Agricultural machinery and technologies (E-Journal) / Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии
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Технология и техника для уборки и транспортировки зерна в селекции и первичном семеноводстве
Get PDFTrial plots are necessary for breed new varieties and renewal of the used ones on a scientific basis. Efficiency and an intensification of selection breeding and seed production processes substantially depends on technique of selection establishments. Creation of new generation of machines should be carried out according to the reached technological level and constructive decisions directed on resource-saving and the fullest accounting of agrobiological features of objects of machine influence, especially grain crops. In the course of grain harvest and transportation when selection works the bags complicated mechanization of process of delivery of grain from the harvester to a point of processing was widely applied so far. The authors suggested to substitute soft bags for rigid containers. Dimensions of transportation containers should be not exceeding a cross internal dimension of vehicles or multiply to take place in this dimension. The container dimension in the plan is a square with side not less than 1120 mm and high not less than 565 mm. A bottom of containers for grain drying is holed, a grain layer is no more than 300 mm. Due to containers advantages technological capabilities are possible: transportations of grain from the harvest to the point of grain processing, grain drying in containers, a mechanized unloading. Use of such containers will allow to lower labor and farm costs and by 5 times, to double filling of warehouses, completely to liquidate manual works at loading and unloading operations, to reduce wasted time by 1.5-2 times
Обоснование оптимального режима работы пневматического сортировального стола производительностью 9 т/ч
Get PDFDuring operation of a gravity table separator it is necessary to consider a set of the interconnected technological parameters, each of which has an optimum value providing high overall performance of this machine. Optimum parameters of an operating mode of a gravity table separator with a productivity of 9 tons per hour were proved. The pitch and cross tilt angles of a screen deck, speed of an air stream, amplitude and frequency of fluctuations of a screen deck were defined. It was experimentally established that the pitch has optimum value of 7-10 degrees, tilt - 7-8 degrees. While meeting these parameters maximum efficiency of cleaning of the processed material was received. A size of a cross tilt angle of a screen deck influences thickness of a processed material layer on its working surface. So, at angles 7 and 4 degrees layer thickness respectively makes 40 and 60 mm in a middle part of a screen deck at the optimum kinematic mode. Excess of this indicator with respect to optimum size (30-40 mm) reduces overall performance of a gravity table separator. It was established that at the small aerodynamic resistance of underlying surface of screen deck (4 Pas) the changes of thickness of a layer on a screen deck surface significantly influence distribution of an air stream. For example, the coefficient an air stream speed variation on a screen deck with grain makes 42 percent, without grain - 17. At increase in aerodynamic resistance of screen deck underlying surface (700 Pas) the variation coefficient of an air stream on a screen deck with grain makes 6 percent, without grain - 19. Revealed that the increase in aerodynamic resistance of screen deck underlying surface reduces dependence of distribution of an air stream on thickness of a layer of the processed material. The sequence of setting of operating mode parameters of a gravity table separator providing high efficiency of seeds cleaning was stated
ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ ЖАТКА К СЕЛЕКЦИОННОМУ КОМБАЙНУ ДЛЯ УБОРКИ ОПЫТНЫХ ДЕЛЯНОК ПОДСОЛНЕЧНИКА
Get PDFOne of the parameters affects the quality of sunflower harvesting is a combination of varietal characters. If the harvesting equipment do not meet to these trappings it would lead to a yield losses. The aim of this research is a plot combine sunflower header improving to provide stretching of sunflower stem regardless of plant length and harvesting sunflower varieties with branched inflorescence for preventing heads and seeds losses. Different types of plot combine header feeding devices were analyzed. As the result auger (screw type) feeder defined as a more reliable and simplest. The 2-row header prototype was constructed. Main adjustable parameters are collated to a botanical features of a harvesting plants. The stem cutting length is 5-10 cm for an ordinary sunflower varieties and 15-25 cm for a branched varieties. The new header losses do not exceed 0.15 percent for single seeds and 3.3 persent for heads in case of branched sunflower harvesting
СПОСОБ ПРОТИВОЭРОЗИОННОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ
Get PDFWater-retaining roughnesses (holes, non-continuous furrows, micro-lagoons) come into being on the field surface at its tillage. They prevent a backflow, an erosion on slope lands and improve moisture content the soil. However, in the last decades such methods of a soil tillage are not used and the equipment for them are not manufactured. The author offered a new method of soil tillge with strips interchange (subsoil tilled and with the vegetable remains which are covered by the soil) in which cutout spherical disks form water-retaining non-continuous furrows. For this purpose harrows with two-disk and three-disk sections were developed. Two-disk sections in a front row contain needle disks and one spherical, and in a back row - needle and cutout spherical ones, forming a stank in a furrow. Three-disk sections in a front row contain needle disks, and in a back row - two needle and cutout spherical ones. A furrow part limited to its stanks is 4-5 times longer than a stank. A nonmoldboard loosened strip is wider than a strip with the covered vegetable remains and a non-continuous furrow. However, the general width does not exceed 0.4 m. In case of conservation tillage by a harrow with two-disk sections with spaces between disks 180 and 250 mm and 10 cm deep spherical disk non-continuous furrows can save up 216 and 155 cub. m of water per 1 hectare, and with three-disk at the same spaces - 144 and 103.7 cub. m respectively. At a disk approach angle of 20 degrees and 14 cm deep disks the capacity of furrows increases by 1.6 times
АНАЛИЗ РАБОТЫ ПОДБИРАЮЩЕГО АППАРАТА ЛЬНОТРЕСТЫ С ПОДПРУЖИНЕННЫМИ ПАЛЬЦАМИ
Get PDFWeather conditions in flax cultivation areas during harvesting time can be characterized with high rainfalls, relative humidity and, in some areas, extremely low temperature. Clogging of fields with stones, grass germination through flax swaths, often an absence of homogeneity on length and thickness of straw in swaths require working out new devices for straw lifting. Existing devices for picking up do not provide a high-quality lifting of flax swaths and have a low coefficient of reliability of the process. Researches and experimental-design works were carried out to create a constructive-technological scheme of the picking up device of cylindrical type with spring-loaded rigid pins. The mathematical model of the device operation when a pin touching an obstacle. The condition of balance of the mechanism under which the pin of a cilinder will operate technological process of picking up of retted flax straw without action of the safety device (spring) was described. The offered method of calculation of operation of this device was introduced in a common flax swath lifter-turner
Расчет производительности и потребности технических средств уборочно-транспортного комплекса
Get PDFSatellite monitoring and the fuel accounting is an urgent need for normal operation of motor transport. Introduction of a system activity with use of modern satellite technologies allows to lower transportation costs, to increase efficiency of use of agricultural machinery. The authors offered algorithm for modeling of technologies of a crop transportation from combine harvesters according to transfer schemes, with use of a loading crane based on the tractor-trailer and replaceable bodies. At application of the GLONASS system combines capacity grows with increase in length of furrow, and the quantity of re-loaders of different models significantly decreases. The more powerful of a re-loader is the fewer tracks are necessary due to their capacity increases. When yield increase by 2 t/ha the need for combines and re-loaders increases irrespective of their power. Rational forms of the organization of operations enable reduction of standing time of combines, increase capacity of transportation vehicles and by that grain loss reduction owing to reduction reducing of harvest terms. The problem of optimum construction and functioning of harvest and transport complexes of the agricultural enterprises with use of replaceable adapters and navigation satellite systems of GLONASS/GPS is actual. It is of major importance to national economy. The solution of this problem will make it possible firstly to raise effectiveness of performance of harvest and transport complexes because of reduction of standing time of machines and terms of harvesting and secondly to increase loading of domestic GLONASS system essential. The system of satellite monitoring with use of GLONASS data justifies costs of its installation and operation within 3-9 months that lowers the common costs of vehicle fleet by 30 percent
Низкочастотное электромагнитное облучение зерна в зерноуборочном комбайне
Get PDFTreatment of crop seeds by low-frequency electromagnetic field contributes to obtaining high and stable yields. After this treatment in a laboratory environment crop production can increase from 15 to 40 percent. To research an effect of magnetic field on a seed material in the field we developed technological design for a seeds treatment in a combine harvester «Enisey-1200 NМ». Three modules of low frequency electromagnetic waves source were mounted in the design of transporting working elements from the threshing apparatus to the grain tank for the impact they have on the moving of freshly threshed grain portion. Conditions of magnetization of seeds vere varied. Influence of modes of grain treatment at threshing of spring wheat in a harvester on the effectiveness of the stimulation vere researched. A comparative laboratory analysis of quality of grain, magnetic directly in the harvester, and 3 months after thrashing showed that the new technology allows to increase sowing qualities of grain. Electromagnetic irradiation of grain in a harvester increases the germination of seeds from 6 to 20 percent, germination energy about 30 percent, also raises the weight of the plant parts and more qualitatively clears seeds of a peel that promotes best storage. Regime of magnetization determines a germination ability and readiness og seeds. The most pronounced effect of the grain magnetization is observed under irradiation becomes apparent for more than 9 minutes. Irradiation of grain placed in the hopper of the combine is more effective. The optimum parameters of electromagnetic radiation is a frequency equaled to 16 Hz, the value of magnetic induction of 6 mT. We proposed to extend the technology field stimulation of seeds with low-frequency magnetic field in order to increase germination and yield of different crops. An application of the proposed design of the electromagnetic module for any model and size of modern types of grain and rice harvesters can be extended
Повышение эффективности термообработки растительных материалов в трубчатых реакторах
Get PDFIn agriculture products of pyrolysis of plant materials in the form of waste of the main production can be applied as a source of heat and electric power. Besides, their use prevents ecological pollution of the soil and the atmosphere. Pyrolysis plants can be used for work with tubular reactors anywhere. Due to them farmers can dry grain, using waste heat of diesel generators, heatgenerators, boiler plants and receiving thus gaseous products, liquid and firm fractions. A technology based on cyclic and continuous plant mass movement by a piston in a pipe from a loading site to a place of unloading of a firm phase consistently through cameras of drying, pyrolysis, condensation of gaseous products. Exhaust furnace gases with a temperature up to 600 degrees Celsius are given countercurrent material movement from a power equipment. The gaseous, liquid and firm products from the pyrolysis camera are used for heat and electric power generation. Calculation of parameters of subdrying and pyrolysis cameras is necessary for effective and steady operation of the tubular reactor. The authors determined the speed of raw materials movement, and also duration of drying and pyrolysis in working chambers. An analysis of a simplified mathematical model of process was confirmed with results of experiments. Models of heat treatment of wet plant materials in tubular reactors are worked out on a basis of equality of speeds of material movement in the reactor and distribution of a temperature front in material on radius. The authors defined estimated characteristic for determination of tubular reactor productivity and size of heat, required for drying and pyrolysis
Принципы исследования деформации почвенного агрегата при взаимодействии с рабочим элементом машины
Get PDFWorking elements of machines constantly or pulsewise interact with some of objects in raw materials with a difficult configuration (a root or tuber crops, vegetables, fruit, grain, soil peds) when performing technological operations in agricultural production. Expression of mechanical system by mathematical functions is needed to describe analytical such interaction. However, there are no universal methods of the description of various surfaces limited by quantity of ratios, except for spherical, cylindrical or ellipsoidal. The authors established the principles of research of deformation behavior of elements of mechanical systems described by a set of variable parameters. Physical model of the soil consisting of spherical peds was usd for this purpose. The authors gave the principles of numerical research of deformation behavior of a spherical soil ped under the influence of a disk working element of the soil-cultivating tool at change of a high number of parameters. Research of systems of analytical models of the second order with variable coefficients in partial derivatives with a set of input and output parameters can be effectively realized by numerical methods with use of the special varargin and varargout functions. Besides, theoretical value of deformation of the soil ped can be determined by numerical methods of MatLab system with use of the developed software. It is necessary to compare the limit value of deformation of the soil ped defined in laboratory conditions with theoretical one and to establish required kinematic and design data of a disk working element and the soil-cultivating tool