposes its noosphere on all mankind as the dominant one. However, now social processes in the world are proceeding in such a way that the possibilities of this are gradually decreasing, but there is a possibility of voluntary joint formation of a common noosphere – the "sphere of mind" not of planet Earth, but of united humanity. And consequently, the formation of an integral, but now single social organism again over time. And this gives hope for future changes in the state of the biosphere, which today is very alarming and continues to deteriorate.
The depletion of our planet's resources is a growing public concern. There are more and more ideas aimed at possible changes in the situation. Existing ideas include proposals for the organization of sustainable development, limiting consumption, humanization of thinking with increased ethical aspects, the joint "co-evolution" of society and nature, and many others. The author of the monograph considers the proposed solutions to be purely palliative. They may be useful, but they can only postpone the danger, not eliminate it. After all, they can neither stop the scientific and technological progress of mankind, which is directly related to the expansion of consumption of Earth's biosphere the resources, nor increase their quantity.
The only effective solution is movement into space with its unlimited resources. Despite all the seeming fantastic nature of such a decision, humanity is quite capable of it. The first step in space exploration has already been taken, although it is still immeasurably far from a real exit even to near space with the transfer to it of the productive activities of mankind with its ever-expanding consumption of resources and the removal of waste. Technically, this can be done on the basis of further scientific and technological progress.
But from the societal point of view, only united humanity can solve such a problem. For these reasons, V. I. Vernadsky, touching upon this issue, asserted that "the creation of the noosphere from the biosphere" "requires the manifestation of mankind as a single whole. This is its inevitable prerequisite". The solution of this grandiose task presupposes that the entire human civilization will turn within the boundaries of the Earth into a truly integral social superorganism, which alone can be able to accomplish such a gigantic achievement. The author of the monograph believes that today's social processes in the world lead in this direction and analyzes them in great detail. However, we will not stop to discuss these matters further here, since they would require a very extensive exposition.
By the time when a real prospect of going into space is achieved, as a result of scientific and technological progress, and in particular the development of artificial intelligence, all production functions will be transferred to the corresponding technical systems, completely excluding direct human intervention in them, leaving him only the processes that can never and under no circumstances be transferred to technical devices (as "inanimate" ones that do not have their own will to life) – goal-setting and innovation. Now it is difficult to predict with sufficient certainty what the productive labor of a person will look like exactly. The author believes that people's lives will be based on scientific and creative activities as their natural forms. In itself, this activity will become not so much productive labor as a way of life, the main way of satisfying social needs.
Thanks to the universal informational interconnections, which, together with people and their individual consciousnesses and the universal technical systems of storage and processing of information, will make up the noosphere of society, in which every person will be able to receive any desired information from it and contribute the information developed by him into the general system, preserving personal authorship. And, as a result of the constant processing of all the information received both from individuals and from outside by the public consciousness, a "public production order" will be formed for production from the noosphere. Bypassing the human, it will
Історія еволюції кінематографу в контексті розгляду етапів розвитку науки і техніки. Перші кроки до зародження кінематографа
No full textHistoriographic works on the history of cinema play an important role in preserving knowledge about the development of this art form. They not only document the key stages of the evolution of cinema, but also provide an opportunity to analyze it as a cultural phenomenon that is closely intertwined with the history of mankind. Historiographic works on the history of cinema cover the study of the development of cinema as an art, a means of communication and an industry. They reflect various aspects of its formation: socio-cultural influences, technological breakthroughs, genre transformations and the role of cinema in a historical context. However, a thorough analysis of historiographic sources on the study of the history of the evolution of cinema in the context of considering the stages of the development of science and technology has not been carried out before. The aim of the study is to investigate the state, completeness and reliability of the study of the history of the development of cinema in the context of considering the stages of the development of science and technology, based on the analysis of historiographic sources, the achievements of predecessors, and modern methodology. The objective of this article is to analyze historiographical sources that consider the magic lantern, the camera obscura, and the shadow play as key precursors to cinema. The magic lantern, the camera obscura, and the shadow play were key milestones in the development of cinema, as they developed techniques for manipulating light and shadow, creating the illusion of movement, and projecting images. They became important precursors to cinema, providing the conceptual and technical foundations that allowed cinematic technologies as we know them today to emerge. All three devices actively used the manipulation of light and shadow to create visual effects that became the basis for cinema. Each of these devices allowed for technical innovations in the use of lighting, projections, and images that were later adapted in cinematic technologies such as projectors and motion pictures. All of these technologies helped popularize the idea of using optical effects and media for a mass audience, which was important for the emergence of cinema as an industry. Historiographical works devoted to the magic lantern, the camera obscura, and the shadow play focus on the study of these inventions as important precursors to cinema. They laid the foundations of visual art that uses the play of light and shadow, and influenced the development of technologies for creating the illusion of movement.Історіографічні праці з історії кінематографа відіграють важливу роль у збереженні знань про розвиток цього виду мистецтва. Вони не лише документують ключові етапи еволюції кіно, але й надають можливість аналізувати його як культурний феномен, що тісно переплітається з історією людства. Історіографічні праці з історії кінематографа охоплюють дослідження розвитку кіно як мистецтва, засобу комунікації та індустрії. Вони відображають різні аспекти його становлення: соціокультурні впливи, технологічні прориви, жанрові трансформації та роль кіно в історичному контексті. Але ґрунтовний аналіз історіографічних джерел, щодо вивчення історії еволюції кінематографу в контексті розгляду етапів розвитку науки і техніки раніше не проводився. Мета дослідження полягає у тому, щоб на основі аналізу історіографічних джерел, здобутків попередників, сучасної методології дослідити стан, повноту й достовірність вивчення історії розвитку кінематографу в контексті розгляду етапів розвитку науки і техніки. Завданням даної статті є аналіз історіографічних джерел, які розглядають магічний ліхтар, камера-обскура та театр тіней як ключові попередники кінематографа. Магічний ліхтар, камера-обскура та театр тіней стали основними етапами у розвитку кінематографії, оскільки вони розвивали техніки маніпуляції світлом і тінями, створення ілюзії руху та проекції зображень. Вони стали важливими попередниками кінематографії, надаючи концептуальні та технічні засади, що дозволили виникнути кінематографічним технологіям, як ми їх знаємо сьогодні. Усі три пристрої активно використовували маніпуляції зі світлом і тінями для створення візуальних ефектів, що стали основою для кінематографії. Кожен з цих пристроїв дозволяв здійснювати технічні інновації у використанні освітлення, проекцій та зображень, що згодом були адаптовані в кінематографічних технологіях, таких як проектори та кінокамери. Всі ці технології допомогли популяризувати ідеї використання оптичних ефектів і медіа для масової аудиторії, що було важливим для становлення кінематографії як індустрії. Історіографічні праці, присвячені магічному ліхтарю, камері-обскура і театру тіней, зосереджуються на дослідженні цих винаходів як важливих попередників кінематографа. Вони заклали основи візуального мистецтва, що використовує гру світла і тіні, та вплинули на розвиток технологій створення ілюзії руху
Національно-культурницька та освітньо-наукова діяльність українських студентських товариств Східної Галичини (з кінця ХІХ ст. до 1939 р.) крізь призму співпраці з митрополитом А. Шептицьким
No full textIn the latter half of the 19th century, students of Eastern Galicia, who were destined to become scientists, engineers and cultural figures, had joined together in societies to advocate for their right to receive education in their native language. Additionally, they endeavored to advance the concept of developing a distinct «national science». The aim of the study is to analyze a new stage of nationally oriented, cultural, educational and scientific activities of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia from the late 19th century to 1939 which began due to active cooperation with Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi. The author has used chronological, historical-comparative, retrospective, and interdisciplinary methods, including the structural method, to analyze historical evidence. The specificity of functioning of Ukrainian student societies in difficult and unfavorable conditions has investigated and has proved that the dominant direction of their activity was consolidation of society and realization of national and cultural aspirations of the Ukrainian people, catalyzing processes in the educational and scientific sphere through active interaction with A. Sheptytskyi. In the time period covered by this study, students collaborated with parties of various persuasions, took part in the fighting of the First World War and fought for the establishment of the Ukrainian University as a center of higher education and a Ukrainian scientific school. In the absence of opportunities and their own scientific institutions, student societies carried out their applied, fundamental, search and methodological research during participation in summer schools, applying their results in the publication of student periodicals, speeches at student congresses and studios, which were mostly organized and supported by intellectuals, including A. Sheptytskyi. To achieve this goal, Ukrainian student societies used a range of methods, from writing research papers and proclamations to boycotts. And the vision of the idea of state-building united Ukrainian students with well-known public and spiritual figures, scholars and artists of Eastern Galicia.Студенти Східної Галичини, майбутні науковці, інженери та культурні діячі ще з другої половині ХІХ ст., підтримуючи погляди української галицької інтелігенції, об’єднувались в товариства, які боролись за право здобувати освіту рідною мовою та поширювали ідею розвитку власної «національної науки». Метою дослідження є аналіз нового витка національно-орієнтованої, культурницької та освітньо-наукової діяльності українських студентських товариств Східної Галичини з кінця ХІХ ст. до 1939 р., який розпочався завдяки активній співпраці з митрополитом А. Шептицьким. Для аналізу історичного фактажу було використано хронологічний, історико-порівняльний, ретроспективний, міждисциплінарний методи, зокрема структурний метод. Досліджено специфіку функціонування українських студентських товариств у складних і несприятливих умовах, доведено, що панівним напрямком їх діяльності була консолідація суспільства та реалізація національно-культурницьких прагнень українського народу, каталізація процесів в освітньо-науковій площині через активну взаємодію з А. Шептицьким. В окресленому рамками дослідження проміжку часу студенти співпрацювали з партіями різного спрямування, брали участь у бойових діях Першої світової війни, боролися за створення Українського Університету як осередку вищої освіти та при ньому української наукової школи. За відсутності можливостей та цілком власної наукової установи студентські товариства здійснювали свої прикладні, фундаментальні, пошукові та методичні наукові дослідження під час участі у літніх школах, застосовуючи їх результати при випусках студентської періодики, виступах на студентських з’їздах та студіях, які здебільшого організовувались й підтримувались інтелігенцією, зокрема, А. Шептицьким. Для досягнення мети українські студентські товариства використовували цілий спектр методів від написання наукових розвідок та прокламацій до бойкотів. А бачення ідеї державотворення об’єднували українських студентів з відомими громадськими й духовними діячами, науковцями та митцями Східної Галичини. 
Розвиток природничих знань як основа організації аграрного дослідництва у зоні Лісостепу України (І чверть ХХ ст.)
No full textThe use of innovations and information technology approaches in the agricultural sphere of Ukraine under conditions of global influence has been based on the results of multifaceted long-term research. Our goal was to reveal the peculiarities of the formation of Ukrainian natural science knowledge in historical retrospect using problem-chronological and comparative-historical methods. The analysis of the development of agricultural zoning of the territory of Ukraine has been justified by its theoretical and methodological content, which has served as the scientific basis for the organization and formation of agricultural science and research in the first decades of the 20th century. Attention has been focused on the need for an in-depth study of the peculiarities of different territorial parts of the Russian Empire of the country in connection with the problem of geographical division and the growing demands of economic development. The first developments of geographers and soil scientists regarding the division and mapping of the soil cover of Ukraine on maps have been disclosed, among which is the work of V. V. Dokuchaev, as the author of the mapping technique and theoretical justification of the phenomenon of natural zoning. The work of his follower G. I. Tanfilieva became one of the first attempts at a comprehensive characterization of Ukrainian lands, taking into account zonal and provincial differences. The works of P. A. Tutkovskyi, K. G. Vobloh and other scientists, developers of agro-soil, agro-climatic, geobotanical, geomorphological and physical-geographical zoning of the territory of Ukraine. Based on the gathered sources, data regarding the attempt to establish an agricultural experimentation structure during the first quarter of the 20th century in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, according to the regional principle, are provided. This initiative involved the operation of two regional agricultural research structures in slightly different areas of the Forest-Steppe. In the right-bank part, agricultural experimentation was carried out by the Kyiv Agricultural Research Station with a number of district institutions, while the left-bank part was served by the Kharkiv Agricultural Research Station, district and specialized research institutions. Accumulated in the first decades of the 20th century natural science experience contributed to the development of theoretical and methodological tools for the further development of agricultural science and research in Ukraine.Використання інновацій та інформаційно-технологічних підходів в аграрній сфері України за умов глобального впливу ґрунтується на результатах різнобічних довготривалих досліджень. Розкрити особливості становлення українських природознавчих знань в історичній ретроспективі за допомогою застосування проблемно-хронологічного і порівняльно-історичного методів і стало нашою метою. Аналіз розвитку сільськогосподарського районування території України аргументовано його теоретико-методологічним наповненням, що слугувало науковим підґрунтям організації й становленню у перші десятиліття ХХ ст. аграрної науки і дослідної справи. Акцентовано увагу на посталій тоді потребі поглибленого вивчення особливостей різних територіальних частин Російської імперії у зв’язку з проблемою географічного поділу і зростаючими запитами економічного розвитку. Розкрито перші напрацювання географів і ґрунтознавців щодо поділу й відображення на картах ґрунтового покриву України, серед яких вирізняється доробок В. В. Докучаєва, як автора методики картографування і теоретичного обґрунтування явища природної зональності. Праця його послідовника Г. І. Танфільєва стала однією з перших спроб комплексної характеристики українських земель з урахуванням зональних і провінційних відмінностей. Виокремленню єдиної системи таксономічних одиниць (зона, провінція, округ, район) природно-сільськогосподарського районування посприяли праці П. А. Тутковського, К. Г. Воблого та інших учених, розробників агроґрунтового, агрокліматичного, геоботанічного, геоморфологічного та фізико-географічного районувань території України. Розглянуто спробу створення впродовж першої чверті ХХ ст. структури аграрного експериментаторства в зоні Лісостепу (правобережний і лівобережний краї) України за крайовим принципом, який передбачав функціонування двох крайових сільськогосподарських дослідних структур у дещо відмінних краях Лісостепу. У правобережній частині аграрне експериментаторство здійснювала Київська сільськогосподарська дослідна станція з низкою районних установ, а лівобережну обслуговувала Харківська сільськогосподарська дослідна станція, районні та спеціалізовані дослідні установи. Накопичений у перші десятиріччя ХХ ст. природознавчий досвід сприяв виробленню теоретико-методологічного інструментарію подальшого розвитку аграрної науки й дослідної справи в Україні
PREFACE
Get PDFThis issue of the journal begins with an article by Gennadiy V. Bulavko that provides an in-depth exploration of organic photovoltaics, a key green energy technology. The article traces its development from early theoretical concepts to its current status as a promising option for sustainable energy production. The research thoroughly examines the series of milestones in converting solar energy into electrical power, focusing on the evolution, technological advancements, and inherent challenges of organic solar cells. It reviews the foundational aspects of organic photovoltaics, including the initial discoveries and subsequent material science enhancements that have significantly improved the efficiency and practicality of organic solar cells.
Skepticism and critical inquiry are essential in the scientific process, serving as protections against the "ad verecundiam" fallacy, where claims are accepted merely based on authority. The next article thoroughly investigates Augustin-Jean Fresnel's challenge to Newton's corpuscular theory with his innovative wave theory of light. By examining how Fresnel overcame challenges, it offers lessons on constructing scientific knowledge, highlighting the need to avoid accepting theories based solely on authority and instead focus on empirical evidence and theoretical coherence. Fresnel's case serves as a valuable example for teaching the history of science and understanding the evolution of complex scientific concepts.
The article by Iryna Humenna focuses on the national, cultural, educational, and scientific activities of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia from the late nineteenth century to 1939, examining their cooperation with Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi. Using chronological, historical-comparative, retrospective, and interdisciplinary methods, including the structural method, the author analyzes historical evidence. The study investigates the functioning of Ukrainian student societies in difficult and unfavorable conditions and demonstrates that their primary aim was the consolidation of society and the realization of national and cultural aspirations of the Ukrainian people. This was achieved by catalyzing processes in the educational and scientific spheres through active interaction with A. Sheptytskyi. During the period covered, students collaborated with various political parties, participated in the First World War, and fought for the establishment of the Ukrainian University as a center of higher education and a Ukrainian scientific school.
The article by authors from Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University of Ukraine examines the development of the problem-solving method in the history of pedagogy, both in theory and practice. The research findings show that problem-solving teaching and learning is viewed as a process in which students solve cognitive and practical problems, stimulating their creative and mental activity and promoting active participation in learning. The significant potential of the problem-solving teaching method has been extensively utilized in higher education. The ideas and accumulated pedagogically valuable experiences of implementing problem-solving teaching in higher education offer a valuable theoretical framework and teaching tools for ensuring and enhancing the intellectual and professional competence of future specialists, thereby improving the quality of higher education.
The next article discusses a study on the role of natural knowledge in organizing agricultural research in Ukraine's forest-steppe zone. It provides insights based on available sources about efforts to establish an agricultural experimentation framework in the Forest-Steppe region during the first quarter of the 20th century, following a regional approach. This initiative included the operation of two regional agricultural research centers in slightly different areas of the Forest-Steppe. In the right-bank area, agricultural experimentation was conducted by the Kyiv Agricultural Research Station, along with various district institutions. In contrast, the left-bank area was served by the Kharkiv Agricultural Research Station, along with district and specialized research institutions. The natural science experience accumulated in the early 20th century significantly contributed to developing the theoretical and methodological foundations for advancing agricultural science and research in Ukraine.
Pantelis Zoiopoulos's detailed study offers a comprehensive evaluation of the national and international career of the eminent Greek agriculturist Ioannis Papadakis. The study highlights how Papadakis, primarily working as a plant breeder since 1923, addressed the major challenge of achieving wheat self-sufficiency in Greece by developing new, high-yielding varieties that adapted well to the country's adverse soil and climatic conditions. In 1947, after being invited by Argentina to create its ecological map, Papadakis permanently moved there. He had published the pioneering book "Agricultural Ecology" in French in 1938 and was invited to write the "Soils" entry for the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Papadakis worked for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and researched agricultural issues in South America, West Africa, Southeast Asia, and other regions. He authored numerous research and review papers on various agricultural topics, including field crops, plant breeding, biometry, soil science, agricultural ecology, and rural economy and policy.
The article by authors from the Research Center for Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology of the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia investigates how municipalities managed wastewater in the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. The focus is on Bandung, one of the most significant cities in the Dutch East Indies, which evolved into a modern residential area, economic hub, and government seat. This research uses historical-archaeological methods, combining primary data from written sources and field observations. The study reveals that Bandung faced environmental issues, such as the local population's habit of defecating in rivers and open spaces, which spread diseases and polluted river water.
The next article is devoted to the study of the history of the emergence and development of additive technologies in world artistic ceramics. The article analyzes information on the history of the emergence of additive technologies. The principle of operation of 3D printing equipment, features of its use, the most common areas of use and materials used in 3D printing have been considered.
The article by authors from Kharkiv State Academy of Culture of Ukraine examines the carved support beams from the homes of Cossack elder families and Orthodox clergy in the Hetmanate during the last quarter of the 17th century to the end of the 18th century. The creation of these elaborately ornamented support beams served as a confirmation of the homeowners' social status and artistic tastes, as well as a demonstration of the master carvers' skill level of that era.
The next article presents a comprehensive review of Prussian Blue, a pigment with a rich history and diverse applications. It explores the pigment's origins, artistic uses, and chemical properties. The review emphasizes the wide-ranging applications of Prussian Blue, demonstrating its enduring relevance and evolution beyond its historical beginnings.
The next article examines how the socio-economic conditions in Bukovyna influenced the formation and development of the railway network in the region. It explores whether these processes aligned with the global trends of the time. The article also analyzes the impact of railway construction on the social aspects of life in Bukovyna.
The authors from Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University made an attempt to explain the evolution of architectural styles of theater buildings from ancient times to modern times. It helps to understand the influence of cultural, technological and social factors on architectural decisions. The article analyzes the relationship between the development of theater architecture and social aspects, such as changes in audience tastes, the role of theater in society, and the reflection of political and cultural trends in buildings.This issue of the journal begins with an article by Gennadiy V. Bulavko that provides an in-depth exploration of organic photovoltaics, a key green energy technology. The article traces its development from early theoretical concepts to its current status as a promising option for sustainable energy production. The research thoroughly examines the series of milestones in converting solar energy into electrical power, focusing on the evolution, technological advancements, and inherent challenges of organic solar cells. It reviews the foundational aspects of organic photovoltaics, including the initial discoveries and subsequent material science enhancements that have significantly improved the efficiency and practicality of organic solar cells.
Skepticism and critical inquiry are essential in the scientific process, serving as protections against the "ad verecundiam" fallacy, where claims are accepted merely based on authority. The next article thoroughly investigates Augustin-Jean Fresnel's challenge to Newton's corpuscular theory with his innovative wave theory of light. By examining how Fresnel overcame challenges, it offers lessons on constructing scientific knowledge, highlighting the need to avoid accepting theories based solely on authority and instead focus on empirical evidence and theoretical coherence. Fresnel's case serves as a valuable example for teaching the history of science and understanding the evolution of complex scientific concepts.
The article by Iryna Humenna focuses on the national, cultural, educational, and scientific activities of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia from the late nineteenth century to 1939, examining their cooperation with Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi. Using chronological, historical-comparative, retrospective, and interdisciplinary methods, including the structural method, the author analyzes historical evidence. The study investigates the functioning of Ukrainian student societies in difficult and unfavorable conditions and demonstrates that their primary aim was the consolidation of society and the realization of national and cultural aspirations of the Ukrainian people. This was achieved by catalyzing processes in the educational and scientific spheres through active interaction with A. Sheptytskyi. During the period covered, students collaborated with various political parties, participated in the First World War, and fought for the establishment of the Ukrainian University as a center of higher education and a Ukrainian scientific school.
The article by authors from Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University of Ukraine examines the development of the problem-solving method in the history of pedagogy, both in theory and practice. The research findings show that problem-solving teaching and learning is viewed as a process in which students solve cognitive and practical problems, stimulating their creative and mental activity and promoting active participation in learning. The significant potential of the problem-solving teaching method has been extensively utilized in higher education. The ideas and accumulated pedagogically valuable experiences of implementing problem-solving teaching in higher education offer a valuable theoretical framework and teaching tools for ensuring and enhancing the intellectual and professional competence of future specialists, thereby improving the quality of higher education.
The next article discusses a study on the role of natural knowledge in organizing agricultural research in Ukraine's forest-steppe zone. It provides insights based on available sources about efforts to establish an agricultural experimentation framework in the Forest-Steppe region during the first quarter of the 20th century, following a regional approach. This initiative included the operation of two regional agricultural research centers in slightly different areas of the Forest-Steppe. In the right-bank area, agricultural experimentation was conducted by the Kyiv Agricultural Research Station, along with various district institutions. In contrast, the left-bank area was served by the Kharkiv Agricultural Research Station, along with district and specialized research institutions. The natural science experience accumulated in the early 20th century significantly contributed to developing the theoretical and methodological foundations for advancing agricultural science and research in Ukraine.
Pantelis Zoiopoulos's detailed study offers a comprehensive evaluation of the national and international career of the eminent Greek agriculturist Ioannis Papadakis. The study highlights how Papadakis, primarily working as a plant breeder since 1923, addressed the major challenge of achieving wheat self-sufficiency in Greece by developing new, high-yielding varieties that adapted well to the country's adverse soil and climatic conditions. In 1947, after being invited by Argentina to create its ecological map, Papadakis permanently moved there. He had published the pioneering book "Agricultural Ecology" in French in 1938 and was invited to write the "Soils" entry for the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Papadakis worked for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and researched agricultural issues in South America, West Africa, Southeast Asia, and other regions. He authored numerous research and review papers on various agricultural topics, including field crops, plant breeding, biometry, soil science, agricultural ecology, and rural economy and policy.
The article by authors from the Research Center for Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology of the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia investigates how municipalities managed wastewater in the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. The focus is on Bandung, one of the most significant cities in the Dutch East Indies, which evolved into a modern residential area, economic hub, and government seat. This research uses historical-archaeological methods, combining primary data from written sources and field observations. The study reveals that Bandung faced environmental issues, such as the local population's habit of defecating in rivers and open spaces, which spread diseases and polluted river water.
The next article is devoted to the study of the history of the emergence and development of additive technologies in world artistic ceramics. The article analyzes information on the history of the emergence of additive technologies. The principle of operation of 3D printing equipment, features of its use, the most common areas of use and materials used in 3D printing have been considered.
The article by authors from Kharkiv State Academy of Culture of Ukraine examines the carved support beams from the homes of Cossack elder families and Orthodox clergy in the Hetmanate during the last quarter of the 17th century to the end of the 18th century. The creation of these elaborately ornamented support beams served as a confirmation of the homeowners' social status and artistic tastes, as well as a demonstration of the master carvers' skill level of that era.
The next article presents a comprehensive review of Prussian Blue, a pigment with a rich history and diverse applications. It explores the pigment's origins, artistic uses, and chemical properties. The review emphasizes the wide-ranging applications of Prussian Blue, demonstrating its enduring relevance and evolution beyond its historical beginnings.
The next article examines how the socio-economic conditions in Bukovyna influenced the formation and development of the railway network in the region. It explores whether these processes aligned with the global trends of the time. The article also analyzes the impact of railway construction on the social aspects of life in Bukovyna.
The authors from Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University made an attempt to explain the evolution of architectural styles of theater buildings from ancient times to modern times. It helps to understand the influence of cultural, technological and social factors on architectural decisions. The article analyzes the relationship between the development of theater architecture and social aspects, such as changes in audience tastes, the role of theater in society, and the reflection of political and cultural trends in buildings
Робота на Харківському електромеханічному і турбогенераторному заводі над проєктом електромагнітних торпедних апаратів (1936–1938 рр.)
No full textThe article, based on archival documents of the Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant, highlights the activities of scientists of this enterprise during 1936–1938 on the project to create electromagnetic systems for bubble-free torpedo firing, which in today is completely new information for historians of science and technology, and for specialists in the field of electrical machine engineering too. This project arose as a result of a confluence of several circumstances, one of which was the need of the Soviet naval submarine fleet on the eve of World War II to improve itself torpedo armament with systems that would not reveal submarines when firing torpedoes from a submerged. Another circumstance was that since 1934 the Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant was the main enterprise in the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic for the production of electromechanics for ships of all classes and for all coastal defense facilities, and therefore its administration and the scientific and technical personnel who were involved in defense issues at the plant, were aware of this problem. At the same time, some of the latter, working part-time at the Kharkiv Electrotechnical Institute, from the first half of the 1930s, along with the studies problems of rotary electric machines, actively developed the direction of electric machines with the axial [linear] direction of rotor movement, and achieved significant results in this. Thus, by 1936, conditions had been formed when meeting the need to provide Soviet submarines with bubble-free torpedo firing systems became theoretically possible through the use of electromagnetic torpedo launching according to the methods developed by Kharkiv scientists for linear electric machines, and by torpedo tubes whose corresponding equipment for which’s could be manufacturing at Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant. However, this theoretical possibility required practical confirmation, for which the “Magnetic Torpedo Pusher” project was organized, carried out by the same specialists who were engaged in the study of linear electric machines both at the Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant and at the Kharkiv Electrotechnical Institute. The purpose of the project was to select a possible version of the fundamental design of an electromagnetic torpedo tube and test the functionality created according to the chosen design option using model experiments. Studies have shown that pushing a torpedo out of a torpedo tube within the framework of the modes established by the customers of the project is possible with the help of a running magnetic field, however, the electromagnetic method of launching a torpedo does not make it completely bubble-free, but only leads to a decrease in the volume of the air bubble formed during the firing. Wherein, the use of electromagnetic launch of torpedoes on existing and designed projects of Soviet submarines turned out to be impossible due to significant changes in the weight and size characteristics of the electrical power equipment, that need to be installed in this case. Meanwhile, the same degree of reduction of the air bubble without any significant additional costs has already been achieved in the designs of pneumatic torpedo tubes of Stalinets-type submarines, projected by order of the Soviet Union by German and Holland designers, which completely deprived the project of torpedo tubes with electromagnetic action of its attractiveness, and led to its closure. At the same time, despite the unsuccessful result of this project in the context of creating a bubble-free torpedo firing system, its implementation allowed Kharkiv scientists to validate and verify the methods they created for calculating and designing linear electric machines, as well as to determine the optimal designs of magnetofugal stators, which was subsequently used in the creation special electromechanical equipment for the mining and construction industries.Діяльність учених Харківського електромеханічного і турбогенераторного заводу над проєктом електромагнітних систем безбульбашкової торпедної стрільби впродовж 1936–1938 рр. на сьогодні є новою інформацією як для істориків науки і техніки, так і для спеціалістів у галузі електромашинобудування. Цей проєкт виник внаслідок збігу кількох обставин, одним з яких стала потреба радянського військово-морського підводного флоту напередодні ІІ Світової війни в удосконаленні свого торпедного озброєння системами, що не демаскували б субмарини під час пуску торпед з підводної позиції. Іншою обставиною стало те, що Харківський електромеханічний завод з 1934 р. був головним підприємством у СРСР з виготовлення електромеханіки для кораблів усіх класів та для всіх об’єктів берегової оборони, а відповідно його адміністрація і той науково-технічний персонал, котрий на заводі займався оборонною тематикою, були обізнані за вказану проблему. Одночасно, частка співробітників з числа останніх, працюючи за сумісництвом у Харківському електротехнічному інституті, з першої половини 1930-х років поряд з проблематикою ротаційних електромашин активно розробляла напрям електромашин із лінійним рухом ротору, і досягла в цьому суттєвих результатів. Таким чином, до 1936 р. сформувалися умови, коли задовольняння потреби в забезпеченні радянських субмарин системами безбульбашкової стрільби стало теоретично можливим завдяки застосуванню електромагнітного пуску торпед, відповідно до методик, розроблених харківськими науковцями для лінійних електромашин, і з апаратів, оснащення яких виготовлювалося б на Харківському електромеханічному заводі. Проте ця теоретична можливість вимагала практичного підтвердження, для чого й було організовано проєкт «Торпедний виштовхувач магнітний», виконавцями якого стали ті самі спеціалісти, котрі займалися дослідженням лінійних електромашин як на Харківському електромеханічному заводі, так і в Харківському електротехнічному інституті. Метою проєкту стало: вибір можливого варіанту принципового устрою торпедної установки електромагнітної дії і перевірка працездатності побудованої згідно обраного варіанту конструкції за допомогою макетних випробувань. Проведені дослідження показали, що само по собі виштовхування торпеди з торпедного апарату в межах встановлених замовниками проєкту режимів можливо за допомогою біжного магнітного поля, однак електромагнітний пуск торпеди не робить його повністю безбульбашковим, а лише веде до зменшення об’єму утворюваної при пострілі повітряної бульби. При цьому, застосування електромагнітного пуску торпед на існуючих та проєктованих конструкціях радянських субмарин виявилося неможливим через значні зміни в такому випадку масогабаритних характеристик встановлюваного на них електроенергетичного устаткування. Між тим, такий же ступінь зменшення повітряної бульби вже був досягнутий у конструкціях пневматичних торпедних апаратів субмарин типу «Сталинец», спроєктованих за замовленням Радянського Союзу німецькими та голландськими конструкторами, що повністю позбавило проєкт торпедних апаратів електромагнітної дії своєї привабливості, і привело до його закриття. Проте, незважаючи на невдалу результативність цього проєкту в контексті створення системи безбульбашкової торпедної стрільби, його здійснення дозволило харківським ученим валідувати та верифікувати створювані ними методики розрахунків і проєктування лінійних електромашин, а також визначити оптимальні конструкції магнітофугальних статорів, що в наступному було використано при створенні спеціального електромеханічного обладнання для гірничодобувної та будівельної індустрій
Природничо-математичні видання Наддніпрянщини кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ століття: Становлення технології навчання як науки
No full textThe article defines the role of the Journal of Elementary Mathematics, the Bulletin of Experimental Physics and Elementary Mathematics, and the “Mathesis” Publishing House in transforming the total knowledge about the technology of teaching natural and scientific disciplines into Science. When organizing the research, for a meaningful analysis of its subject, the analysis of information from publications the generalization of the elements of natural and mathematical knowledge presented in the publications, and the systematization of descriptions of the technology of teaching natural and mathematical disciplines were used. Quantification of text, collection of empirical data, their generalization, and mathematical and statistical processing were used in the process of quantitative analysis. As a result of the research of the materials of both magazines and the products of the “Mathesis” Publishing House during the entire period of their operation, the authors came to the following conclusions. Firstly, from 1886–1925, the ideas of technologies were actively developed in the pages of authoritative publications of the Russian Empire at the time, which functioned in the territory of the Dnipro region – “Journal of Elementary Mathematics”, “Bulletin of Experimental Physics and Elementary Mathematics” and book editions of the “Mathesis” Publishing House teaching of natural and mathematical disciplines, the contents of textbooks and methodical manuals in Mathematics and Natural Sciences were published and discussed, the peculiarities of teacher training were analyzed, methodical schools of outstanding scientists and methodologists were started and fixed, educational programs were reviewed. This shows that thanks to the activities of both magazines and publishing houses, real conditions were created for the meaningful and technological provision of the transitional period from the stage of formation of methodological approaches to the stage of scientific substantiation of the technology of teaching natural and mathematical disciplines in high school in the global context of its formation as a Science. The total volumes of publications, the number of their articles and books, the quality of execution, and the breadth of coverage of the content of natural and mathematical disciplines testify to the ability of editorial offices to carry out the planned measures for the production of substantive and methodical support for teaching and distribution of popular science publications to motivate a wide range of young people (and older members of the population) to study Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, and Geography. Both journal editors and the management of the publishing house were aware of the important role of practice in the study of natural and mathematical disciplines – for all analyzed institutions, more than a fourth of the volume of all publications was allocated for problem material and laboratory workshops. Articles and books of a methodological nature became an important component of the publications, in which the peculiarities of the teaching technology were revealed, the subject terminology was clarified, discussions were organized about teaching models, the peculiarities of the speeches of famous mathematicians and natural scientists at various level congresses and congresses were highlighted, and the pedagogical and scientific heritage was disseminated, famous scientists.У статті визначена роль «Журналу елементарної математики», «Вісника дослідної фізики та елементарної математики» й видавництва «Матезіс» у трансформації сукупності знань про технології викладання природничо-наукових дисциплін у науку. При організації дослідження для змістовного аналізу його предмету використовувався аналіз інформації видань та узагальнення поданих у публікаціях елементів природничо-математичних знань і систематизація описів технології викладання природничо-математичних дисциплін. У процесі проведення кількісного аналізу використовувалися квантифікація тексту, збирання емпіричних даних, їх узагальнення та математико-статистична обробка. У результаті проведеного дослідження матеріалів обох журналів та продукції видавництва «Матезіс» протягом всього періоду їхнього функціонування автори дійшли таких висновків. По-перше, протягом 1886–1925 рр. на сторінках авторитетних видань тодішньої Російської імперії, які функціонували на території Наддніпрянщини – «Журналу елементарної математики», «Вісника дослідної фізики та елементарної математики» й книжкових виданнях видавництва «Матезіс» – активно розвивалися ідеї технологій викладання природничо-математичних дисциплін, видавалися та обговорювалися змісти підручників та методичних посібників з математики та природничих наук, аналізувалися особливості підготовки вчителів, започатковувалися й фіксувалися методичні школи видатних науковців та методистів, рецензувалися навчальні програми. Це свідчить про те, що завдяки діяльності обох журналів і видавництва створювалися реальні умови для змістовного й технологічного забезпечення перехідного періоду від етапу формування методичних підходів до етапу наукового обґрунтування технології викладання природничо-математичних дисциплін в середній школі у глобальному контексті її формування як науки. Сумарні обсяги видань, кількість їхніх статей та книг, якість виконання та широта охоплення змістового наповнення природничо-математичних дисциплін свідчать про здатність редакцій виконувати заплановані заходи щодо продукування змістовного та методичного забезпечення викладання та розповсюдження науково-популярних видань для мотивації широких верст молоді (і старших представників населення) вивчати математику, фізику, астрономію, біологію, хімію та географію. Обидві редакції журналів та керівництво видавництва усвідомлювали важливу роль практики у вивченні природничо-математичних дисциплін – за всіма аналізованими інституціями більше четвертої частини обсягу всіх видань було виділено для задачного матеріалу та лабораторних практикумів. Важливим компонентом публікацій стали статті та книги методичного характеру, в яких розкривалися особливості технології навчання, уточнювалася предметна термінологія, організовувалися дискусії щодо моделей навчання, висвітлювалися особливості виступів відомих математиків та природодослідників на різного рівня з’їздах та конгресах, поширювалася педагогічна та наукова спадщина відомих вчених