Agricultural machinery and technologies (E-Journal) / Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии
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Совершенствование элементов теории кавитационной диспергации торфа
Get PDFHumic fertilizers production technologies based on alkaline extraction of humic substances from peat with the subsequent their extraction and cleaning are widely known. Acoustic cavitation to an intensification of processes of crystallization, diffusion, extraction was actively applied in recent 10 years. Technological processes of operation of the ultrasonic generator and a cavitation dispergator are considered. Technical distinctions between them at impact on firm particles of two-component mixes are defined. Theoretical definitions of ultrasonic and hydrodynamic extraction were specified. Mechanism of extraction and its mathematical equation are considered. Features of the hydrodynamic mode of extraction of target components from porous materials what peat is are revealed. It is defined that vortex extraction, extraction in the mode of vacuum boiling and explosive boiling up of an extraction agent, application of mechanical oscillations of suspension, pressure pulsations have the greatest impact on speed of an intensification of diffusion process. It is necessary to improve the diffusive and convective extraction theory by input in mathematical calculations of the additional coefficients considering increase influence of peat suspension temperature in the course of cavitation and activation of a liquid component of suspension on efficiency of diffusive and convective process. It is noted that it is also necessary to enter coefficient of activation of liquid during cavitational processing of peat suspension. A difference of pH indicators before and after activation can be a basis for mathematical calculation of this coefficient. A scientific hypothesis of extraction of humic substances from peat which is used when development of an equipment and technological process for humic fertilizers production on a basis of cavitation was suggested
Самонастраивающаяся система автоматического управления посевным агрегатом
Get PDFThe selfadjusting automatic control of sowing unit and differentiated introduction of mineral fertilizers doses according to agrochemical indicators of the soil (precision agriculture) are used wider nowadays. It was defined that the main requirement to the differentiated seeding and fertilizing is an accuracy and duration of transition from one norm to another. Established that at a speed of unit of 10 km/h object moves for 0.5 s about on 1.5 m and more. Thus in this device the radio channel originated differentiated correction is updated in 10 s, and in the RTK mode - 0.5-2 s that breaks the accuracy of introduction of seeds and fertilizers. The block schematic diagram of system of automatic control of technological process of seeding and mineral fertilizing with use of navigation means of machine-tractor aggregates orientation in the field and technical means for realization of technology of precision agriculture at sowing and fertilizers application due to electronic maps of soil fertility and navigation satellite systems was worked out. It was noted that for regulation of a fertilizing dose it is necessary to complete the unit with the electric drive, and for error reduction use navigation GLONASS, GPS, Galileo receivers. To tracking of four leading navigation systems GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/Compass receiver with 32 canals developed by domestic-owned firm «KB NAVIS» was suggested. It was established that the automated device created by All-Russia Research Institute of Mechanization for Agriculture information based on NAVSTAR and GLONASS/GPS system successfully operates seeding and make possible the differentiate fertilizing
Энергетическая и технологическая оценка почвообрабатывающего рабочего органа
Get PDFSoil-cultivating is the most power-intensive operation in crop production. It was defined that decrease in power consumption of a ploughshare as the most loaded working tool of the plow is possible due to its oscillation or by change of its parameters. It was noted that the perspective direction of decrease in power consumption is shape change of a ploughshare or its cutting edge. It was established that if the ploughshare operates in the layer split mode at the prevailing role of tangential shearing stress, then it is expedient to change parameters of all surface; if in the broken layer mode - only parameters of the cutting edge. The device for dynamometer test of hinged plows was worked out. The results obtained in experimental studies confirmed expediency of change of a shape of the cutting edge owing to a deviation of an edge of the fragmented part of a ploughshare towards a moldboard front surface by 2, 3 and 4 degrees. It was educed that at 2 degrees angle deviation the horizontal component of plowing resistance is less than control by 7.2 percent, 3 degrees - by 5.7, 4 degrees - by 3.6 percent. It was established that surface ridgeness during the operating of ploughshares with 2 degrees angle of flange in comparison with control increased by 22.6 percent, 3 degrees - by 5.46 percent, with 4 degrees angle this indicator decreased by 8.21 percent. Trash burial ratio was respectively higher by 7.56; 7.61 and 6.50 percent, and soil pulverization coefficient - by 8.52; 13.17 and 15.55 percent. It was proved that the highest trash burial ratio corresponds to a ploughshare with 4 degrees angle of flange. It was showed that taking into account the minimum value of a horizontal component of plowing resistance, soil pulverization coefficients and trash burial ratio on loamy soils it is more expedient to use a ploughshare with a with 2 degrees angle of flange
ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО ПАРКА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ТРАКТОРОВ РОССИИ
Get PDFIn the market of agricultural tractors of Russia in 2013 were 900 domestic models, or 3.4 percent. There were produced 7655 tractors, 6707 from which were foreign models. It was revealed that purchasing power of the agricultural organizations appears at profitability not less than 20 percent. Because this indicator is 5.2-11.7 percent lower, agricultural enterprises are not able to turn over their fleets. The authors have presented the forecast of development of tractor fleet till 2020 taking into account the solution of national tasks, including import substitution and dynamics of the annual purchases providing its realization. Methodology of development of the State program of food import substitution based on tractor fleet revival as conditions of self-sustainability of Russia was proposed. A role of tractor fleet as multiplier in development of the mechanized agricultural production was revealed. The first-priority problem is working out of tractors of economic category.На рынке сельскохозяйственных тракторов России в 2013 г. отечественные модели составили 0,9 тыс.ед., или 3,4 процента. Было произведено 7655 тракторов, 6707 из которых представлены иностранными моделями. Выявили, что покупательная способность сельскохозяйственных организаций появляется при рентабельности не менее 20 процентов. Так как этот показатель на 5,2-11,7 процента ниже, сельхозпредприятия не способны полноценно обновлять парк. Представили прогноз развития тракторного парка до 2020 г. с учетом решения национальных задач, включая импортозамещение и динамику годовых закупок, обеспечивающих его реализацию. Предложили Методологию разработки Государственной программы продовольственного импортозамещения на основе возрождения тракторного парка как условия самодостаточности России. Выявили роль тракторного парка как мультипликатора в развитии механизированного сельхозпроизводства. В качестве первоочередной представили задачу разработки тракторов экономической категории
ВЛИЯНИЕ ДОБАВОК МАСЕЛ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ НА СМАЗЫВАЮЩИЕ СВОЙСТВА ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ТОПЛИВА
Get PDFPossibility of practical use of vegetable-derived oils additives (on the example of rape oil) in diesel fuel for increase of its lubricity was considered. Hydrodynamic, thermal loading and, as a result, durability of basic elements of fuel system of the engine including a nozzle, depend on fuel wear-preventive properties, abrasive particle contamination, physical and chemical, elastic properties, burning characteristics. Domestic types of fuel have low wear-preventive, ecological and sanitary properties. All of them conform less to modern ecological requirements. A goal of research is increase of durability of nozzles by improvement of wear-preventive properties of diesel fuels. Estimated Influence on the indicators characterizing wear-preventive properties of fuel (density, kinematic viscosity, a superficial tension, friction coefficient), additives of improvers on the basis of rape oil at a variation of the mass contents. It was showed that at an additive no more than 5% the variation of the fuel parameters characterizing wear-preventive properties is in the limits meeting the requirements of the standard. Use of improvers on the basis of vegetable oils is viable for increase of durability of precision interfaces of a nozzle sprayer as a result of improvement of wear-preventive properties of diesel fuel
Состояние производства и применения жидких минеральных удобрений в сельском хозяйстве
Get PDFAn analysis of production and application of mineral fertilizers in Russia revealed that that despite the steady growth of their release (18.4 million tons of active ingredient in 2013), agricultural enterprises used only 2.7 million tons of active ingredient: on average 38 kg/ha in arable land. Prospects of use of liquid nitric fertilizers (сarbamide-ammonia mixture CAM) with potential requirement of agriculture in 2030 about 117 thousand tons of active ingredient. The authors evaluated CAM use under production conditions in various soil and climatic zones of the country. An average increase of grain and row crop productivity at introduction of CAM made 10-15 percent, in comparison with ammonium nitrate, because of more exact dispensing (5 percent), uniform introduction (V is no more than 10 percent) and minimization of losses. An application of CAM under production conditions in JSC KlinAgro in the Moscow region showed high economic efficiency due to mixture contained these mineral fertilizers and plant protection products: labor input cut by 2 times, direct operating cost - by 2.5 times. Herbicide granstar rate can be reduce by 15 percent at its introduction with CAM in the form of mix due to a synergism of initial components. The authors developed machine technologies of the differentiated introduction of the liquid mineral fertilizers (LMF) taking into account soil heterogeneity; introduction of LMF mixed with pesticides and retardants according to the main phases of plants organogenesis and results of vegetable diagnostics and a phytosanitary condition of crops; preparation of solutions and suspensions of fertilizers with a programmable ratio of nutrients for their simultaneous introduction during one pass of the unit