Agricultural machinery and technologies (E-Journal) / Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии
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СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЯЧМЕНЯ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ МИКРОУДОБРЕНИЙ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЧЕРНОЗEМНОЙ ЗОНЫ
Get PDFCrops need the balanced intake of nutrients during the whole vegetative period. For ensuring plant nutrition microcells play a major role: boron, manganese, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum. It is possible to determine balance of need of plants for nutrients by method of functional diagnostics of a condition of chloroplast - green plastids of the plant cells, which are carrying out photosynthesis. Technologies of cultivation of agricultural cultures with application of microelement fertilizer Aquarin-15 and a plant growth biostimulant Bazik were improved. Rapid diagnostic was realized in laboratories of functional diagnostics «Aquadonis». It was established that barley seeds treatment by microfertilizer promotes increase of their germination energy and viability, and also dry matter accumulation. After seeds treatment by microfertilizer at leaf-feeding dressing the extra grain yield was equal 10-24 percent, and after seeds treatment - 10-16 percentСельскохозяйственные культуры нуждаются в сбалансированном поступлении питательных веществ на протяжении всего вегетационного периода. В обеспечении питания растений большую роль играют микроэлементы: бор, марганец, сера, железо, медь, цинк, молибден. Показали, что определить баланс потребности растений в питательных веществах возможно методом функциональной диагностики состояния хлоропластов - зеленых пластидов растительных клеток, осуществляющих фотосинтез. Усовершенствовали технологии возделывания сельхозкультур с применением микроэлементного удобрения Акварин-15 и биостимулятора роста Базик. Экспресс-диагностику проводили в лаборатории функциональной диагностики «Аквадонис». Установили, что обработка семян ячменя микроудобрением способствует повышению их энергии прорастания и всхожести, а также накоплению сухого вещества. Выявили, что прибавка урожая зерна после обработки семян микроудобрениями при листовых подкормках составила 10-24 процента, а при обработке семян - 10-16 процентов
Requirement of equipment for direct-flow and transshipment technologies of transportation of the silage
No full textТопливноэнергетические ресурсы на базе энергоэкономных технологий и технических средств в сельском хозяйстве
Get PDFThe state and efficiency of the use of the energy supply systems in agriculture were analyzed. It is demonstrated that grids and power equipment deterioration exceeds 30 percent, and fuel volume-efficiency ratio is not more than 35 percent in this sector. A considerable part of the country territory (mainly the northern one) does not have centralized power supply. Decentralized cogeneration systems with extensive use of renewable energy sources and local energy recourses are highly efficient for this part. A necessity of development of methodology and recommendations for the selection of efficient systems and technical means of power supply to agricultural enterprises was substantiated with due consideration of their location, load intensity and distance from centralized grids. The most important indication of energy efficiency is energy intensity of products and energy inputs share in the production cost. Reserves for energy saving including the development of energy-efficient technologies and technical means, some of which have already been developed (equipment for lighting, microclimate, primary treatment and storage of products, disinfection) or are at the completion stage were presented. Their implementation in agricultural production will make it possible to raise considerably the efficiency of the use of fuel and power resources and to reduce energy consumption. The conditions in which the use of decentralized power supply systems is most efficient were educed. The characteristics of related equipment and the specifics of its use at agricultural enterprises are described. The proposal and priority actions for the development and upgrading of power supply systems for agriculture have been elaborated
ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ СРОКОВ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ПОЛЕВЫХ РАБОТ В УСЛОВИЯХ СИБИРИ
Get PDFMethodical approaches were analyzed for justifying of the field work terms. The concept of economically feasible dates of fieldwork was introduced. They could be more long-time compared with optimal, on condition of equality of the expenses connected with harvest losses because of delay of terms of field works carrying out and expenses caused by technical ensuring these terms. Thus, it is necessary to consider that terms of this or that technological operation don’t coincide for all fields. In addition, agricultural enterprises sowed rye, peas, barley, and other grain crops of different ripening periods: long-duration, intermediate and early. Assignment of costs for maintenance of a technological operation is carried out with taking into account the tractor and agricultural machines using by other technological operations. Analytical expression for determination of economically expedient terms of field works carrying out in the conditions of Siberia was achieved.Проанализировали методические подходы при обосновании технического обеспечения оптимальных агротехнических сроков проведения полевых работ. Ввели понятие «экономически целесообразные сроки проведения полевых работ». Они могут быть более продолжительными, по сравнению с оптимальными, при условии равенства издержек, связанных с потерями урожая из-за запаздывания сроков проведения полевых работ и затрат, обусловленных техническим обеспечением этих сроков. При этом необходимо учитывать, что сроки той или иной технологической операции не совпадают для всех полей. Кроме того, сельхозпредприятия высевают рожь, горох, ячмень и другие зерновые культуры различных сроков созревания: поздне-, средне- и раннеспелые. Затраты на техническое обеспечение той или иной технологической операции определили с учетом занятости трактора и сельхозмашин на других технологических операциях в течение года. Получили аналитическое выражение для определения экономически целесообразных сроков проведения полевых работ в условиях Сибири
РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ СКОРОСТЕЙ ВОЗДУШНОГО ПОТОКА В ГЛУБОКОМ ПНЕВМОСЕПАРИРУЮЩЕМ КАНАЛЕ
Get PDFThere are air separators in agriculture, which clean seed materials only by means of an air stream. Thanks to constructive simplicity and compactness the machines having the rectangular cross-section channel with vertical air stream feed are especially popular. Efficiency of cleaning of the processed material in such channel is depending on its depth. For this reason depth in all channels in the air separators and air separating systems of seed cleaning machines does not exceed 300 mm. It was revealed that depth of the channel can be increased due to applying special constructive decisions, for example plates barriers. Distribution of air stream speed influences quality of operation of the air separating machines. The field of air stream speeds in the channel was estimated by distribution factor determined by a probability theory method. The authors were investigated influence of plates-barriers on distribution of air stream speed in the air separating channel and on efficiency of cleaning of the processed material. It was established that at grain loading of 2 kg per sq. m per hour in the channel with plates-barriers of 700 mm in depth distribution factor of air stream speed was 3.7 times lower, than in traditional one without barriers (4.4 percent against 16.2), and air separator productivity thus increased by 15-50 percent. This channel can be used at cleaning of lightweight seeds, thin, small seeds of the main culture from hardly separable weed seeds with getting the processed material to categories of original and elite seeds (in accordance with All Union State standard R 52325-2005
ИНТЕГРАЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ МАШИННОТРАКТОРНОГО ПАРКА СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА
Get PDFAn indicator for an integral assessment of efficiency of a fleet of agricultural machinery and tractors is proposed. Its calculating consists in multiplying partial efficiencies together: technical and price efficiency of agricultural production, and eco-efficiency of a fleet of agricultural machinery and tractors. Using an axiomatic method, the concept of efficiency of fleet was studied within broader category of productivity and in wider scales - within agriculture. The most general and obvious statements according to which efficiency of machine and tractor fleet is considered as indirectly settlement size counted proceeding from efficiency of agricultural production, were accepted as axioms. In general, efficiency is a ratio between productivity of an object in question and that of the theoretical ideal or an object with maximum productivity efficiency of which is accepted equal to unity or 100%. Technical efficiency of agricultural production characterizes the ability of an agricultural sector to produce the technically maximum output of agricultural produce obtained from the available resources (land, labor, machines, etc.). Price efficiency evaluates the ability of an agricultural sector to produce output of agricultural produce with regard to employing the optimal mix of resources given their prices. Because the theoretical ideal does not exist, efficiency of an agricultural sector, e.g. in Russia and of its fleet of agricultural machinery and tractors, is measured against agriculture of another country with maximum productivity efficiency of which is accepted as equal to unity or 100 percent. The calculation can be made on the basis of the Data Envelopment Analysis method. It is possible to calculate price and economic efficiency of Russian agriculture (fleet of agricultural machinery and tractors) due to use its domestic prices
ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО ПАРКА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ТРАКТОРОВ РОССИИ
Get PDFFormation of tractors park and its perspective development are carried out on the basis of realization and improvement of the scientifically based types range constructed on a traction classification sign which conforms to requirements of agricultural production when performing two main conditions: full meeting the requirements for various standard sizes of tractors applicable to conditions of the corresponding zones of Russia and continuous reproduction and development of tractor fleet, both by quantity of efficient machinery and its structure. The developed types range practically runs the gamut of organizational and economic and climatic conditions, and also all range of forms of the organizations using machinery, beginning from individual consumers, small and large rent and contract collectives and finishing large-scale enterprises and their associations. Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat) information about a steady tendency of fleet reduction was used for studying of regularities of development of tractor fleet. This information was added by analytical synthesis of data about the annual brand purchases in the Russian market of agricultural tractors. The developed database shows a share of the tractors in fleets of agricultural organizations, which are used over depreciation term, and also minimum necessary number of new machines introduction for formation of volume of tractors with limit age and the total quantity of tractors necessary for minimization of set of expenses. It was established that it is possible to estimate visually the developed quantitative and age structure of tractors fleet and to predict its development on prospect by worked out database representing set of annual tractors brand lines purchasing
СНИЖЕНИЕ ПОТЕРЬ И ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА МОТОРНЫХ ТОПЛИВ В АПК
Get PDFThe classification of the factors influencing change of fuel quality at storage is presented. Interrelation of the physical and chemical processes proceeding at storage of fuel in steel tanks is established. Tank vapor and water recovery with use of vortex devices, inexpensive and simple on a designs is offered to reduce qualitative and quantitative storage loss. The scheme of equipment for prevention of fuel flooding and evaporation losses decrease is presented. The unit makes possible reducing emission of oil products vapors in the atmosphere by 85 percent. Applying of multifunctional additives for increase of motor fuels stability at storage is offered. Requirements to structure of multifunctional additives for diesel fuel are formulated. The structure 2,2 ‘-dihydroxyazo-compounds conforms completely to these requirements. Their protective effect makes more than 60 percent, the speed of oxidizing processes decreases by 2-3 times, the speed of sediments accumulation decreases by 9 times. Applying of the ester composition synthesized from renewable raw materials to improve diesel fuel quality is offered. The ester composition has the best ecological characteristics in comparison both with oil, and with biodiesel fuel. At its applying exhaust opacity decreases by 45 percent, the CO content in exhaust gases - by 35 percent, but unburned hydrocarbons - by 25 percent. Because of ester composition evaporation losses at storage are 2,5 times less, than at oil fuel storage
Научнотехническое обеспечение применения ГЛОНАСС в сельскохозяйственном производстве
Get PDFIntroduction of technologies of the operated farming in agricultural production will support quality hi-tech breakthrough of agrarian sector of economy and a demand of GLONASS system and means in agriculture. The main directions of GLONASS system application in the Russian agrarian and industrial complex were noted. The list of the priority technological operations demanding use of specialized firmware and GLONASS were defined. The description of the main results of research and development were received in the All-Russian Research Institute of Mechanization for Agriculture in the field of diagnostic engineering, mathematical and the software support in creation of the automated machines for precision agriculture and also regarding standard ensuring of application of technologies of the operated farming. The main directions of researches of GLONASS application in agriculture were established. In this case development of requirements to positioning accuracy, introduction of innovative technologies of the operated farming and specialized technical means and the equipment for use of GLONASS are the most actual. The research engineering program for creation of technical means of plant production in system of precision agriculture under control of GLONASS is offered. Transition to the GLONASS/GPS technologies of precision agriculture and equipment of new generation will make it possible to solve a problem of increase of agricultural products production efficiency.Внедрение технологий управляемого земледелия в сельхозпроизводство обеспечит качественный высокотехнологичный прорыв аграрного сектора экономики и востребованности системы и средств ГЛОНАСС в сельском хозяйстве. Отметили основные направления применения системы ГЛОНАСС в российском АПК. Определили перечень приоритетных технологических операций, требующих применения специализированного аппаратно-программного обеспечения и ГЛОНАСС. Дали описание основных результатов НИОКР, полученных ВИМ в области методов и средств диагностики, математического и программного обеспечения в создании автоматизированных машин для точного земледелия, а также в части нормативного обеспечения применения технологий управляемого земледелия. Установили основные направления исследований по применению ГЛОНАСС в сельском хозяйстве, из которых наиболее актуальны разработка требований к точности позиционирования, внедрение инновационных технологий управляемого земледелия и специализированных технических средств и оборудования для использования ГЛОНАСС. Предложили программу НИР по созданию технических средств производства продукции растениеводства в системе точного земледелия под управлением ГЛОНАСС. Переход к оснащенным ГЛОНАСС/GPS технологиям точного земледелия и технике нового поколения позволит решить задачу повышения эффективности производства сельхозпродукции
