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Književnost pri pouku angleščine v zadnjem triletju osnovne šole
Get PDFLiterature plays an essential role in language learning, since it offers students an engaging and meaningful way to develop their language skills and critical thinking. This Thesis deals with the integration of literature into English language teaching in the final three years of primary school in Slovenia. The theoretical part of the Thesis examines the fundations for integrating literature into English language teaching in Slovene primary school by examining how reading comprehension is addressed in the Curriculum for the final three years of Primary School, as well as the objectives, standards and l themes outlined in the Curriculum. It also investigates the role that literature plays in learning a foreign language, focusing not only on its role in developing students\u27 language skills but also on its importance for rasing students\u27 sociocultural awareness.
The empirical part is divided into two parts: the first one analyses literary texts that are included in the English textbooks currently used in the final three years of primary school to assess their frequency and their pedagogical role. Based on the findings, the second part proposes a list of additional literary texts suitable to be used in the English classroom for their alignment with the Curriculum\u27s objectives, as well as for addressing socially relevant themes that reflect contemporary social issues.Književna dela predstavljajo pomemben didaktični pripomoček pri učenju tujega jezika, saj učencem ne omogočajo le razvoja jezikovnih spretnosti, temveč spodbujajo tudi njihovo kritično mišljenje ter krepijo njihovo sociokulturno ozaveščenost. Pričujoče magistrsko delo se ukvarja z vključevanjem književnosti v pouk angleščine v zadnjem triletju osnovne šole. V teoretičnem delu magistrskega dela so opredeljeni kriteriji za izbor primernih književnih del, kot so starost učencev, njihova jezikovna raven znanja ter cilji, standardi in tematska področja, kot jih opredeljuje dokument Učni načrt. Program osnovna šola. Angleščina (Andrin et al., 2016). Ta izhodišča služijo kot glavne smernice pri določanju, katera književna besedila so pedagoško primerna za uporabo pri pouku angleščine. Učni načrt poudarja pomen izbire besedil, ki so skladna z jezikovnimi zmožnostmi učencev, kot jih opredeljujejo jezikovne ravni po SEJO. Jezikovne ravni po SEJO so šeststopenjski okvir (A1–C2), ki sistematično opisuje posameznikove jezikovne zmožnosti (razumevanje, govorjenje, pisanje in branje) na različnih stopnjah jezikovne usposobljenosti. Do konca zadnjega triletja osnovne šole učenci pričakovano dosegajo jezikovno raven A2–B1, kar pomeni, da razumejo in tvorijo preproste stavke o vsakdanjih temah ter se zmorejo sporazumevati v znanih situacijah. Izbira književnih del s primerno težavnostjo je ključnega pomena pri vključevanju književnosti v jezikovni pouk, saj lahko izbira prezahtevnih del vodi do slabega odnosa do branja in učence demotivira. Posebna pozornost je v magistrskem delu namenjena vlogi književnosti pri učenju jezika, tako pri razvijanju jezikovnih spretnosti kot krepitvi sociokulturne ozaveščenosti in pozitivnega odnosa do branja. Vključevanje književnih besedil v pouk tujega jezika omogoča celosten pristop k obravnavi učenca, saj učenca spodbudi k aktivnemu sodelovanju in spodbuja razvoj vseh štirih jezikovnih veščin (branje, pisanje, ustno sporočanje in slušno razumevanje), hkrati pa podpira osebnostno rast in pripomore k boljšemu razumevanju različnih družb in kultur. Jezik v književnih delih je bogat in raznolik, poleg tega učencem omogoča stik s tujim jezikom v naravnem kontekstu, s čimer presega običajna, informacijsko usmerjena besedila, ki jih najdemo v učbenikih. Tovrsten, avtentičen stik z jezikom spodbuja globlje razumevanje družbenih tem, hkrati pa učencem omogoča povezovanje besedil z lastnimi izkušnjami, kar pozitivno vpliva na njihovo zanimanje za branje. Branje, ki v učencu spodbudi radovednost, vodi v pozitivno bralno izkušnjo, ima boljše in trajnejše učne rezultate ter vodi do pozitivnega odnosa do branja. Književna dela morajo biti zato učencu zanimiva in vsebovati teme in situacije, s katerimi se učenec lahko poistoveti. Branje prispeva tudi k razvoju sociokulturne ozaveščenosti, saj so književna dela produkt družbe. Skozi branje takih besedil so učenci v stiku z družbenim okoljem, v katerem so ta besedila nastala, kar jim omogoča vpogled v način življenja in vrednote ljudi v tem družbenem okolju ter prispeva k oblikovanju njihovega lastnega vrednotnega sistema. Predstavljeni dejavniki in kriteriji podpirajo premišljen pristop pri izbiri književnih besedil, ki so v skladu z učnimi zahtevami, opredeljenimi v učnem načrtu, in hkrati omogočajo aktivno vključenost učencev na čustveni in kognitivni ravni.
Empirični del magistrskega dela je razdeljen na dva glavna sklopa. V prvem delu smo analizirali izbor učbenikov, ki se trenutno uporabljajo pri pouku angleščine v zadnjih treh letih osnovne šole, in sicer seriji Messages in Touchstone, z namenom oceniti obseg in zvrst vključenih književnih besedil ter ugotoviti njihovo pedagoško funkcijo. Analiza je pokazala, da so književna dela sicer vključena v pouk angleščine, vendar so manj zastopana kot neknjižna besedila, njihova vloga pa je pogosto omejena na praktične cilje, saj so večinoma vključena zgolj kot sredstva za utrjevanje slovničnih struktur ali besedišča, ne služi ..
The role of organization and the work - life balance of generation y
Get PDFPri generaciji Y ima organizacija pomembno vlogo pri usklajevanju dela in družine. Za uspešno opravljanje dela ima zaposleni generacije Y svoje prioritete, pri čemer daje velik pomen družini in osebnemu prostemu času. Prilagajanje organizacije, vodstva in nadrejenih ter sodelavcev je skupek pozitivnih stvari, ki imajo velik pomen za zaposlenega generacije Y.
V diplomski nalogi smo izpostavili, kako dojemajo zaposleni generacije Y podporo vodstva, sodelavcev in organizacije pri usklajevanju dela in družine, kako so zadovoljni z delovnim časom in kako dojemajo zahtevnost dela pri usklajevanju dela in družine. Ugotavljali smo, kako pomembno je za njih usklajevanje poklicnih in družinskih obveznosti, njihova pričakovanja glede podpore vodstva, sodelavcev in organizacije pri usklajevanju dela in družine, ter kako so zadovoljni z delovnim časom in kako dojemajo zahtevnost dela pri usklajevanju dela in družine. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da so anketiranci generacije Y zadovoljni z ukrepi organizacij pri usklajevanju dela in družine.For Generation Y, the organization plays an important role in balancing work and family. For successful work, Generation Y employees have their own priorities, giving great importance to family and personal free time. The adaptation of the organization, management, superiors and colleagues is a set of positive things that are of great importance to Generation Y employees.
In our diploma thesis, we highlighted how Generation Y employees perceive the support of management, colleagues and the organization in balancing work and family, how satisfied they are with working hours and how they perceive the complexity of work in balancing work and family. We determined how important it is for them to balance professional and family obligations, their expectations regarding the support of management, colleagues and the organization in balancing work and family, and how satisfied they are with working hours and how they perceive the complexity of work in balancing work and family. The results of the survey showed that Generation Y respondents are satisfied with the measures taken by organizations in balancing work and family
A study of gender factor in the field of external auditing
Get PDFMed spoloma obstajajo razlike v kariernih poteh, vodenju, načinu komuniciranja in odnosu do tveganja. enske pri zahtevnejših nalogah pogosto izkazujejo večjo učinkovitost, saj se osredotočajo na podrobnosti in sprejemajo odločitve na podlagi poglobljene analize. Moški pa običajno hitreje sprejemajo odločitve pri enostavnejših nalogah, kar jim omogoča prednost v manj kompleksnih situacijah.
Ženske v reviziji pogosto izkazujejo večjo doslednost, previdnost ter večjo pozornost do pomembnih revizijskih vprašanj, kar se odraža tudi v bolj podrobnih in daljših poročilih. Vpliv spola se kaže tudi v komunikacijskem slogu – ženske pogosto poročajo v manj optimističnem tonu, z večjim poudarkom na tveganjih. Poleg tega prisotnost žensk v vodstvenih ali nadzornih funkcijah, kot so revizijske komisije, prispeva k izboljšanemu upravljanju podjetij, večji družbeni odgovornosti in pogostejšemu sestankovanju, kar posledično vpliva na boljšo preglednost delovanja podjetij.
Čeprav se razlike v nekaterih primerih ne izkažejo za statistično pomembne, je vseeno mogoče potrditi, da lahko spol vpliva na kakovost revizije, etične odločitve ter na zadovoljstvo strank. Raznolikost v revizijskih ekipah spodbuja boljše nadzorne mehanizme in zmanjšuje možnost za manipulacijo podatkov, kar potrjuje pomembnost vključevanja obeh spolov v revizijsko prakso. Rezultati podpirajo nadaljnje spodbudjanje za večjo zastopanost žensk v reviziji in za potrebo po ustvarjanju uravnoteženega in vključujočega delovnega okolja.There are gender differences in career paths, leadership styles, communication methods, and attitudes toward risk. Women often demonstrate greater effectiveness in complex tasks as they focus on details and make decisions based on in-depth analysis. Men, on the other hand, tend to make quicker decisions in simpler tasks, which gives them an advantage in less complex situations.
In auditing, women often show more consistency, caution, and greater attention to important auditing issues, which is reflected in more detailed and longer reports. The impact of gender is also evident in communication styles – women tend to report in a less optimistic tone, with greater emphasis on risks. Additionally, the presence of women in leadership or supervisory roles, such as audit committees, contributes to improved corporate governance, greater social responsibility, and more frequent meetings, which in turn results in better transparency in corporate operations.
Although the differences may not always be statistically significant, it is still possible to confirm that gender can influence the quality of audits, ethical decisions, and client satisfaction. Diversity in audit teams fosters better oversight mechanisms and reduces the possibility of data manipulation, highlighting the importance of including both genders in auditing practices. The results support the continued encouragement of greater female representation in auditing and the need to create a balanced and inclusive work environment
Emergency medical dispatch service and allergic reactions: an analysis of 112 emergency calls
Get PDFUvod: Akutna alergijska reakcija se pojavi hitro in ima različne stopnje resnosti. V primeru alergijskih reakcij izven bolnišničnega okolja je ravno zdravstveni dispečer tisti, ki zazna resnost stanja, aktivira ustrezno ekipo in poda navodila za oskrbo pacienta klicatelju do prihoda ekipe nujne medicinske pomoči na kraj. Dispečerska služba zdravstva je ključni prvi člen v verigi delovanja nujne medicinske pomoči.
Metode: Izvedli smo sekundarno analizo dela podatkovne baze Dispečerske službe zdravstva. Uporabili smo podatke, ki se nanašajo na kartico Alergijske reakcije.
Rezultati: Analizirali smo 849 klicev na nujno medicinsko pomoč, povezanih z alergijsko reakcijo. V 97, 41 % (827/849) je bil pacient buden. Dihanje je bilo normalno v 74,68 %. Zabeležen je bil en srčni zastoj. Med vsemi klici je bilo zabeleženih 21,79 % (185/849) znanih alergikov. Namensko predpisano terapijo je pred prihodom reševalne ekipe uporabilo 31,33 % (266/849) pacientov. Glede na letni čas je najpogostejši alergen v zimskem času zdravilo, v poletnem času pa pik/ugriz. 9,23 % (30/325) intervencij rdeče prioritete je bilo aktiviranih v dveh minutah.
Razprava in zaključek: Hitro in pravilno prepoznavanje simptomov ter pravočasno ukrepanje sta ključnega pomena za preprečevanje resnih zapletov. Pomembno je, da so posamezniki z alergijami in njihovi svojci dobro seznanjeni z alergeni, kako se jim izogniti ter kaj storiti v primeru stika z njimi.Introduction: An acute allergic reaction occurs rapidly and can vary in severity. For out-of-hospital allergic reactions, it is the medical dispatcher who assesses the severity of the condition, activates the appropriate team and gives instructions to the caller on how to manage the patient until the emergency medical team arrives. The medical dispatcher is a critical first link in the emergency medical care chain.
Methods: A secondary analysis of data from the Emergency Medical Services Dispatcher database was performed. Data from the Allergic Reactions card were used for the analysis.
Results: We analyzed 849 emergency medical calls related to allergic reactions. The patient was awake in 97.41% (827/849) of the cases. Respiration was normal in 74.68% of the cases. There was one case of cardiac arrest. Of all calls, 21.79% (185/849) involved known allergy sufferers. 31.33% (266/849) of the patients took their prescribed medication before the arrival of the emergency team. According to the season, the most common allergens were medications in winter and insect stings/bites in summer. 9.23% (30/325) of red priority interventions were activated within 2 minutes.
Discussion and conclusion: Rapid and accurate recognition of symptoms, followed by timely intervention, is key to preventing serious complications. It is essential that allergy sufferers and their families are well informed about allergens, how to avoid them, and what to do in the event of exposure
The impact of sleep deprivation on the health of healthcare workers
Get PDFUvod: Pomanjkanje spanca v sodobni družbi predstavlja vedno večji problem. Zaradi pomanjkanja spanca imamo lahko številne kratkotrajne in tudi dolgotrajne posledice na zdravju. Še posebej so temu izpostavljeni zdravstveni delavci, predvsem zaradi izmenskih delavnikov, ki povzročajo motnje cirkadianega ritma. Namen tega zaključnega dela je bil raziskati, kako pomanjkanje spanca vpliva na zdravje zdravstvenih delavcev.
Metode: Uporabili smo deskriptivno metodo dela. Literaturo smo iskali v podatkovnih bazah: PubMed, CINAHL Ultimate in Cochrane Library. Uporabili smo članke, ki so bili v angleškem jeziku in niso bili starejši od 10 let. Pregled literature smo opravili s pomočjo diagrama PRISMA. Nato smo članke ocenili s pomočjo hierarhije dokazov in izvedli vsebinsko analizo.
Rezultati: V končni pregled smo vključili 14 raziskav. Glavne ugotovitve teh raziskav so bile, da pomanjkanje spanja pri zdravstvenih delavcih pusti številne negativne posledice na fizičnem in duševnem zdravju.
Razprava in zaključek: Izkazalo se je, da pomanjkanje spanja pri zdravstvenih delavcih poveča možnost za srčno-žilna obolenja (SŽO), sladkorno bolezen (SB) tipa 2, hipertenzijo in ostala kronična obolenja, poveča se dovzetnost za nalezljive bolezni in večja je možnost za rakava obolenja. Velik vpliv ima tudi na duševno zdravje, saj poveča možnost za depresijo, anksioznost, motnje razpoloženja in izgorelost ter poveča možnost za nesreče.Introduction: Lack of sleep in modern society is an increasingly significant problem. This deficiency can lead to numerous short-term and long-term consequences. Healthcare workers are particularly vulnerable, primarily due to shift work that disrupts the circadian rhythm. The purpose of this final thesis was to investigate how sleep deprivation affects the health of healthcare workers.
Methods: We used a descriptive research method. We searched for literature in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL Ultimate, and Cochrane Library. We used articles that were in English and no older than 10 years. We conducted the literature review using the PRISMA flow diagram. Next, we evaluated the articles using the hierarchy of evidence and performed a content analysis.
Results: In the final review, we included 14 studies. The main findings of these studies show that sleep deprivation in healthcare workers has numerous negative consequences on physical and mental health.
Discussion and conclusion: It has been shown that sleep deprivation in healthcare workers increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and other chronic diseases. It also increases susceptibility to infectious diseases and the risk of cancer. It has a significant impact on mental health, increasing the risk of depression, anxiety, mood disorders and burnout, as well as the risk of accidents
Digitalization and human resource management
Get PDFDigitalizacija pomembno preoblikuje delovanje sodobnih organizacij, kar se odraža tudi na področju managementa človeških virov. Podjetja vse pogosteje uvajajo digitalna orodja, ki vplivajo na učinkovitost kadrovskih procesov, organizacijsko kulturo, notranjo komunikacijo in zadovoljstvo zaposlenih. V teoretičnem delu diplomske naloge, so opredeljeni temeljni pojmi managementa človeških virov in digitalizacije, s poudarkom na razvoju kadrovske funkcije iz administrativne v strateško podporno vlogo. Analiza je pokazala, da digitalna orodja pomembno prispevajo k večji preglednosti, hitrejšemu izvajanju nalog, avtomatizaciji postopkov ter podpori pri strateškem odločanju. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da digitalizacija spodbuja preoblikovanje načina vodenja in komuniciranja z zaposlenimi, povečuje pomen digitalnih kompetenc in vseživljenjskega učenja. Obenem vpliva na oblikovanje kulture, ki temelji na prilagodljivosti, sodelovanju in odprtosti. V ospredje vse bolj stopajo vsebine, kot so uporaba umetne inteligence v kadrovskih procesih, krepitev digitalne pismenosti, oblikovanje pozitivne izkušnje zaposlenih, individualni pristopi pri razvoju kadrov ter vključevanje načel raznolikosti, enakosti in vključenosti. Prav tako se povečuje pomen agilnega delovanja organizacij, ki spodbujajo učenje in prilagajanje organizacij. Poleg tega so bile ugotovljene tudi slabosti, kot so povečane zahteve po usposabljanju in prilagoditvi zaposlenih, odpor do sprememb ter vpliv na medosebne odnose v organizaciji. V aplikativnem delu je bilo s pomočjo poglobljenih intervjujev analizirana uvedba digitalnih rešitev v podjetje Star Import d.o.o. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da digitalna orodja prispevajo k večji povezanosti med oddelki, hitrejši izmenjavi informacij, učinkovitejši izvedbi kadrovskih nalog in večji odprtosti za inovacije. Vzporedno so bili prepoznani tudi izzivi, kot so začetni odpor zaposlenih, potreba po stalnem usposabljanju ter spremembe v organizacijski kulturi. Zaključek naloge poudarja, da digitalizacija v managementu človeških virov ni zgolj tehnični proces, temveč strateška transformacija, pri kateri imata tehnologija in človeški kapital ključno, soodvisno vlogo.Digitalization significantly transforms the functioning of modern organizations, which is also reflected in the field of human resource management. Companies are increasingly adopting digital tools that affect the efficiency of HR processes, organizational culture, internal communication, and employee satisfaction. The theoretical part of the thesis defines the key concepts of human resource management and digitalization, with a focus on the development of the HR function from an administrative to a strategic support role. The analysis showed that digital tools significantly contribute to greater transparency, faster task execution, process automation, and support for strategic decision-making. It was found that digitalization encourages the transformation of leadership and communication styles with employees and increases the importance of digital competencies and lifelong learning. Moreover, it influences the development of a culture based on adaptability, collaboration, and openness. Increasing attention is being paid to the use of artificial intelligence in HR processes, strengthening digital literacy, shaping a positive employee experience, applying individualized approaches to employee development, and incorporating the principles of diversity, equity, and inclusion. The importance of organizational agility and fostering learning and adaptability is also growing. On the other hand, the study highlighted some drawbacks, such as increased training demands, the need for employee adaptation, resistance to change, and the impact on interpersonal relationships within the organization. In the empirical part, in-depth interviews were conducted to analyze the introduction of digital solutions in the company Star Import d.o.o. The findings revealed that digital tools contribute to improved interdepartmental collaboration, faster information exchange, more efficient implementation of HR tasks, and greater openness to innovation. At the same time, challenges such as initial employee resistance, the need for continuous training, and changes in organizational culture were also identified. The thesis concludes that digitalization in human resource management is not merely a technical process, but a strategic transformation in which technology and human capital play a crucial and interdependent role
Measuring the similarity of metaheuristic search strategies with machine learning models
Get PDFV magistrskem delu predstavimo metodo za merjenje podobnosti metahevrističnih iskalnih strategij po vzorih iz narave. Predstavljena metoda s pomočjo meta-genetskega algoritma poišče nabor hiperparametrov metahevristik, ki povečuje podobnost vedenja metahevristik med reševanjem optimizacijskega problema. Metoda omogoča primerjavo metahevristik na podlagi metrik raznolikosti. Za merjenje podobnosti metahevristik uporabimo metrike podobnosti in modela strojnega učenja. Na koncu dela podamo rezultate in prediskutiramo ugotovitve.In this thesis, we present a method for measuring the similarity of nature-inspired metaheuristic search strategies. The presented method uses a Meta-Genetic Algorithm to find a set of metaheuristics hyperparameters that maximise the similarity of the behaviour when solving an optimisation problem. The method allows comparison of metaheuristics based on diversity metrics. To measure the similarity of metaheuristics, we use similarity metrics and machine learning models. At the end of the thesis, we present the results and discuss the findings
An Outdoor Reading Corner as a Result of Project-Based Work in Primary School
Get PDFProjektno učno delo je sodoben pedagoški pristop, ki učencem omogoča aktivno vlogo pri reševanju izzivov iz vsakdanjega življenja. Pri tem razvijajo ključne kompetence, kot so ustvarjalnost, samostojnost, sodelovanje in odgovornost. Zunanji prostori šole ponujajo številne možnosti za učenje, vendar pogosto ostajajo neizkoriščeni.
Devetošolci so v okviru interesne dejavnosti, ki je potekala po načelih projektnega dela, oblikovali in izvedli projekt bralnega kotička v šolskem parku. Z mislijo na mlajše učence so izdelali ergonomsko oblikovano klop, knjigobežnico in lesen podest s cvetlično gredo ter uredili okolico. Ob tem so pridobivali tehnično znanje, spoznavali materiale, orodja in delovne postopke ter krepili občutek pripadnosti šolskemu prostoru. Čeprav je končni izdelek uspešno narejen, največjo vrednost predstavlja proces, ki je učencem omogočil izkustveno učenje, sodelovanje in aktivno sooblikovanje šolskega okolja.Project-based learning is a modern educational approach that enables students to take an active role in solving real-life challenges. In doing so, they develop key competencies such as creativity, independence, collaboration, and responsibility. Outdoor school spaces offer numerous opportunities for learning, yet they often remain underutilized.
As part of an extracurricular activity based on the principles of project-based learning, ninth-grade students designed and implemented a reading corner in the school park. With younger pupils in mind, they created an ergonomically designed bench, a little free library, a wooden platform with a flower bed, and landscaped the surrounding area. Through this, they acquired technical knowledge, learned about materials, tools, and work processes, and strengthened their sense of belonging to the school environment. Although the final product was successful, the greatest value lies in the process itself, which allowed students to engage in experiential learning, collaboration, and active co-creation of their school environment
Analysis of digitization and optimization of the process of performing quality controls during the preparation and processing of the melt
Get PDFV nalogi smo analizirali obstoječi proces priprave taline in kontrole kakovosti ter predlagali prenovo s pomočjo digitalizacije. Prehod v prenovljen proces je omogočil večjo natančnost in hitrost s prehodom z ročnega vnosa podatkov na avtomatsko skeniranje črtnih kod. S tem smo zmanjšali napake, optimizirali izbiro programa razplinjevanja ter prihranili čas in stroške. Prenovljen proces je skrajšal čas za 19 % in zmanjšal stroške za 22 %, kar je dokaz, da digitalizacija prinaša pomembne koristi v učinkovitosti in zanesljivosti poslovnih procesov.In this thesis, we analyzed the existing process of alloy preparation and quality control, and proposed a redesign using digitalization. The transition from to new process enabled greater accuracy and speed by shifting from manual data entry to automatic barcode scanning. This reduced errors, optimized the fluxing program selection, and saved time and costs. The new process reduced time by 19% and costs by 22%, demonstrating that digitalization brings significant benefits in the efficiency and reliability of business processes
The historical development of convict labour
Get PDFZaključno delo se osredotoča na delo obsojencev. V prvem delu zaključnega dela je predstavljen zgodovinski razvoj dela obsojencev skozi obdobje antike, srednjega veka, novega veka in moderne dobe. V drugem delu zaključnega dela pa je prikazana organizacija dela obsojencev v izbranih evropskih državah (Slovenija, Velika Britanija, Francija in Nemčija) v današnjem času. Zgodovinski pregled je pokazal, da je delo obsojencev prisotno v praktično vseh delih sveta in skozi celotno človeško zgodovino. V antiki je prisilno delo predstavljalo eno glavnih kazni. Obsojenci so delali v rudnikih, kamnolomih, železarnah ali opravljali javna dela, primarno v obliki gradnje infrastrukture. Na začetku srednjega veka delo obsojencev ni bil pogost pojav šele v poznem srednjem veku, z razvojem mest, ponovno stopi v ospredje v mestnih ječah, kjer so si obsojenci z delom lahko prislužili prednostno obravnavo ali finančno nadomestilo. Konec srednjega veka se poveča vključevanje obsojencev za delo na galejah. V novem veku se delu na galejah pridružijo delo v kolonijah, kjer je pogosto šlo za opravljanje javnih del in delo v zaporih. Pred nastankom sodobnega zapora (konec 18. stoletja) so obsojenci delali v zaporskih delovnih ustanovah, ki veljajo za zametek današnjih zaporov. Kasneje se v zaporih razvije auburnski sistem, kjer so obsojenci v skupinah delali v delavnicah. Z razvojem industrije se razširi tudi zaporska industrija. V sodobnem času delo obsojencev ostaja pomemben del kazenskih sistemov. V Veliki Britaniji in Nemčiji je delo obsojencev obvezno, medtem ko delo v slovenskih in francoski zaporih ni obvezno. Kljub nekaterim razlikam vse štiri države stremijo k cilju, da delo obsojencem omogoči pridobitev delovnih navad in osvojitev novih znanj za pripravo na življenje po odpustu.The thesis focuses on convict labour. The first part presents the historical development of convict labour through antiquity, the Middle Ages, the modern age and the modern era. The second part describes the organisation of convict labour in selected European countries (Slovenia, Great Britain, France and Germany) in the present day. The historical overview shows that convict labour is present in practically all parts of the world and throughout human history. In antiquity, forced labour was one of the main punishments. Convicts worked in mines, quarries, ironworks or in public works mostly building infrastructure. The historical overview reveals that convict labour has been present across nearly all regions of the world and throughout human history. In antiquity, forced labour was one of the main forms of punishment, with convicts working in mines, quarries, ironworks, or on public infrastructure projects. During the early Middle Ages, convict labour was uncommon, but it re-emerged in the later Middle Ages with the rise of towns and cities, where convicts in gaols could earn preferential treatment or financial compensation through work. By the end of the Middle Ages, the use of convicts for galley labour increased. In the modern era, galley labour was supplemented by labour in colonies, often involving public works and prison labour. Before the emergence of the modern prison system in the late 18th century, convicts worked in penal labour institutions considered precursors to contemporary prisons. Later, the Auburn system was introduced, where convicts worked in groups within workshops. With the advent of industrialization, prison industries expanded. In the present day, convict labour remains a vital component of penal systems. In Great Britain and Germany, labour is mandatory for convicts, whereas in Slovenia and France, it is voluntary. Despite these differences, all four countries share a common objective: to use convict labour as a means of fostering work habits and professional skills to aid reintegration after release