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Učinek tujega jezika (FLE) med slovenskimi učenci, dijaki in študenti, ki govorijo slovensko in angleško
Get PDFThis thesis explores the impact of foreign language on moral decision making by analyzing the occurrence called Foreign Language Effect (FLE) among Slovenian primary, secondary, and university students. Students were presented with two moral dilemmas (the trolley dilemma and the footbridge dilemma) and presumed that the students would decide on the utilitarian choice in higher number when said dilemmas are presented in foreign language (English) than when they are presented in their native language (Slovene). The study dealt with three separate groups divided by educational level of students that were further split into a control group and a test group. Participants also varied by age, gender, and proficiency in the foreign language. A total of 184 of students participated in the study, responding to moral dilemmas presented in their native language (Slovene) and English. Results indicate that FLE exists as an occurrence among Slovene students across all levels of education but to various degrees. The highest impact of the FLE was viewed among primary school students who are poorer in fluency in the foreign language than both secondary and university students. FLE was more pronounced in the footbridge dilemma than in the trolley dilemma across all educational levels. Gender differences were also noted, with male students showing higher levels of FLE than females. These findings expand our understanding of FLE and add another language group onto the spectrum of foreign language effect research while also highlighting the importance of age, gender, and proficiency in the foreign language on the decision-making process.Magistrska naloga raziskuje vpliv tujega jezika na moralno odločanje z analizo pojava, imenovanega učinek tujega jezika (FLE), med slovenskimi učenci osnovne in srednje šole ter fakultete. Učencem sta bili predstavljeni dve moralni dilemi (dilema z vlakcem in dilema z mostom), na podlagi katerih smo predvidevali, da se bodo učenci pogosteje odločali za utilitarno izbiro, tj. predstavljenih dilem v tujem jeziku (angleščini), kot pa v maternem jeziku (slovenščini). Študija je obravnavala tri ločene skupine glede na izobrazbeno raven, ki so bile nadalje razdeljene v kontrolno in testno skupino. Udeleženci so se razlikovali tudi po starosti, spolu in znanju tujega jezika. Skupaj je v raziskavi sodelovalo 184 učencev, ki so se odzvali na moralne dileme, predstavljene v njihovem maternem jeziku (slovenščini) in angleščini. Rezultati kažejo, da FLE obstaja kot pojav med slovenskimi učenci na vseh ravneh izobrazbe, vendar v različnih merah. Največji vpliv FLE smo opazili pri učencih osnovne šole, ki imajo nižjo raven znanja tujega jezika v primerjavi s srednješolci in študenti. FLE je bil izrazitejši pri dilemi z mostom kot pri dilemi z vlakcem na vseh ravneh. Opazili smo tudi razlike med spoloma, pri čemer so moški izkazali višjo stopnjo FLE kot ženske. Ti izsledki širijo naše razumevanje učinkov tujega jezika in dodajajo novo jezikovno skupino v raziskovanje učinka tujega jezika (FLE), hkrati pa poudarjajo pomen starosti, spola in znanja tujega jezika pri procesu odločanja
Comparison of meat and carcass quality traits in Krškopolje pigs and modern selected crossbreeds
Get PDFCilj diplomskega dela je bila primerjava modernih križancev s krškopoljskimi
prašiči pri reji v identičnih pogojih glede rastnosti, kakovosti mesa, lastnostih trupa ter
biokemičnih lastnostih mišičnine in maščobe. V poskus je bilo vključenih po 7 prašičev
vsakega genotipa, ti pa so bili vhlevljeni pod identičnimi pogoji (enaka nastanitev in
krma). Med poskusom smo spremljali težo živali, po zakolu pa smo izvedli meritve
klavnih trupov (meritve dolžine trupa, slanine in mišice), tehnoloških parametrov mesa
na mišici longissimus dorsi (pH, barva, marmoriranost, sposobnost za vezanje vode,
strižna trdota) ter določili biokemične parametre kakovosti mesa in hrbtne slanine
(kemična in maščobno kislinska sestava). Prašiči obeh genotipov so imeli ob začetku
poskusa enako težo (27 kg), nato pa so moderni mesnati križanci v celotnem poskusnem
obdobju dosegali višje priraste in posledično višjo končno težo. Prašiči slovenske
avtohtone pasme so bili znatno bolj zamaščeni in manj omišičeni, kar je imelo za
posledico tudi manjšo mesnatost klavnega trupa kot pri modernih križancih. Tudi delež
intramuskularne maščobe je bil pri krškopoljskih prašičih višji za več kot 150 %. Med
genotipoma smo ugotovili tudi nekaj razlik v kakovosti mesa. Krškopoljski prašiči so
izkazali bolj intenzivno in rdečo barvo mesa (v skladu z večjo vsebnostjo mišičnega
pigmenta), nekoliko višji končni pH in nekoliko večji nivo oksidacije, po drugi strani pa
med genotipoma nismo ugotovili razlik v tehnološki kakovosti mesa (strižni trdoti ter
sposobnosti za vezanje vode) in nekaterih drugih lastnostih (vsebnost in topnost kolagena).The aim of the present study was to compare modern crossbreeds with the
Krškopolje pig when reared under identical conditions. Particular emphasis was given to
the differences in growth, meat and carcass quality, and biochemical properties of
muscle and fat in both genotypes. Seven pigs of each genotype were included in the
experiment. Animals were reared under identical conditions (same housing and feed).
During the experiment, the weight of the animals was monitored and after the
slaughter, carcass measurements (measurements of carcass length, fat and muscle
thickness), longissimus dorsi muscle technological parameters (pH, colour, marbling,
water holding capacity, shear force) and biochemical parameters of meat and
subcutaneous fat (chemical and fatty acid composition) were determined. The
experiment started with all the animals being the same weight (27 kg), and the growth
results showed that modern lean crossbreeds exhibited a higher growth rate during all
experimental periods, resulting in a higher final weight. There was a notable difference
in fatness and muscularity between the genotypes. The Slovenian autochthonous pig
breeds were significantly fattier and less muscular, which also resulted in a lower carcass
leanness than in modern crossbreeds. A great difference between the genotypes was
also observed in the proportion of intramuscular fat being more than 150% higher in the
Krškopolje pigs. In terms of meat quality, the Krškopolje pigs were had more intense
meat colour as well as more red colour in the meat (in line with the higher content of
muscle pigment) and a slightly higher final pH. At the same time, no differences in the
technological quality of the meat (i.e. shear force and water holding capacity) or any
other observed properties (i.e. collagen content and solubility) were observed among
the genotypes. Only a slightly higher level of oxidation was observed in the Krškopolje pigs
The Role of Art in Education
Get PDFV magistrskem delu se osredotočamo na razvoj pedagoške vloge umetnosti v procesu vzgoje in izobraževanja v evropskem prostoru. S kronološkim pregledom najprej opišemo, kako se je vloga umetnosti spreminjala skozi zgodovinska obdobja, od antičnih časov do postmoderne. Pregled vključuje prehod umetnosti od sredstva za moralno in estetsko oblikovanje do sodobnega pogleda, kjer umetnost pridobi večdimenzionalno vlogo – prispeva k razvoju socialnih, čustvenih in intelektualnih kompetenc ter spodbuja osebnostno in moralno refleksijo. Še posebej se osredotočamo na spreminjajočo se pedagoško vlogo umetnosti, glede na prevladujoči vzgojni pristop posameznega obdobja. Poudarek je na sodobnih pristopih, ki integrirajo umetnost v šolski prostor z namenom krepitve empatije, kritičnega mišljenja in kulturne zavesti. V zaključku je podana analiza izhodiščnih raziskovalnih vprašanj, ki ponuja vpogled v pomen umetnosti kot ključnega dejavnika celostnega razvoja posameznika.The master\u27s thesis focuses on the development of the pedagogical role of art in the process of education in the European context. Through a chronological overview, it examines how the role of art has evolved in line with the objectives of each historical period, from antiquity to postmodernity. This overview includes the transition of art from a means for moral and aesthetic formation to a contemporary perspective, where art assumes a multidimensional role – contributing to the development of social, emotional, and intellectual competencies and fostering personal and moral reflection. The study tracks how the pedagogical role of art has been shaped by the prevailing educational approach of each period and how its role manifests in a contemporary context. Emphasis is placed on modern approaches that integrate art into the educational environment to enhance empathy, critical thinking, and cultural awareness. The conclusion provides an analysis of the initial research questions and offers insight into the importance of art as a crucial component for the holistic development of individuals in modern educational settings
Personal Assistance, Assisting Family Members and the Psychosocial Well-Being of Personal Assistance Users
Get PDFPričujoče magistrsko delo se je osredotočalo na osebno asistenco, na uporabnike osebne asistence in na osebne asistente, ki so družinski člani uporabnika, ter na tiste asistente, ki niso družinski člani uporabnika osebne asistence. Naš namen je bil ugotoviti, kako družinski status vpliva na kvaliteto opravljanja osebne asistence in posledično na psihosocialno blagostanje uporabnikov. Za raziskovanje smo uporabili kvalitativno metodo delno standardiziranih intervjujev in metodo opazovanja z udeležbo. Kvalitativna analiza je pokazala, da so uporabniki zadovoljni tako z osebnimi asistenti, ki so njihovi družinski člani, kot tudi z osebnimi asistenti, ki niso njihovi družinski člani. Osebni asistenti so namreč tisti, ki z uporabniki preživljajo čas, ki je namenjen zgolj in samo njihovim individualnim potrebam in željam, kar pa pozitivno vpliva na psihosocialno blagostanje uporabnika osebne asistence ne glede na družinski status osebnega asistenta. Rezultati so pokazali, da osebna asistenca generalno pozitivno vpliva na uporabnikovo počutje in psihosocialno blagostanje, kar so potrdile tudi druge raziskave. Uporabnikom namreč predstavlja orodje za doseganje samostojnejšega oziroma neodvisnega življenja, prav tako pa jim predstavlja sredstvo za vključevanje v širšo družbo, saj jim omogoča povečanje socialnih stikov in udejstvovanje v prostočasnih aktivnostih. S pričujočim delom smo želeli opozoriti na pomembnost osebne asistence za invalidne osebe in osvetliti obstoječo problematiko sistemske ureditve na tem področju. Predlagamo, da se vpliv osebne asistence na psihosocialno blagostanje uporabnikov ter aktualna problematika še bolj podrobno raziščeta v prihodnosti.The master\u27s thesis deals with personal assistance, with the users of personal assistance, with the personal assistants who are family members of the user and with those assistants, who are not the user’s family members. The aim was to determine how family status affects the quality of personal assistance and, consequently, the psychosocial well-being of users. The qualitative method of semi-standardized interviews and the method of observation with participation was used. The qualitative analysis showed that users are satisfied with both the personal assistants who are their family members and with personal assistants who are not their family members. Personal assistants are those individuals who spend the most time with the users, and are solely dedicated to the user’s individual needs and wishes, and who have a positive effect on the user’s psychosocial well-being, regardless of the assistant\u27s relatedness status. The results further showed that personal assistance generally has a positive effect on the user\u27s well-being and psychosocial well-being, which was also confirmed by other researchers. Namely, it represents a tool for users to achieve a more independent or a less dependant on others life, and it also represents a tool of integration into the wider society as it enables them to increase social contacts and engage in leisure activities. With the presented work, the aim was to draw attention to the importance of personal assistance for disabled people and shed light on the existing problems of systemic regulation in this area. According to the presented research, it would be beneficial to further investigate the impact of personal assistance on the psychosocial well-being of users and further current issues
Executive functions and cognitive reserve in late adulthood in relation to bilingualism
Get PDFV raziskavi smo proučevali povezavo med dvojezičnostjo, izvršilnimi funkcijami in kognitivno rezervo pri starejših odraslih po 65. letu starosti. Vzorec je predstavljalo 36 udeležencev (18 enojezičnih in 18 dvojezičnih). V dvojezični skupini je devet oseb oba jezika pričelo usvajati hkrati (simultana dvojezičnost), devet jih je drugi jezik pričelo usvajati naknadno (sukcesivna dvojezičnost). V raziskavi smo uporabili naslednje instrumente: KPSS, CRIq, TMT, Digit span, Stroopov test, Test fonemske verbalne fluentnosti FAS in Vprašalnik o dvojezičnosti.
Zanimalo nas je, ali med skupinami obstajajo razlike v kognitivni rezervi in izvršilnih funkcijah. Predvidevali smo določene prednosti dvojezičnih posameznikov z izjemo testa verbalne fluentnosti, pri čemer smo pričakovali višje rezultate v enojezični skupini. Primerjave smo opravili tudi znotraj skupine dvojezičnih, pri čemer nas je zanimala primerjava med simultano in sukcesivno dvojezičnostjo.
Ugotovili smo, da so bile v povprečju na preizkusih uspešnejše enojezične osebe. Prav tako so njihovi rezultati nakazovali višjo kognitivno rezervo. Pri primerjavi dvojezičnih oseb so rezultati pokazali prednosti simultane dvojezičnosti.
Rezultati preteklih raziskav so mešani. Sklepamo, da je vzroke za to mogoče najti v različnih izbirah metod raziskovanja, raznolikosti pripomočkov, heterogenosti skupin in različnih pojmovanjih proučevanih konceptov. Potreba po oblikovanju skupnih smernic je med raziskovalci velika in večkrat izpostavljena tema.The research examines the relationship between bilingualism, executive function and cognitive reserve in older adults over the age of 65. The sample consisted of 36 participants (18 monolinguals and 18 bilinguals). 9 people in the bilingual group began acquiring both languages at the same time (simultaneous bilingualism), while 9 began acquiring their second language at a later stage (sequential bilingualism). The instruments used in the research were the following: the KPSS, the CRIq, the TMT, the Digit Span, the Stroop Test, the FAS Phonemic Verbal Fluency Test and the Bilingualism Questionnaire. We were interested in potential differences in cognitive reserve and executive functions between the groups. We anticipated certain advantages for bilingual individuals, with the exception of the verbal fluency test, where we anticipated higher marks in the monolingual group. We also conducted comparisons within the group of the bilinguals, focusing on the comparison between simultaneous and sequential bilingualism.
We observed that, overall, the monolinguals performed better in the tests. Their results were also indicative of a higher cognitive reserve. The results of the comparison of the bilinguals indicated advantages of the simultaneous bilingualism.
Past research has produced mixed results. We believe that this is due to differences in the choice of research methods, the variety of used research tools, the diversity of the groups, and difference in understanding of the concepts under research. The necessity to establish common guidelines is a major and recurrent topic among researchers
The significance of using Compression therapy in chronic venous insufficiency
Get PDFUvod: Kronična venska insuficienca je klinično opredeljena kot skupek znakov in simptomov, ki so vzrok in posledica dlje časa trajajočega povečanega krvnega tlaka v venah spodnjih udov. Ključno je pravočasno ukrepanje z redno uporabo kompresijske terapije. Namen zaključnega dela je bil na podlagi pregledane literature raziskati pomen uporabe kompresijske terapije pri kroničnem venskem popuščanju.
Metode: Pregledali smo strokovno in znanstveno literaturo s področja pomena uporabe kompresijske terapije pri kroničnem venskem popuščanju. Literaturo smo iskali v podatkovnih bazah PubMed, CINAHL Ultimate (EBSCOhost) in Sage Journal. S pomočjo PRISMA diagrama smo prikazali potek iskanja, uporabili smo deskriptivno metodo dela.
Rezultati: V končno analizo smo vključili 10 raziskav. Ugotovili smo, da so pozitivni učinki kompresijske terapije možni le, če se ta izvaja dosledno. Pripomore k zmanjšanju simptomov in izboljšuje kakovost življenja. Izziv pri doseganju optimalnih rezultatov pri dosledni rabi terapije predstavlja predvsem doslednost pri upoštevanju navodil in pravilna uporaba predpisane kompresijske terapije.
Razprava in Zaključek: Kronična venska bolezen predstavlja vse večjo skrb zaradi naraščajočih trendov dolge življenjske dobe, zato je pravočasno ukrepanje ključnega pomena. Kompresijska terapija je učinkovita pri zdravljenju KVI, vendar je informiranost okrnjena, kar nakazuje na potrebo po večjem izobraževanju. Za izboljšanje doslednosti pacientov pri upoštevanju navodil in za boljše razumevanje so nujne dodatne raziskave koristi uporabe kompresijske terapije.Introduction: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is clinically defined as a collection of signs and symptoms that are both causes and consequences of prolonged increased venous pressure in the lower extremities. Timely intervention through regular use of compression therapy is crucial. The aim of this study was to explore the significance of compression therapy in the management of chronic venous insufficiency based on the reviewed literature.
Methods: We conducted a review of professional and scientific literature regarding the significance of compression therapy in chronic venous insufficiency. The literature was searched in databases such as PubMed, CINAHL Ultimate (EBSCOhost) and Sage Journal. A PRISMA flow diagram was utilized to illustrate the search process and we employed a descriptive method of analysis.
Results: Ten studies were included in the final analysis. We found out that the positive effects of compression therapy are only achievable with consistent application. Compression therapy contributes to the reduction of symptoms and improves quality of life. Achieving optimal results with consistent therapy presents a challenge primarily due to adherence to instructions and proper application of the prescribed compression therapy.
Discussion and Conclusion: Chronic venous disease is an increasing concern due to rising life expectancy trends, making timely intervention essential. Compression therapy is effective in treating CVIhowever, awareness is limited, indicating a need for greater education. Additional research is necessary to improve patient adherence to instructions and to enhance understanding of the benefits of compression therapy
Prompt injection attacks on large language models
Get PDFV magistrskem delu raziskujemo vlogo velikih jezikovnih modelov v vzponu generativne umetne inteligence. Predstavimo osnovne koncepte, kot so transformerji, žetoni in vektorske reprezentacije, ter opisujemo ključne prednosti, slabosti in izzive z generativnimi modeli. Posebno pozornost namenjamo izzivom varnosti, kot so pozivni injekcijski napadi. Podrobno analiziramo delovanje teh napadov, njihove vrste in predstavimo možne pristope za obrambo pred njimi. V okviru eksperimenta prikazujemo izdelavo spletne ankete, ki implementira različne jezikovne modele. S pomočjo pridobljenih podatkov iz ankete nato analiziramo občutljivost posameznih modelov na različne intenzitete injekcijskih napadov ter preučujemo njihove vplive na uporabniške dimenzije, kot so uporabnost, točnost, razumljivost in relevantnost. Na koncu ugotavljamo, kateri modeli se najbolje odzivajo na napade in predstavljajo najvarnejšo uporabo.In the master\u27s thesis, we explore the role of large language models in the rise of generative artificial intelligence. We present fundamental concepts such as transformers, tokens, and vector representations, and describe the key advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of generative models. Special attention is given to security challenges, such as prompt injection attacks. We analyze the functioning of these attacks in detail, their types, and propose possible defense approaches. As part of the experiment, we develop an online survey application that implements various language models. Using the data collected from the survey, we analyze the sensitivity of individual models to different intensities of injection attacks and examine their impacts on user dimensions such as usability, accuracy, understandability, and relevance. Finally, we identify which models respond best to the attacks and represent the most secure usage
Planning and implementation of creative merrymaking games in the early childhood period
Get PDFDiplomsko delo Načrtovanje in izvedba ustvarjalnih rajalnih iger v prvem starostnem obdobju obsega teoretični in empirični del. V teoretičnem delu smo s pomočjo literature opredelili gibalni razvoj otrok v prvem starostnem obdobju, ples v prvem starostnem obdobju, elemente plesa, vlogo vzgojitelja pri plesnih dejavnostih v prvem starostnem obdobju, kaj so rajalne igre in kaj so ustvarjalne rajalne igre, opredelili smo tudi načrtovanje plesnih dejavnosti ter spodbude za gibanje. Na koncu smo opredelili še, kaj je to SWOT analiza, saj smo jo uporabili pri analizi izvedenih dejavnostih. V empiričnem delu smo v vrtcu Ravne na Koroškem izvedli devet ustvarjalnih rajalnih iger, za katere smo zapisali besedilo, melodijo in gibalne motive. Neslučajnostni vzorec iz konkretne populacije je zajemal 13 otrok. Uporabili smo kvalitativno raziskovalno metodo raziskovanja, pri čemer smo podatke zbrali z analizo evalvacij in sprotnih zapisov dejavnosti v obliki analize SWOT. Ustvarjalne rajalne igre smo napisali po težavnosti od najlažje do najtežje in jih tako tudi izvajali. Naše ugotovitve prednosti, pomanjkljivosti, priložnosti in ovir izvedbe ustvarjalnih rajalnih iger predstavljajo izhodišče za nadaljnje izboljšave pri načrtovanju in izvedbi plesnih dejavnosti v prvem starostnem obdobju.Diploma thesis Planning and Implementation of Creative Merrymaking Games in the Early Childhood Period includes theoretical and empirical part. In theoretical part we defined the movement development of children in early childhood period, dance in early childhood period, elements of dance, the role of early childhood educator in dancing activities in early childhood period, what merrymaking games and what creative merrymaking games are, we also defined planning of dancing activities and incentives for movement. Finally, we defined what a SWOT analysis is, as we used it at the analysis of performed activities. In the empirical part we executed nine merrymaking games in kindergarten Ravne na Koroškem, for which we wrote the text, music and movement motifs. The non-random sample from the specific population included thirteen children. We used a qualitative research method where we collected data through the analysis of evaluations and current records of activities in the form of a SWOT analysis. We wrote creative merrymaking games in order of difficulty from the easiest to the most difficult one and executed them that way. Our findings of advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and obstacles to the execution of creative merrymaking games represent a basis for further improvements in planning and performance of dancing activities in early childhood period
Hydrolytic decomposition of corncobs to sugars and derivatives using subcritical water
Get PDFCorncobs are a widespread and renewable by-product of corn cultivation that are typically considered waste or low-value material. Corncobs contain hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, which can be converted into valuable products using suitable techniques. Subcritical water is increasingly used as a green medium for the extraction of valuable components from biomass, as it has many advantageous properties (high yield, pure extracts, shorter times) compared to other organic solvents. For this reason, subcritical water was used in this study to extract valuable components from corncobs at different temperatures (150–250 °C) and reaction times (10–60 min). During the decomposition of corncobs, numerous valuable products are formed in the aqueous phase depending on the temperature and reaction time. In addition to sugars and their derivatives, phenolic compounds were also formed, which are of great importance in numerous applications. It was found that at low temperatures (150–170 °C) the hemicellulose in the corncobs begins to decompose and, in particular, the sugars (glucose, xylose, arabinose, and galactose) are initially formed in the aqueous phase. Higher temperatures (200 and 250 °C) are more favorable for the decomposition of corncobs into valuable components. The yield of sugars increases with temperature due to the degradation of the cellulose content of the lignocellulosic biomass. At the same time, several new valuable products (furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, levulinic acid, and formic acid as well as phenolic components) are formed through the degradation of lignin and the further degradation of sugars. The most important products are certainly the furfurals, which are central platform compounds. The highest furfural content was reached at 200 °C and 60 min and accounted for almost half of all components in the aqueous phase (472.01 ± 5.64 mg/g dry extract). These biomass-derived sugars and derivatives can be used in the production of fuels, pharmaceuticals, biodegradable polymers, and surfactants
CANCEL OF EMPLOYEMENT CONTRACT BECAUSE OPERATION REASONS TO BIGGER NUMBER OF EMPLOYERS ON BASE OF CRITERIAS
Get PDFPresežni delavci predstavljajo vse večji problem in smo ravno v času ekonomske krize, ko je ta problem dobil še večje razsežnosti. Podjetja so za svoj obstoj prisiljena odpuščati z namenom preživetja ekonomske krize. Množična odpuščanja, kot posledica krize, lahko privedejo do množične brezposelnosti, ki je za državo najhujša oblika brezposelnosti, kakor seveda tudi za odpuščenega delavca. Lahko pa tudi mnoga podjetja pod pretvezo ekonomske krize izrabijo priložnost za umetnega ustvarjanja presežkov delovne sile.
V svoji diplomski nalogi sem se posvetila vprašanju, kako mora ravnati delodajalec, ko iz poslovnega razloga postane nepotrebno delo večjemu številu delavcev.
V začetku vsebinskega dela predstavljam mednarodno pravno ureditev v zvezi s prenehanjem delovnega razmerja, pri čemer izpostavim Konvencijo MOD št. 158 s spremljajočim Priporočilom MOD št. 166, Evropsko socialno listino in norme v okviru Evropske skupnosti. V nadaljevanju, v drugem poglavju, se posvetim ureditvi odpovedi pogodbe iz poslovnega razloga po veljavnem Zakonu o delovnih razmerjih, pri čemer predstavljam določbe, ki veljajo le v primeru odpovedi pogodbe večjemu številu delavcev iz poslovnega razloga, kot tudi določbe, ki veljajo v postopku odpovedi pogodbe o zaposlitvi in se upoštevajo tudi v primeru odpovedi pogodbe o zaposlitvi iz poslovnega razloga večjemu številu delavcev.
Tretje poglavje zajema predstavitev ureditve osrednjega vprašanja v kolektivni pogodbi in primerjavo z ZDR.
V četrtem poglavju se nato posvečam redni odpovedi pogodbe o zaposlitvi iz poslovnega razloga večjemu številu delavcev. Ugotavljam, kaj štejemo kot utemeljen poslovni razlog in kako se ugotavljajo presežni delavci. Pri odpuščanju večjega števila nepotrebnih delavcev je potrebno sprejeti program razreševanja presežnih delavcev, zato se posvetim vsebini tega programa, oblikam in možnostim za reševanje presežnih delavcev. Pozornost namenim kriterijem, na podlagi katerih se ugotavljajo presežni delavci in metode za njihovo uporabo. O razreševanju presežnih delavcev morajo biti obveščeni tudi svet delavcev, sindikat in zavod za zaposlovanje, zato predstavim tudi njihovo vlogo in morebitni vpliv na postopek razreševanja presežnih delavcev. Izpostavim tudi vprašanje varstva pravic delavcev. V petem poglavju naredim primerjalno pravno ureditev s sosedno Avstrijo.
V zaključku pa podajam kratek povzetek urejenosti odpovedi pogodbe o zaposlitvi iz poslovnega razloga večjemu številu delavcev, pri čemer izpostavim probleme, ki se mi zdijo pri njeni ureditvi v zakonu sporni.
Presežni delavci predstavljajo vse večji problem in smo ravno v času ekonomske krize, ko je ta problem dobil še večje razsežnosti. Podjetja so za svoj obstoj prisiljena odpuščati z namenom preživetja ekonomske krize. Množična odpuščanja, kot posledica krize, lahko privedejo do množične brezposelnosti, ki je za državo najhujša oblika brezposelnosti, kakor seveda tudi za odpuščenega delavca. Lahko pa tudi mnoga podjetja pod pretvezo ekonomske krize izrabijo priložnost za umetnega ustvarjanja presežkov delovne sile.
V svoji diplomski nalogi sem se posvetila vprašanju, kako mora ravnati delodajalec, ko iz poslovnega razloga postane nepotrebno delo večjemu številu delavcev.
V začetku vsebinskega dela predstavljam mednarodno pravno ureditev v zvezi s prenehanjem delovnega razmerja, pri čemer izpostavim Konvencijo MOD št. 158 s spremljajočim Priporočilom MOD št. 166, Evropsko socialno listino in norme v okviru Evropske skupnosti. V nadaljevanju, v drugem poglavju, se posvetim ureditvi odpovedi pogodbe iz poslovnega razloga po veljavnem Zakonu o delovnih razmerjih, pri čemer predstavljam določbe, ki veljajo le v primeru odpovedi pogodbe večjemu številu delavcev iz poslovnega razloga, kot tudi določbe, ki veljajo v postopku odpovedi pogodbe o zaposlitvi in se upoštevajo tudi v primeru odpovedi pogodbe o zaposlitvi iz poslovnega razloga večjemu številu delavcev.
Tretje poglavje zajema predstavitev ureditveThe problem posed by redundant workers is increasingly acute, and the current economic crisis has made this issue even more pressing. Concerned for their existence, companies are forced to lay their workers off in order to survive the crisis. Mass lay-offs caused by the crisis may result in mass unemployment, which is the worst kind of unemployment for a country as well as for the worker that has been made redundant. What is more, numerous companies might exploit the economic crisis as an opportunity to artificially create staff surpluses.
In my thesis I focus on the question of how an employer should act when a large number of its workers become redundant.
I begin by outlining how termination of employment on grounds of redundancy is regulated with international legal provisions governing termination of employment, in particular the ILO Convention No. 158 and the accompanying ILO Recommendation No. 166, the European Social Charter and European Community standards. In the second chapter deals with the Employment Relationship Act currently in force, paying particular attention to provisions that only apply in case a large number of workers are made redundant as well as to provisions applicable both to the employment termination process and the termination of employment of a large number of workers on grounds of redundancy. I then move on to discuss how the issue is regulated in the collective agreement by comparison with the Employment Relationship Act.
In chapter four I discuss ordinary termination of employment (dismissal with notice) of a large number of workers on grounds of redundancy (i.e. due to business reasons). I establish what is considered to be a substantiated business reason and how redundant workers are determined. When a large number of workers are made redundant, a redundancy programme needs to be adopted. That is why I focus on the content of such a programme, its types and possibilities for resolving the issue of redundant workers. Attention is given to the criteria used to determine redundant workers and methods for their application. Because the resolution of the issue of redundant workers needs to be notified to the workers’ council, trade union and the national employment service, I outline the role of these bodies and their possible impact on the resolution of this issue. I also highlight the matter of protecting against employment termination abuses in practice.
In chapter five I compare how termination of employment is governed in Slovenia and in the neighbouring Austria.
In conclusion I briefly summarise legal provisions governing the termination of employment of a large number of workers on grounds of redundancy, highlighting the aspects which I find controversial