Agricultural machinery and technologies (E-Journal) / Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии
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РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ВОЗДУШНОМИНЕРАЛЬНОЙ СМЕСИ ПО КАНАЛАМ ШТАНГОВОЙ МАШИНЫ ДЛЯ ВНЕСЕНИЯ УДОБРЕНИЙ
Get PDFNumerous studies established that the average crop yield depends on the nature of distribution of fertilizer doses in the field. Unevenness of fertilizers diffusion of considerably worsens plants responsiveness, reduces technological and biological advantages of a yield, promotes accumulation of nitrates in crops, and also leads to environmental pollution. For distribution of mineral fertilizers centrifugal and rod units that adequately apply fertilizers but don’t guarantee the required quality of particle distribution on the field are most popular. However nonuniformity makes 25 and 10 percent respectively. In this regard the working out of technological processes and work tools for machines ensuring application of fertilizers adapted to the types of plants mineral nutrition and substantiation of means of control and management of technological processes are a significant scientific problem. The functions of the variation in the ejectors diameter in boom applicators for applying of additional and basic doses of solid mineral fertilizers were substantiated. As the result it was defined that the function of the ejectors diameter variation depends on the inner diameter of the rod, speed profile of the air and mineral mixture moving along the rod, the number of ejectors on the rod. Basic calculations were derived from the fact that for the normally system operate equality of air and mineral mixture stream entering and leaving the rod through the ejectors should be retained. The created pressure of the air and mineral mixture could be approximated by the Clapeyron - Mendeleev equation in isothermal movement and written in the Descartes’ system of Euler equations
Efficiency of use of the beating willows as a part of lines of primary processing of wool
No full textQuality of dry cleaning of native sheep wool from mechanical and technological pollution influences directly on efficiency of primary processing technologiess. However, available rippers and beaters don’t achieve insufficient extent of dry cleaning ( only 36-40 percent), that does not conform to the standards of production requirements (not less than 40 percent). Institute of livestock production engineering of National academy of agrarian sciences of Ukraine together with «Proks ltd.» have worked out a design and created a prototype of beater MT-001A-12. The authors have researched efficiency of its use as a part of the technological module of wool preprocessing TM POV-8.0 in private enterprise Romantsov I.M. The prototype has good operational and technological indicators, qualitatively carries out process of an opening and deviling of dirty wool. Extent of dirt toppings removal makes 41.9-43.2 percent. Quality of dry cleaning of dirty sheep wool improved. Payback period of the technological module is less than one year. The obtained results of researches testify to high efficiency and prospects of use of MT-001A-12 as a part of wool preprocessing lines
УНИВЕРСАЛЬНАЯ КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ТРАВМАТИЧЕСКИХ ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЙ ВНУТРЕННИХ СТРУКТУР СЕМЯН СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР
Get PDFQuality of sowing material considerably depends both on a biological condition of seeds, and on technologies and technical means applied by machine preprocessing. Thus, the caryopsides damages arising at mechanical and thermomechanical influence from working tools of machines and units have essential value. Besides damages of integrity of caryopsides covers there are traumatic changes their internal structures which are often hidden by covers and are not visible at visual inspection. The condition of internal caryopsides structures was researched by a radiographic method. Possible types of their traumatic changes were defined. Influence of the listed types of injuries on sowing qualities of seeds was estimated. It was revealed that seeds with endosperm bruising had reduced field germination rate, in comparison with intact ones, by 2.25-3.75 percent. It was defined that decrease in field germination of seeds having less than four internal cracks made 30.25-37.0 percent; for seeds with quantity of four cracks and more - respectively, 38.0-48.75 percent. It was noted that barley seeds in the first case reduced germination by the 37 percent; in the second - by 48.75 percent (for comparison, oats and wheat seeds - by 39 and 38 percent respectively). It was established that reduction of field germination by 1 percent reduces yield of spring grain crops by 1.5-2.0 percent, and winter ones - by 1.0-1.5 percent. The universal classification of traumatic damages of crops seeds internal structures was suggested
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫМИ МОБИЛЬНЫМИ АГРЕГАТАМИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ НАВИГАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ГЛОНАСС/GPS
Get PDFAgricultural machine and tractor units operate in the conditions of the variable action caused by the numerous disturbance having casual character. In this regard optimization of unit operating modes at disturbance stochastic nature is necessary. The problems of control of the agricultural unit (AU) solved by means of electronics subtending existence of universal system of receiving and use of information display. It was showed that at processes control automation proceeding at AU operation the following problems are solved: regulation of position of working tools of mounted and trailing machines, norms and uniformity of agricultural materials application into the soil on width of capture and depth depending on movement speed; automation of power transmission of AU; regulation of engine load; control of technological, power and operational parameters, including automation of MTA driving. The modern AU control system was synthesized. Several program levels were allocated in structure of AU control and management. It was showed that at the first level direct control of the unit in really measured parameters is exercised. The second level connects operations of control of the operated systems. Optimization procedures belong to the third level. Driving is one of the important parameters connected with unit operation. Established that at the mobile unit movement it is influenced by the casual disturbance of the fundamental (with the period of 100-200 m, with an amplitude of 5 m) and phase (the period of 17-30 m and amplitude - 0,1 m) oscillations resulting from variation of specific soil drag, width of capture and cultivation depth. It was proved that at creation of automatic control systems of it is necessary to consider casual character and ergonomics of disturbance
НОВАЯ ВЫСЕВАЮЩАЯ СИСТЕМА ДЛЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННОГО ВНЕСЕНИЯ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ
Get PDFThe existing sowing systems (SS) of machines for fertilizers application not fully provide quality of introduction of mineral fertilizers. Unevenness and instability of application reach 20-40 percent at demanded to 15 percent. The SS equipped with glow coil of original design was offered for ensuring necessary quality of mineral fertilizers distribution across the field at their intra soil differentiated introduction. Flow rate of SS was regulated with the help of the executive mechanism with the linear actuator and a reducer modified for work with the block of control and management according to the prescription map. Researches were conducted on purpose: estimating of operability of new SS, with the new drive for change of frequency of rotation of the coil; establishments of functional dependences between flow rate of SS, i.e. ability to provide its necessary range of change of doses at the differentiated introduction of fertilizers; estimates of quality of work of experimental SS for the differentiated introduction of mineral fertilizers. Researches were carried out both in laboratory and field conditions. Functional dependence of flow rate of SS on number of turns of coils is received. It is established also that flow rate of SS directly depends on percent of opening of the actuator and frequency of rotation of the sowing coil. The minimumtime of transfer from one to other dose equals 0.9 seconds. It is established that at SS with the three experimental coil devices unevenness of seeding between devices makes 4.5 persent. Instability of seeding does not exceed 3 persent. The maximum values of unevenness of seeding between 3 sowing devices and instability of seeding between replications are received when opening of the actuator was 40 persent, and frequency of rotation - 22 rpm, which nevertheless, also meet requirements for the sowing systems
ИСПЫТАНИЯ СИСТЕМЫ МОНИТОРИНГА СМЕННЫХ КУЗОВОВ
Get PDFSwap bodies using at agricultural freights is very popular now. Thus the number of vehicles is reduced, operational costs are cut. Efficiency of swap bodies application increases at introduction of transport monitoring system for the purpose of the centralized remote supervision for its movement control. Swap bodies monitoring system was tested, its working ability influence on efficiency of transport service were studied. The block of data acquisition and transfer for swap bodies monitoring system was worked out and tested. Due to indicator of a body filling operability the sensor of level of bulks was checked. The speed of indicator operation when body filling makes 5-10 seconds. Thus filling of a swap body is displayed on the monitor in control office. Location of a swap body display on the monitor in control office was defined by means of imposing of the pictogram on a district map with the indication of coordinates. The device for determination of duration of autonomous work of system works within 2 days, time of a battery charging made 3 h. The device for the swap bodies monitoring system carries out functions in full, providing remote supervision over work of system
ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА КОЧЕК ЗАКОЧКАРЕННЫХ ЛУГОВ И ПАСТБИЩ
Get PDFScientific researches of tussocks physical and technological properties are necessary for working out of technological means for improvement of the tussock meadows and pastures. The author has defined a type of tussocks, geometrical indicators, a form and density of their location. Investigation of a flood meadow, which was near the river Orsha in Kalinin district of the Tver region was conducted. It was showed that the average nominal diameter of the tussock bottom was equal 410 mm, height - 470 mm. Averaged density of a tussocks location made 1.7 pieces per sq. m. The main indicators of physical and technological properties of tussocks for use of machines for cultivating of the tussock forage lands were conducted. It was given that density of tussocks was equal 1.23-1.49 g per cc, absolute moisture of a tussock was 25.3 percent, earthy hillock - 19.3 percent, hardness - 116, and 5.5 kPa respectively. Installation for determination of shear strength of a hillock is worked out. It was revealed that the greatest energy expenses accrue to the lower layers of tussoks.Для разработки технологических средств улучшения закочкаренных лугов и пастбищ необходимы научные исследования физических и технологических свойств растительных и землистых кочек. Определили вид кочек, геометрические показатели, форму и густоту их расположения. Провели обследование пойменного луга на реке Орша Калининского района Тверской области. Показали, что средний условный диаметр основания кочки составил 410 мм, высота - 470 мм. Густота расположения кочек в среднем составила 1,7 шт./кв. м. Получили основные показатели физических и технологических свойств кочек для использования машин с целью обработки закочкаренных кормовых угодий. Определили, что наибольшая плотность кочек равна 1,23-1,49 г/куб. см, абсолютная влажность растительной кочки - 25,3 процента, землистой - 19,3 процента, твердость - 11,6 и 5,5 кПа соответственно. Pазработали установку для определения сопротивления кочки сдвигу. Выявили, что наибольшие затраты энергии приходятся на нижние слои кочек
Влияние равномерности внесения птичьего помета на урожайность зерновых культур
Get PDFPossibility of increase of efficiency of poultry manure application due to more evenness of fertilizer application into the soil was investigated. Machines with a wide range of regulation of an application rate, for example ROU-6 with interval from 4 to 80 t/ha are for this purpose necessary. Efficiency of poultry manure application for grain crops was increased due to using of machines of drum type with optimum doses fertilizing (12-16 t/ha). An assessment of efficiency was carried out. The drums rotation speed, shovel quantity and shape, their installation angle and a design of the directing board were determined. The developed modified working of a spreader of drum type allowed to reduce unevenness of width fertilizing by 12-14 percent, on length of unit pass - by 5 percent. It was established that if the dose increases more than 8 t/ha, the crop productivity growths not significant. At reduction of fertilizing unevenness from 97 to 72 percent yield losses decrease by 54.4 percent. At reduction of fertilizing unevenness more than 97 percent, efficiency worsens by 58 percent. Poultry manure spreading by the machine and tractor unit MTZ-82.1 + ROU-6M afforded an yield by 38 percent higher, in comparison with the machine and tractor unit T-150K + PRT-10. At decrease in unevenness from 82 to 43 percent of barley loss decreased by 29 percent. It was revealed that spreading by machine ROU-6M provided a yield increase by 8.6 percent more, than by machine PRT-10. Yield losses because of spreading unevenness made: by the PRT-10 operating - 30 percent; by the ROU-6M operating - 0.33 percent. The grain yield increase was higher thanks to more evenness of fertilizer application by ROU-6M with the new spreading working element
ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕГАЮЩЕГО ПОДКАПЫВАЮЩЕГО РАБОЧЕГО ОРГАНА
Get PDFAt potatoes digging up by the potato-digger with the serial digging working elements the wide ploughshares transfer large soil volume to the separating working elements uneven that leads to their overload. As a result loss of potato tubers increases and quality of unit operation worsens. The energy saving digging working element increasing productivity and improving quality of work was developed. It was proved that for increase in productivity and quality improvement of work potato-diggers should be sectionalized, consisting of the main ploughshares of the reduced width and the intermediate digging ploughshare being in a zone of inter-row spacings. It was established that the digging working element processes the necessary part of a ridge in which potatoes tubers are located, and transfers the minimum mass of soil layer to the separating elevator. For this purpose length of the intermediate ploughshare which is in a zone of inter-row spacings should be less, than of the main ploughshares. In the course of operating the intermediate ploughshare does not dig out a lateral zone of a potato ridge and a zone of inter-row spacings with the greatest density, and only pick up the fallen tubers from inter-row spacings and directs the main elevator. Width of the main ploughshare and its traction resistance were proved theoretically after study of physical and mechanical properties of a potato ridge. Width of a ploughshare should be within 43-45 cm, the traction resistance of one ploughshare - 2.96 kN, a ploughshare tilt angle - no more than 24 degrees, and ploughshare length - no more than 4.75 cm. The energy saving вigging working element processes soil of a potato ridge by 15-25 percent less in comparison with serial, the traction resistance of a ploughshare decreases by 14-24 percent, losses of potato tubers decrease, and also unit productivity increases due to its speed rising
Моделирование теплои массопереноса при осциллирующей сушке зерна в мобильной зерносушилке
Get PDFFeatures of heat and mass transfer in a grain dryer and in a kernel at oscillating drying, one of energy saving technologies, were considered. In comparison with widespread in agriculture technologies at constancy of agent of drying temperatures it allows to reduce energy consumption by 20 percent at preservation or increase in nameplate capacity of the dryer. It was noted that improvement of technology and technical means of drying are possible at mathematical modeling of processes of heat and mass transfer in a grain dryer with the subsequent transition to a grain layer. The basic conditions of ensuring safe seeds drying at an oscillating method are decrease in duration of influence of the high-temperature drying agent and increase in its temperature potential that increases intensity of process and reduces energy consumption. Calculated Characteristics of the grain drying mode and parameters of the dryer, including duration of the periods of oscillating drying, temperature highly- and the low-temperature agent of drying, the lying duration, height of the over-the-dryer hopper used as a heat and mass exchanger in the mobile dryer. Transfer of moisture and heat in a kernel and it cover at a bigger admissible temperature of grain heating in mathematical models in comparison with method at an invariable temperature of the drying agent were considered. Key parameters of process and the device in a mobile grain dryer were determined. To increase efficiency and energy saving drying should be carried out at a temperature of grain heating close to maximum permissible. Height of the over-the-dryer hopper) should be not less than 0.7 m