Agricultural machinery and technologies (E-Journal) / Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии
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БИОДЕГРАДИРУЕМЫЕ ПОЛИМЕРЫ КАК МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ ВЫСЕВА СЕМЯН ЗЕРНОВЫХ КУЛЬТУР
Get PDFIncrease of efficiency of grain production, solution of problems of food security demand search and development of innovative technologies at all stages. One of ways of environmentally friendly production is sowing of seeds on an excipient located in the soil, for example, nonwoven fabric made of eco- decomposable decomposed biodegraded polymer. Biodegraded polymeric materials influence on sowing properties of grain crops seeds and provide realization of their potential productivity. The authors used an electroforming method with chloroform and a dichloroethane application to receive nonwoven fabric from poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and its compositions together with synthetic nitrile rubber (PHB-SNR). Polymeric material influences on energy of germination and viability of wheat seeds. Germination index is calculated, heat physical parameters are determined for the polymeric excipient. The major factor influencing seeds germination is a structure of nonwoven fabric. Water diffusion, its supply to seeds and their viability depend on morphological features of polymeric material. Polymer excipient structure influence on speed of development of root system on which, in turn, intensity of destruction of polymer depends. The best indicators of energy of germination and viability of seeds correspond to the greatest value of decrease of melting heat of PHB in mix PHB-SNR. In addition, among the studied samples of PHB-SNR the material received from blend of solvents is most effective. The cause is in feature of its structure favorable for a seed germination
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЧАСТОТНО-ВЛАЖНОСТНЫХ ДИЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК КОРМОВЫХ ТРАВ
Get PDFIn the technologies of green fodder production from freshly harvested grass the moisture content control plays the important role in maintenance of high quality and decrease in losses of prepared fodder. The main field technique of moisture control is the dielectric measuring providing rapidity, comprehensible accuracy, simplicity of use and relatively low cost. The experimental measuring device for investigation of wet grasses dielectric properties based on the capacitive sensor and Agilent 4294А Precision Impedance Analyzer, over the electromagnetic field frequency range of 1-30 MHz, used for measurement of grass moisture content, was presented. Parameters of the flat ring capacitive sensor are studied, and a choice of it was proved. The necessary compacting pressure upon grass samples at calculation of their dielectric characteristics was determined. The problem of conversion the measured by the precision impedance analyzer parameters of a cable with the connected capacitive sensor into parameters of tested material has been solved. The preparation procedure of wet grasses to measuring was developed. The geometrical constant of the sensor was determined in the range of the used frequencies. It was determined the penetration depth of an electromagnetic field of the sensor into the tested material according to which the minimum thickness of the studied material layer under the sensor is limited. Dependences of grasses dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity in the chosen frequency range were experimentally investigated at various values of moisture content and compacting pressure. By results of researches of dielectric properties of grass plants in 2013-2014 a choice of working frequency of measurements in the range of 10-15 MHz and compacting pressure of the studied grasses of 0.31-0.5 N per square meter created by the device was proved
Приоритет - экологизации агпромышленного производства
Get PDFВ конце июня 2015 г. в Государственной Думе состоялся круглый стол на тему «Проблемы обеспечения экологической безопасности производства сельскохозяйственной продукции. Правовой аспект». Мероприятие организовано секцией «Экономические инструменты охраны окружающей среды» Высшего экологического совета Комитета ГД РФ по природным ресурсам, природопользованию и экологии
ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ И ПОСЕВА ЯРОВЫХ ЗЕРНОВЫХ КУЛЬТУР В СИБИРИ
Get PDFFeatures and advantages of introduction of technology of grain crops direct seeding in Siberia are shown. At a choice of technologies of soil cultivating and seeding it is necessary to consider the following major factors: deficiency of moisture during the vegetative period, water, wind erosion, soil degradation, fuel, oil and lubricants expenditure. The combined tillage and sowing machine complexes are worked out in the Siberian Research Institute of Mechanization and Electrification for Agriculture taking into account ways of soil cultivating and spring grain crops seeding. It is established that in the conditions of droughty climate the technology of direct seeding allows to receive sustainable yields. Within 2-3 years it is possible to eliminate soil consolidation and surface roughness by means of the soil-cultivating tools which are available in farms. For creation of necessary soil density an important role is played by a biological loosening on the basis of scientifically founded crop rotations with diversification of grain crops, leguminous, industrial and forage crops, rape, melilot, etc. Due to using of direct seeding technology the need for tractors and machine operators was reduced by 4-5 times, labor content per unit of output decreased, fuel, oil and lubricants expenditure were cut by 3 times. Thus productivity increased by 38 percent, profitability - for 42.9 percent, the profit on sales of 1 t of grain increased by 3.3 times. The stubbles make possible fuller preservation and deduction of moisture in the soil
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНЫЙ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ОБОСНОВАННЫЙ СПОСОБ УПЛОТНЕННЫХ ПОСЕВОВ СЕЛЬХОЗКУЛЬТУР
Get PDFUse of band seeding can be one of effective ways of achievement of this purpose. The authors developed a special pneumatic sowing device for simultaneous seeding of seeds of two crops in one row. The chosen for experiment cultures, soy and maize, have seeds with various size. A pneumatic system for service of two dosing elements was equipped with additional branch pipes, pneumatic seed ejector blade is applied instead of a metal one, so seeds damage eliminates. A disk created for simultaneous sowing of seeds of two crops has two pieces. Their moving relatively each other allows sowing scheme changing without replacement of disks. Key parameters of the sowing device should be determine to provide guaranteed filling of conic cells of the sowing disk and achievement of non-stop operation of the dosing system. Seeds feeding angle for conic cells equals 20-30 degrees. For a guaranteed filling of cells with seeds, length of the basis of a dejection cone should to be 60-80 mm, the relation of quantity of the seeds, which are taken out by a disk on a tape to number of disk turns equals 1.2-1.6 that depends on culture type. For soy with a small seeds, this indicator is less than 1.6. Corn seeds have smaller mobility of seeds and higher unevenness of process of filling of cells, so it is equal 1.4. It is possible to correct the sizes of the sowing device depending on a sowed culture. A seeds saving makes 20-30 percent
Revisiting the pitch angle of the cutting edge of the plough-share to the furrow bottom
No full textMold board soil cultivating is the most power-intensive operation in crop production. Decrease of power consumption of plowing by the plow body is possible in case of change of the pitch angle of the cutting edge to the furrow bottom. Thus cutting by the cutting edge is carried out directly by a cutting edge and part of a facet. The cutting edge creates the maximum main tension, part of a facet - the minimum main tension. The pitch angle of the cutting edge to a furrow bottom has to be such that the elastic deformations excluding destruction of soil particles prevailed at influence of facet part. The expression connecting a pitch angle of the cutting edge to a furrow bottom from the elastic making relative strain of the compression schedule, the plowing depth, length of the fragmented part of the cutting edge is received. Rising of size of an elastic component and depth of plowing increases a pitch angle. The elastic component of relative soil deformation was defined from the analysis of the curve of compression received at destruction of samples with a cylindrical form by pull test machine RM-0.5. It was established that with increase of value of absolute humidity of the loamy soil the elastic component of relative deformation changes on parabolic dependence, accepting a maximum at absolute humidity of the soil (24 percent). For all sizes of plowing depth the pitch angle increases with rising of absolute humidity. The minimum angle value corresponds to plowing depth of 0.2 m, maximum - of 0.25 m. At absolute humidity of 25 percent and plowing depth of 0.2 m the pitch angle makes 2.8 degrees, when depth of 0.25 m - 3.52 degrees. It was established that for the loamy tilth soil the maximum value of a tilt pitch angle of the cutting plough share edge to a furrow bottom should not be above 4 degrees
ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ МЕТОДОВ ПОДАЧИ ВОДЫ В ДВС
Get PDFThe water additive to fuel became one of effective ways of the solution of the main problems of the piston internal combustion engines (ICE) as it reduces thermal factor of the engine, toxic emissions of exhaust products, and also increases efficiency by some operating modes. The way of fuel and air mix with water feeding in the combustion chamber has a great influence on process of combustion. Experimental installation for obtaining comparative characteristics of the main methods of water supply in the ICE combustion chamber was created. It was defined that there are two ways of water supply in the combustion chamber. At the first way water feed is carried out in the form of a water fuel emulsion which moves to the combustion chamber through a nozzle by means of the fuel pump with a high pressure. At the second way water arrives with air through the spraying element - the carburetor or a nozzle. This way is very simple in difference of emulsion feeding. The easiest way is nozzles application. It was established that the emulsion as the non-uniform highly dispersed fluid can be divide into components. Therefore it is necessary to use during the feeding system operation special emulsifiers with air for the uniformity water getting to the cylinder. The system for each nozzle opening at some point was offered. System of feedback with sensors of exhaust gases temperature in a final collector for adjustment of duration of injection was worked out. It was showed that at the developed experimental stand it is possible to carry out tests at various power modes. As result it will be possible to estimate both ways of fuel and air mix with water feeding