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Argumentative Structures That Require/Do Not Require Evaluation of Children's Morality: Examining the Discussions on “Jimbutsu Satei” and “Soko Satei” in The Mid-to-late Meiji Period
Get PDF本論文は、明治中後期に児童の言動を道徳的観点から評価するものとして採用された「人物査定」「操行査定」に関する議論の検討を通して、教員らが児童の道徳性を評価する際に、どのような観念を必要としたかを明らかにするものである。「人物査定」は、明治 20（1887）年に小学校にて、児童の道徳性を捉え、その優劣を区別する実践として採用された。これに対しては、児童は変化の時期にあるため将来の人物像を正確に見極めることが難しいこと、児童には進路を決める「意志」が備わっており、教員が「査定」の結果を示せば「自棄」を起こさせるといったことが指摘され、3 年後には廃止された。
しかしその後、児童の言動を記録し評価する実践として採用された「操行査定」は、1900 年代以降、問題視されづらくなった。児童の道徳性は「発達階段」に沿って段階的に望ましいものへと形成されるという観念によって、問題が見出されづらくなり、むしろ教員は「発達」を害する影響から児童を保護する存在として捉えられるようになった。This paper examines historically the differences in the structure of arguments between cases where it requires and cases where it doesn’t require evaluation the moral character of children. Specifically, we compares the arguments over “Jimbutsu Satei”:a moral evaluation that was deemed unnecessary in the mid-Meiji period, and “Soko Satei” :a moral evaluation that deemed necessary in the late Meiji period.
The first feature of the argument over “Jimbutsu Satei” was that it discussed the difficulty of predicting what a child will be like in the future. Debating whether or not predictions are possible was likely to provoke criticism that teachers would lose credibility if their predictions were wrong.
The second feature was that children were considered to have the will to decide their own career paths. Then evaluation and intervention by teachers was not considered disirable.
On the other hand, the first feature of arguments over “Soko Satei” was that it was considered that children's morality was formed in stages, and teachers should support this formation.
The second feature is that teachers were thought to be responsible for watching over and protecting the healthy development of children. Teachers' evaluation and intervention were seen as protecting them from factors that harm their development. This change was made possible by the shift in the function of schools from selection to education.departmental bulletin pape
Estimating and Developing English Vocabulary Skills of Japanese Learners: A Report on the Newly Established Course ‘Vocabulary’
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塩月桃甫再考―風景画を中心に
Get PDF日本学術振興会科学研究費助成事業基盤研究（C）（一般）
課題番号 21K00170 研究代表者 児島 薫
日本と台湾における都市からみる「故郷」の表象とその比較―1930 年代を中心にarticl
Kusa-zoshi Research Advances in Materials Analysis (1) Prospects for Estimating Year of Establishment Based on Analyzing Paper Quality
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Utako Shimoda resigns as Gakushuin Women's Director (1) - reserch on Utako Shimoda(V)
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