Agricultural machinery and technologies (E-Journal) / Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии
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РАСХОД И ПОТЕРИ ГОРЮЧЕ-СМАЗОЧНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ В МОБИЛЬНОЙ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКЕ
Get PDFThe machine and tractor fleet (MTF) quality in farms is characterized by its of physical and moral aging. If a number of traktors in the fleet with the limit-exceeding service life is more than 60 percent, then the carrying costs for the equipment in good operating condition increases 1.8 times, the petroleum, oils and lubricants (POL) consumption rises 1.5 times. Processes of fleet aging were followed by its reduction from 1365.6 thousand units in 1990 till 259.7 thousand tractors in 2013. The authors analyzed data on farms economy and production in Rostov region. The results of tests of mobile machines were carried out at the he North Caucasian test station under conditions of ordinary operation. The authors studied a MTF grade composition, identified main POL consumers, expenditure level, causes of non-production outlay. Tractors of the Minsk tractor plant make 35.6-37.3 percent that means the largest proportion in the structure of MTF in the surveyed farms. Oil filling-up in the engine reaches to 86 percent in the average total oil consumption by the engines of tractors. This fact indicates heavy physical wear of the cylinder-piston groups in the motor-and-tractor diesels. The amount of unproductive consumption and POL loss at machines operation depend on seal leakiness, the low quality of the production of parts, components, and assemblies of hydraulic systems
ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАБОТЫ УБОРОЧНОЙ ТЕХНИКИ НА СЛАБОНЕСУЩИХ ГРУНТАХ В ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОМ РЕГИОНЕ
Get PDFThe authors based on own researches established actual problems of harvesting in the Amur region: ensuring passability of machines on the waterlogged soil, need of machines adaptivising to technologies of soybean harvesting, transfer of a part of the combine fleet to a caterpillar track, implementation of reloading reducing impact on the soil technologies of harvesting, increase in cost efficiency of mashines use and postharvest drying of grain and corn.Perspective solutions of problems are shown: design development of caterpillar end trucks of combines with the rubber-reinforced tracks (RRT); engineering and production of the soybean-grain harvester with RRT or a set of devices for the grain harvester with RRT as the option transferring it to the category the soybean-grain ones; process development to provide harvesting of soybean heap by the machine with RRT which crush and spread straw across the field simultaneous, to deliver soybean heap to stationary point of postharvest handling for the subsequent separation into seeds, marketable soybean and a soy chaff as valuable protein feed for livestock production, ready for feeding and storage; engineering of the forage harvester with RRT on a block and modular basis, that is based on the multipurpose power mean on RRT with the 4-machine scheme of a hydrostatic power drive of a undercarriager; development of a design of caterpillar blocks with triangular shape of contour; implementation of reloading technologies of harvest operations on system VIMLIFT.Production of harvest transport vehicles should be performed on a block and modular basis - in the form of a complex of self-propelled agricultural machines based on the released multipurpose power module with a set of the replaceable technological adapters providing its loading within a year. The agroterm of corn on grain harvesting should be delayed to later time when grain reaches standard humidity naturally
Ресурсосберегающий пропашной культиватор
Get PDFInter-row cultivators have some shortcomings: design is complicated due to placing on each section of a 4-unit (parallelogram) suspension of working tools; as the copying means use wheels which are mounted at distance from working tools, in other vertical plane, and have negative effect on variability of tillage depth; working tools are V-shaped hoes with a crumbling angle not more than 16 degrees. In the operation course the parts of a leg and a hoe, moving in the soil, raise it and throw to the side, creating not aligned surface grooves are formed, imposed moist soil. These processes are exacerbated by increasing the operating speed of the cultivator. The authors offered a resource-saving inter-row cultivator with a radial suspension of working tools. A flat plate spring was used as a beam. This simplifies the design, eliminates the horizontal oscillations of the working tools, provides a constant pressing them in the process. The working tool in the form of a flat lancet plowshares with a spiral fixed on the leg was designed. Operating width of a ploughshare is of 420 mm, thickness equals 4 (5) mm. The spiral with a diameter of 50 mm is made of a carbon spring wire with a diameter of 2-3 mm. One hoe is set instead of three-five tines on each section, that significantly reduces material consumption. A plough share with a spiral form the swinging-loosening element that provides creating a fine lumpy topsoil. The ploughshare performs the copying functions therefore the additional copying wheels are not required. Tests showed that the new working tool of a cultivator allows to operate qualitatively at a speed up to 14-18 km/h
Определение параметра интенсивности отрыва коробочек льна при работе очесывающего устройства
Get PDFFlax harvesting consists of serial technological processes: pulling, separation of seed bolls from stalks, stalks spreading out, turning during a rest, picking up of them and baling in large packages, loading, and transportation. One of the most important operations is seed balls separation from stalks. Determination of parameter of intensity of flex balls combing by deseeder operation is a little studied. Parameter of intensity of a separation doesn't show clearly its dependence on design features and an operating mode of the unit. The authors considered this relation by the example of the comb deseeder which has different tines on a ridge with accidentally decreasing spacing towards the end. The existing deseeders do not provide qualitative combings of flax stalks. Therefore, theoretical and pilot researches of the ridge comb deseeder were conducted. The program and a technique of researches of the comb deseeder were developed. The theoretical basics of intensity of combing by the comb deseeder are covered. The various factors influence damageability of stalks: geometrical parameters of tines, number of at the same time operating combs, sequence of combing, ratio of tines speeds and gripping conveyor. Characteristics of a combed layer, a flax maturing level, the weight-average values of efficiency of single influence belong to the factors influencing intensity of combing. In the flax harvesters LK-4A and LKV-4A with increase in frequency of the comb deseeder to 2.87 rpm and speeds of the gripping conveyor from 1.54 to 1.58 meter per second the intensity decreased up to 3.02 tine per centimeter, and combing purity increased up to 98 percent. So, intensity 3.02 tine per centimeter should be considered as minimum admissible, and combing purity should be increased no more than by 2 percent
ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ УБОРКИ И ТРАНСПОРТИРОВКИ СЕМЕННОГО КАРТОФЕЛЯ
Get PDFWhen engineering potatoes harvesting procedure for its optimization it is important to calculate precisely the quantity of machines, containers and workers who will be involved in harvesting process. This depends on the acreage and productivity. An output yield should be harvested in predetermined terms. Harvesting and transportation of potatoes in bags is obsolete technology which complicates and slows down process of harvest and transport operations. Agrarian introduce mechanization to reduce the level of manual work use or to exclude it completely. The authors offered container technology of harvesting, transportation and sorting of seed potatoes. The containers having identical amount and load-carrying capacity were made of different materials for check of this technology. Branded structure of the machines which can be used at harvesting was established. The main specifications were indicated. The authors determined shortcomings of the soft bags for potatoes harvesting and brought into focus benefits of containers use. The exact quantity of containers and machines for potatoes harvesting in the OOO Redkinskoye APC (Tver region) was calculated. The seed potatoes are grown there on 2.43 hectares. The time frames of harvesting were determined
ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ УЛЬТРАФИОЛЕТОВОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ НА ВСХОЖЕСТЬ И РОСТОВЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ СЕМЯН ПШЕНИЦЫ
Get PDFScientists did not come to a consensus when studying the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the crop properties and the biometrics of various crops and optimal exposure time and wavelength. The authors studied the influence of UV radiation from a source VL-6.LC with a wavelength of 365 nm for 5 and 30 min for seeds of spring and winter wheat varieties. For seeds of each variety there is the optimum amount of the absorbed radiation energy resulting in the maximum effect. The stimulating influence of UV radiation is not revealed on the seeds of wheat variety Esther having low indicators of viability. The germination of other 4 varieties increased by 1-3 percent. However, biometric indicators of all studied varieties were improved after irradiation. The weight of all varieties wheat seedlings increased after 30 min of irradiation, but especially in case of Moskovskaya 39 and Yubileynaya 100 this indicator reaches up to 20 percent. Five-minute radiation did not caused the similar effect. Height of seedlings depending on the variety is many-valued. After 30 min irradiation this indicator in case of varieties Moskovskaya 39 increased by 30 percent, and of Yubileynaya 100, Dar'ya and Afina it accrues only by 3-5 percen. Root system depend on UV radiation. Root length of all studied varieties except Dar'ya increased up to 60 percent. Therefore the UV radiation does not affect the germination of seeds of the investigated wheat varieties, but significantly changes the seedlings biometrics. It is shown that the action of ultraviolet light is selectively and highly dependent on a variety. The winter wheat Moskovskaya 39 is the most susceptible variety when ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 365 nm for 30 min
ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННОЕ ВНЕСЕНИЕ УДОБРЕНИЙ И ПЕСТИЦИДОВ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ БЕСПИЛОТНЫХ ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНЫХ АППАРАТОВ
Get PDFThe use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in agriculture is an innovation for Russia and has great potential, especially when implementing the tasks of precision farming. The directions of using UAV in agriculture are considered. It is shown that for the differentiated application of fertilizers and pesticides, it is most expedient to use UAVs of helicopter and rotary-wing type flying at low speeds (30-40 km/h) and low altitudes (0.5-1.5 m) with a large payload (300-400 kg), as they most fully meet ecological and environmental requirements and ensure the safety of modern human-machine systems. The basic requirements to the quality of the technological operation for the variable rate application of fertilizers and pesticides with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles have been developed: the rate of application of fertilizer working fluids 50-200 l/ha with a discreteness of doses of 10-15 kg active fraction per hektar (25-40 l/ha), pesticides -10-20 l/ha with discreteness of 5 l/ha, median mass diameter of droplets - 250-300 mkm, uneven distribution of working fluid over the operating width is no more than 15 percent, demolition of working fluids outside the treated area is no more than 20 percent, time of control index setting at the boundaries of the allocated plots is no more than 1.1 s; operating speed of the flight is not more than 40 km/h, the altitude of the flight when applying fertilizers and pesticides equals 1.0-1.5 m
Динамика машинно-тракторных агрегатов: курсовая устойчивость с несимметрично присоединенным полунавесным плугом
Get PDFThe conditions of maintenance of yaw stability of the undercarriage of a tractor with the blocked interaxial and inter-wheel drives at work with the asymmetrical traction load are observed. Fundamental principles of the mathematical theory of friction are used for definition of a pole of friction and the pivot centres of wheels. The friction pole is in close proximity to the centre of a contact patch of the most loaded rear wheel of a tractor. Course stability of the tractor is influenced by the longitudinal forces, external side negative forces caused by a bottom pitch in the cross plane, and positive ones, caused by the shift of traction loading. The main power characteristic of the plow which is symmetrically mounted to the tractor is force which is counted on the basis of forces operating in the plow bottom. For maintenance of course stability of the tractor in case of asymmetrical mounting of a plow to the tractor а positive side force directed to the center of speeds should be applied in the joint. Opposite directed reaction is imposed on a plow for redistribution of side loads. The forces of asymmetric six-bodies plough, coordinates of the resulting forces in case of its assymetrical attachment are calculated. During the ploughing of a harvested field with a traction load of 40 kN, displased laterally by 1 m with the purpose of maintenance of directional stability, a lateral force of 2.7-3.5 kN should be applied to the tractor in the joint of attachment of semi-integral plough. At the same time a lateral force of 15.3 kN is applied to the front wheel, moving on furrow bottom
Программы подготовки магистров в системе научных учреждений
Get PDFThe new Federal law «About Education in the Russian Federation» No. 273-FZ (December 29, 2012) significantly changed traditional structure of training system. Merge and integration of research institutes, formation on their base of powerful federal scientific centers gave the chance to significantly expand the sphere of educational activity, to realize masters programs. The Magistr’s programs in «Agroengineering» was designed in Federal Scientific Agricultural Engineering Center VIM to train experts for agrarian and industrial complex. Educational department «General Scientific and Special Disciplines» for high-quality training of magistrs in the Center is provided by the competent academic staff which arranges and ensures educational process, including filling as contents of the working programs on training courses, development of educational and methodical complexes, funds of estimated means, systems of diagnostics of the current educational achievements, scientific and methodical providing. Training of magistrs in scientific research institute will be more adapted to problems, production, than in higher education university, will have more practical focus. In the course of training in a magistracy of scientific institution the advanced student can participate in implementation of specific projects, work within research and production programs, and after completion of preparation can organic to join staff of research institution. The Magistr’s programs in «Agroengineering» is created to train experts for research, analytical and design activity. It is necessary to organize and ensure educational process, to fill with contents the work programs on training courses, to develop educational and methodical complexes
ПОЧВООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩАЯ ТЕХНИКА: ПУТИ ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ
Get PDFThe group of scientists in Russian Academy of Sciences system has finished the next stage of creation, test and widespread introduction of import-substituting competitive machinery for antidroughty technology. They created the complex of technologically functional completely closed upgraded soil-cultivating and sowing machines for all soil climatic conditions in Russia. The offered technology with a complex of the domestic technics is more profitable than foreign one. Crops cultivation on this technology under drought conditions promotes reduction of import of main types of agricultural production. The foreign machines can not always operate on stubble fields in Russia. They are adapted only for prior soil tillage minimum technology. Domestic agrotechnologies with the machines complex adapted to local conditions, in comparison with the best foreign analogs, allow to increase twice productivity and yield, by 3 times to lower expenses of fuel and capacity requirement, by 4 times - metal consumption and by 5 times - resources. The developed technics complexes can be used for moisture-power-resource-saving environmentally friendly production technologies. The cumulative economic effect of use of the upgraded equipment on 1 million hectares of wheat makes 8-45 billion rubles