Agricultural machinery and technologies (E-Journal) / Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ УГЛЕВОДОВ В КЛУБНЯХ ТОПИНАМБУРА В ПРОЦЕССЕ ВЕГЕТАЦИИ
Get PDFJerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is rich in vitamins, carbohydrates, fiber. Tubers of Jerusalem artichoke consist valuable substance inulin, which has a complex of health properties. Breeders create new hybrids and varieties of Jerusalem artichoke to increase the content of nutrients, productivity and climate resilience. The authors analysed moisture content, dry residue and fractional composition of carbohydrates in the tubers of Jerusalem artichoke varieties Skorospelka and Sireniki and the hybrids PBB and PBK in various phases of vegetation. In the flowering stage the moisture of the tubers of the investigated varieties was in the range of 77.2-81.3 percent, the value of dry residue of nutrients was 18.7-22.8 percent. The greatest number of non-reducing and total sugars in the flowering stage contained in the tuber varieties of Sireniki and was equaled 78.3 and 61.8 percent, respectively. A similar analysis was conducted in the maturation phase. In this phase the solids content slightly increased and amounted to 22.9-26.2 percent. Non- reducing sugars content, including inulin, increased in all the studied samples of Jerusalem artichoke. However, the greatest values of 72 percent were noted for variety Sireniki and hybrid PBK. The content of inulin depends on the phase of the growing season and the varietal characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke and the absence of decisive superiority of the hybrids
РАСПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ЛЕЗВИЯ НАКЛАДНОГО ДОЛОТА ПО ОТНОШЕНИЮ К НАПРАВЛЕНИЮ ДВИЖЕНИЯ ПАХОТНОГО АГРЕГАТА
Get PDFAn overlaid chisel of a compound ploughshare is the most loaded part which is important for operability of a ploughshare and implementation of agrotechnical requirements for plowing depth. Chisels of ploughshares are made by methods of stamping and blanking with use of gas, laser or plasma machines. Parts from a rolled strip are the most wearresisting. Сhisels with big difference on plowing depth between extreme points of an edge are the best for heavy soils cultivation because of partial destruction of the soil bottom layer. When light and medium soils plowing the difference of depth between extreme points of an edge of a chisel is reduced for decrease in traction resistance of a ploughshare. On light soils with the hardness up to 2.7 MPa the plows equipped with ploughshares with the chisels having the minimum difference on depth between extreme points of an edge have the minimum traction resistance. When difference raises up to 30 mm traction resistance increases on average for 5.5 percent. This dependence is close to linear if difference of depth varies from 10 to 30 mm. The overlaid chisels are recommended for ploughshares at cultivation of light and heavy soils by plows of general purpose. The angle between a chisel edge and a furrow wall should to be direct, and the difference of depth between extreme points on the line crossing an edge and sides of the chisel should be in an interval of 15-20 mm
ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ИЗНОСА МОДЕРНИЗИРОВАННОЙ ПРИВОДНОЙ РОЛИКОВОЙ ЦЕПИ
Get PDFAnalysis of mechanical drives groups in agricultural machines identifies relatively narrow range of types of transmission and units. Chain transmission are mainly used as mechanical drive of assemblies and units in grain and corn harvesters designs. Transmission roller chains are used in Vector 425, Acros 585, Torum 780 harvesters produced by combine plant «Rostselmash». The links wear during operation leads to relative elongation of middle chain pitch and reduction of reliability of the mechanical drive. To improve the drive reliability the authors proposed upgraded roller drive chain. Inserts are placed inside the hinges and form cavity for accommodating and retaining the lubricant, which guarantees lubrication of contacting surfaces of chain transmission during operation. Сomparative laboratory tests were carried out to study the relative elongation of the middle pitch of commercial and modernized chains. The authors presented experimental data and dependences of relative elongation of chains average pitch on the duration of the operation, which are approximated by second order polynomial. The speed of relative elongation of middle pitch of commercial chains is by 2.17 times more than of modernized one. The proposed modernization of the drive roller chain to perform the required set of functions without the redistribution between the elements and increase their functional load should be considered as functional redundancy to increase the reliability of the drive in the mechanical systems of agricultural purposes
ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И КОНСТРУКТИВНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ СОШНИКА
Get PDFAbout 80 percent of winter wheat is cultivated in cotton plants interrow spacings under the conditions of Uzbekistan. But commercial cotton cultivators for surface sowing of wheat into interrows are not equipped with special coulter. To create a new design of this tool for cotton plants row-spacings it is necessary to study their profile. The pilot field studies showed that soil bulldozing before a coulter increases at humidity of the soil less than 8-11 percent and hardness more than 1.6-2.0 MPas, and at humidity of 16-20 percent the building-up decreases. The depth of furrows in row-spacings should be 12-16 cm, nonuniformity in longitudinal sections is 3-5 cm for 14-18 cm optimum height of the soil layer at coulter operation. A geometrical form of a scoulter was designed, its technological and geometrical parameters are proved. For high-quality crops and formation of a seedbed the coulter should be 2-4 cm downward pulled. The optimum angle of the coulter wings placed in the longitudinal direction of the movement is equal 47 degrees, and between the wings it is 69 degrees. For row-spacings of 60 cm At the outer diameter of a seed tube of 3 cm, sowing depth of 5, a side spalling angle of 50 degrees 5 tines are recommended for row-spacings of 60 cm, and 9 units are optimal for row-spacings of 90 cm
Теоретическое исследование водного баланса почвы и процесса испарения почвенной влаги
Get PDFNearly a half of all grain production in the Russian Federation is grown in dry regions. But crop production efficiency there depends on amount of moisture, available to plants. However deficit of soil moisture is caused not only by a lack of an atmospheric precipitation, but also inefficient water saving: losses reach 70 percent. With respect thereto it is important to reveal the factors influencing intensity of soil moisture evaporation and to develop methods of decrease in unproductive moisture losses due to evaporation. The authors researched soil water balance theoretically and determined the functional dependences of moisture loss on evaporation. Intensity of moisture evaporation depends on physicomechanical characteristics of the soil, a consistence of its surface and weather conditions. To decrease losses of moisture for evaporation it is necessary, first, to improve quality of crumbling of the soil and therefore to reduce the evaporating surface of the soil. Secondly - to create the protective mulching layer which will allow to enhance albedo of the soil and to reduce its temperature that together will reduce unproductive evaporative water losses and will increase its inflow in case of condensation from air vapors. The most widespread types of soil cultivation are considered: disk plowing and stubble mulch plowing. Agricultural background «no tillage» was chosen as a control. Subsoil mulching tillage has an essential advantage in a storage of soil moisture. So, storage of soil moisture after a disking and in control (without tillage) decreased respectively by 24.9 and 19.8 mm while at the mulching tillage this indicator revised down by only 15.6 mm. The mulching layer has lower heat conductivity that provides decrease in unproductive evaporative water losses
Пространственное динамометрирование рабочих органов почвообрабатывающих орудий
Get PDFImprovement of agricultural tools is impossible without experimental proof and assessments of demand setup while operation. Tools of agricultural machines usually have an asymmetrical geometric shape and are exposed to the spatial system without resultant force. In comparison with the known devices, the proposed scheme for spatial dynamometry has a number of advantages related to the accuracy of the measurement and the possibility of a complete determination of all components of the spatial power characteristics. During operation the dynamometer is installed instead of any usual agricultural tool. The dynamometer records the force in the strain-measuring segment at various operating modes of the agricultural tool. A block diagram of the strain-measuring segments connection with the electronic media provides the definition of the main vector parameters and the principal moment of the external force loading of agricultural machines tools. The strain-measuring segments are rigidly fixed concerning a skeleton of the soil-cultivating implement. For convenience of the subsequent processing of results of measurement all tensometric links are located parallel to the corresponding coordinate axis.The proposed algorithm for processing the results of measuring the stress of strain-measuring segment makes it possible to determine the point grid reference of the dynamic screw axis with the surface of the tool. The latter is a necessary circumstance in the analysis of the dynamics of the movement of the agricultural aggregate and, in particular, when considering of the dynamical stability of an aggregate while performing technological operations
РАЗРАБОТКА АЛГОРИТМА ОЦЕНКИ ТОЧНОСТИ СИСТЕМ ПОЗИЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ГЛОНАСС/GPS ПРИ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННОМ ВНЕСЕНИИ УДОБРЕНИЙ
Get PDFOne of the directions of increase in fertilizers efficiency is reduction of nonuniformity of their distribution across the field. Quality of fertilizer application decreases in particular because of diagram joining violation when distributions at adjacent passes of units. The authors detected dependence of size of diagrams overlapping at adjacent passes of machines for surface fertilization on quality of distribution across the field. Analytical researches define dependence of a dose of fertilizers application on the unit driving accuracy characterized by variation coefficient. Received mathematical model make it possible to determine admissions on overlapping of adjacent passages at the corresponding mean square deviation from optimum. These deviations limits depend on the set dose of application, limit of a deviation from it, the accuracy of driving characterized by a square deviation of overlapping and average value of a deviation from overlapping to optimum and also on the empirical coefficients characterizing a diagram of distribution of fertilizers on the general operating width. With reduction of a square deviation the limits of a unit deviation from the set operating width increase and reach a maximum when value of this deviation is equal to zero. The authors offered an algorithm of assessment of influence of size of diagram overlapping at adjacent passes of machines for application of fertilizers on quality of distribution across the field. Methodical approaches to justification of requirements to the precision positioning systems GLONASS/GPS were formulated
Опыт сжигания растительных отходов в топочном блоке ТБР-2,0
Get PDFThere are various types of furnace systems with use of alternative and local fuels with the fluidized bed for grain drying. A low-quality fuel burns in the fluidized bed better, than in dense one. As well emissions of nitrogen oxides decrease very much. Ecological, operational and economic benefits of these fire chambers are certain. They are especially perspective for combustion of low-grade fuels and various waste (for example, waste of agricultural production) in a ciclonic and vortex layer. The distinctive feature of such fire chambers is availability of vortex contours in the burning camera that increases efficiency of burning process. The authors carried out testing of the furnace block with grain dryer SZT-30 at OOO «Borisoglebsky MEZ» (Voronezh region) at corn and sunflower seeds drying. We burned sunflower peelings with the lowest calorific power of 14 MJ and 17 MJ at 1 furnace block capacity of 100, 210, 230, 250, 280, 320 and 380 kg per hour. The set of two furnace blocks (TBR-2.0) operating with sunflower peelings which are characterized by the lowest calorific power at least 17 MJ per 1 kg will provide necessary capacity of the dryer SZT-30 when grain and seeds drying. The maximum capacity of the unary thermal block TBR-2.0 should not exceed 1.5 MW. As well the maximum efficiency is reached, and extent of air heating provides functioning of the dryer at a temperature of external air not below 5 degrees Celsius. The economy and safe mode of operation of the furnace block can be provided in case of capacity 0.8-1.3 MW and 1.2-1.5 times air-fuel ratio. In this case emissions of nitrogen oxides are less than permitted value and equal 0.6-0.7 g per 1 cubic meter
