Agricultural machinery and technologies (E-Journal) / Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии
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АНАЛИЗ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ЛИНИЙ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ МАСЛИЧНОГО ЛЬНА
Get PDFOil flax grows in many countries of the world. Fibre production on its basis can significantly increase the profitability of flax-growing farms. At the present stage, taking into account the real possibilities of the national economy, for its effective development it is necessary to introduce advanced technologies. Cur-rently, processing enterprises may choose among different technological equipment lines to process oil flax into fibre and thus get additional profit. (Research purpose) The determination of a technologically and economical-ly effective line for oil flax processing. (Materials and methods) The main materials for calculation were represent-ed by the indicators of production capacity, the average annual value of fixed as-sets, the amount of money spent on salaries and wages, etc. The main research method is the balance method that allows making a plan in the form of a balance sheet that takes into account the sources of inputs and the requirements for these inputs. (Results and discussions) The authors have considered low-cost lines for oil flax processing into short fibre on the basis of disintegrators of various brands (from domestic and foreign producers), offered characteristics of the fibre obtained in the lines, and analyzed technical and economic indicators of various technologi-cal lines under different conditions, and the payback period of capital expenditures for different oil flax acreages. (Conclusions) The authors have determined that the most effective is the pro-cessing of oil flax from an area of at least 1000 hectares, with a throughput capaci-ty of raw materials of at least 1000 kg/h and a distance of the transportation of straw rolls to a processing site of 50 km. They have also obtained technological and economic data that can be used in the organization of oil flax processing into marketable fibre.Лен масличный произрастает во многих странах мира. Его использование для получения волокна может значительно повысить доходность льносеющего хозяйства. На современном этапе с учетом реальных возможностей отечественной экономики для эффективного развития льноводства необходимо внедрять прогрессивные технологии. В настоящее время у переработчиков есть выбор линии технологического оборудования переработки масличного льна в волокно для получения дополнительной прибыли. (Цель исследования) Определить технологически и экономически эффективную линию для переработки масличного льна. (Материалы и методы) Основные материалы для расчета – показатели производственной мощности, среднегодовой стоимости основных производственных фондов, объема денежных средств, направленных на оплату труда. Ведущий метод исследования – балансовый, позволяющий составить план, учитывающий источники ресурсов и потребность в них. (Результаты и обсуждения) Рассмотрели малозатратные линии для переработки масличного льна в короткое волокно на основе дезинтеграторов различных марок (отечественного и иностранного производства). Сравнили характеристики волокна, получаемого на линиях. Проанализировали технико-экономические показатели четырех технологических линий при разных условиях эксплуатации, сроки окупаемости капитальных затрат при различных площадях посева масличного льна. (Выводы) Установили, что наиболее эффективна переработка масличного льна с площади не менее 1000 гектаров, при пропускной способности по сырью не менее 1000 килограмм в час и при расстоянии перевозки рулонов к месту переработки – 50 километров. Получили технологические и экономические данные, которые можно использовать при организации переработки масличного льна в ликвидное волокно
Определение производительности модулей нового универсального сушильного агрегата
Get PDFDrying of seed material plays an important part in the system of post-harvest processing and greatly affects the yield quality of the seed material. (Research purpose) Determination of the performance of two modules of a new dryer, taking into account the statistical characteristics of humidity, impurity content and the intensity of submitting the grain heap of various crops to post-harvest processing. (Materials and methods) The research group has tested a mini-module of a new universal dryer developed in the laboratory workshops of Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy, in the Bolshoye Selo district of the Yaroslavl region. The calculation has been based on the data of the average regional farm. (Results and discussion) It has been determined that the average statistical percentage of moisture removal from the original grain heap was 10.52 percent; gross grain harvest per year – 1,500 tons; the estimated capacity by the dried seed material of the base module is 5 tons per hour, that of the mini module - 0.35 tons per hour. Due to the contribution of Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy, fully mechanized receiving chambers with air chutes accommodating 300 or 600 cubic meters of heap coming from combines have been introduced into the production lines of post-harvest processing of the crop material. The efficiency calculation of the mini-module has been caused by the need to use it on the farms for the independent supply of high-quality seed material. (Conclusions) The experiment results have confirmed the validity of the calculations and the effectiveness of the new method of drying. In unfavorable weather, grain crops were harvested by a forage harvester and then dried in a mini-module. After processing, high-quality seeds were obtained, the germination rate of which accounted 98-99 percent.Сушка семенного материала занимает важное место в системе его послеуборочной обработки и в значительной степени влияет на урожайные качества посевного материала. (Цель исследования) Определение производительности двух модулей новой сушилки с учетом статистических характеристик влажности, засоренности и интенсивности поступления на послеуборочную обработку зернового вороха различных культур. (Материалы и методы) Провели испытания мини-модуля новой универсальной сушилки, разработанного в мастерских Ярославской государственной сельскохозяйственной академии, в Большесельском районе Ярославской области. За основу расчета взяты данные среднестатистического областного хозяйства. (Результаты и обсуждение) Определили, что средний статистический процент влагосъема у исходного зернового вороха составил 10,52 процента; валовой сбор зерна за год – 1500 тонн; расчетная производительность по высушенному семенному материалу у базового модуля равна 5 тонн в час, у мини-модуля – 0,35 тонны в час. С участием Ярославской ГСХА в поточные линии послеуборочной обработки урожая внедрены полностью механизированные приемные отделения с аэрожелобами, вмещающие 300 или 600 кубических метров зернового вороха, поступающего от комбайнов. Расчет эффективности мини-модуля обусловлен необходимостью использования его в хозяйствах для самостоятельного обеспечения высококачественным посевным материалом. (Выводы) Подтвердили обоснованность расчетов и эффективность нового способа сушки. В неблагоприятную погоду урожай зерновых культур убирали кормоуборочным комбайном, сушили в мини-модуле. После обработки получили высококачественные семена, всхожесть которых составила 98-99 процентов
Основная обработка почв модернизированными чизельными орудиями
Get PDFThe choice of the method of basic cultivation must be differentiated, considering zonal soil and climatic conditions and local peculiarities of the fields. Chisel tillage refers to soil conservation technologies, and chisel tools provide low-power and, if it is necessary, differential loosened soil, the accumulation, preservation and rational use of soil moisture that is relevant in the arid climate. The authors designed the combined chisel working implements RANCHO, ROPA, plow-cultivator. The traction resistances of the working tools were studied strain-gauge method. The unified equation of traction resistance chisel working was developed. The resistance of tine, chisel, additional equipment on the tine and the dynamics of the chiseling were introduced. The resistance of the chisel was determind by pressure from the soil on its surface. If the speed of machine-tractor aggregate will increase from 1 to 3 m/s then traction resistance of the working implements ROPA will rise by 26-29 percent, plow-cultivator - by 21-23 and classic mould-board plough - by 35 percent due to more significant influence of the dynamic component during moving mould-board plough in the undisturbed soil. The plowing work by the plow-cultivator in comparison with mould-board plough provides more depth of soil loosening (0.38 m when 0.15 m real tillage and 0.2 m in control variant) at comparable energy consumption
Испытания пневматического высевающего аппарата для льна на базе блочно-модульного комбинированного адаптера
Get PDFModern agricultural enterprises need universal seeders suitable for sowing various types of seeds in different soil conditions. Seeders should be available for agronomic requirements for planting in various conditions: high humidity, constantly desired depth of planting and other factors. The authors developed and manufactured a pneumatic sowing machine on the basis of modular combined adapter BMKA. The combined unit is designed for secondary tillage, sowing and covering of seeds of small-seeded crops such as flax. BMKА is equipped with pneumatic horizontal disc sowing unit, two units helical rotary harrows, unit of cultivation and coulter group. Created design ensures a quality soil preparation, uniform seeding small-seeded crops and set depth of covering. A rotary harrow has several main parameters: diameter is 180 mm; height of teeth equals 120 mm; helix pitch distance is 80 mm. Soil cultivation is possible at depth down to 140 mm. Optimal parameters and modes of operation of the sowing machine: disc diameter - 600 mm, seed cell diameter is 8 mm, the pressure in the pneumatic system - 0.13 MPa, frequency of rotation of the disc equals 65 rpm. BMKA manufacturing application increases the yield of straw by 13.7-33.1 percent, seeds of flax by 19.6-31.3 percent in comparison with the control variant. The annual economic effect is 2035-3034 rubles per 1 ha, when the payback period is one season. The machine manufacturing application provides high-quality seeds for breeding and seed production
МЕТОДЫ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ И ТОПЛИВНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ МАШИННО-ТРАКТОРНЫХ АГРЕГАТОВ
Get PDFМетодика и аппаратно-программные средства для мониторинга состояния посевов на ранних стадиях вегетации
Get PDFLately, in addition to traditional methods of screening or selective crops inspection, instrumental means of monitoring, namely installed on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) video and photo-cameras, started to be implemented. The main advantage of conducting monitoring via UAV is that it does not mechanically affects plants and maintains high productivity during the surveying. However, during screening inspection of large crops areas (tens of thousands of hectars), especially on the early stages of vegetation, a problem of receiving the surveying analysis results promptly emerges. To solve this problem it is necessary to develop automated methods of identification and geo-referencing of the problematic zones. To count the amount of shoots and measure distance between them it is necessary to use the methods of images recognition based on the plants’ spectral characteristics analysis. The methodology of plants signals selection is based on the comparison of measured values with specified values; after that compilation of series using algorithm of approximation of slopes. Basing on the gathered information, statistical indicators characterizing the qualities of completion of the work were estimated. Experimental researches of the hardware and software methodology development were conducted using maize crops in the Krasnodar Territory. Comparative assessment of the measurement in manual and automatic regime using the developed software for shoots recognition and counting was conducted. The results difference equals 3-5 percent
Оценка влияния качества внесения удобрений на урожайность сельскохозяйственных культур
Get PDFTo study the dependence of crop yields on the quality of fertilizer application, the authors theoretically investigated the responsiveness of plants to increasing fertilizer doses and the distribution of the fertilizer dose over the field. We obtained a mathematical model of the dependence of yields on the dose and the quality of fertilizer application. It was revealed that the average dose and the unevenness of their distribution, which is characterized by the coefficient of variation, affect the yield of agricultural crops, and consequently the effectiveness of fertilizers. As unevenness increases, the responsiveness function transforms: the maximum possible yield decreases significantly, the maximums of the graphs shift towards smaller doses. The decrease in yield also depends significantly on the nature of the responsiveness functions. The greatest fall of this indicator should be expected with its parabolic change depending on the increasing doses of fertilizers applied. It has been proved that when applying 40 kg of active ingredient (ai) per 1 hectare and increasing the coefficient of dose variation from 0 to 60 percent, the yield reduction does not exceed 1 percent, at higher doses (120 kg ai per ha) it reaches 7 percent. It is established that the yield depends on the degree of uneven distribution of fertilizers, the fertilizer dose and the type of yield curves
Автоматизация обеззараживания воздуха и освещения в сельскохозяйственных помещениях
Get PDFThe article describes the urgency of this problem and modern ways of its solving. Modern disinfection and lighting systems are not developed enough. The authors proposed to automate the system of disinfection, dust removal and lighting in the farm building. We developed algorithm on the basis of which the universal program in the programming language C ++ was written. Assembled the microprocessor set ARDUINO. The program is included in the microprocessor ATMEGA, which is part of ARDUINO. As a basis for the disinfection system, a two-component ARUF device was used, which includes two decontaminating components: an ultraviolet lamp and an aerosol dispenser. Each of the algorithms (lighting and disinfection) consists of 3 parts: data collection and analysis, control, data output to the display. The sequence of 3 parts is 1 cycle, then it repeated. In the first part on the basis of indications of sensors assignment to variables of some values was carried out. In the second part, based on the values of the variables, the decontamination and lighting devices are controlled. In the third part due to changing the screen number, variable, it is possible to switch the display and view the status of the installation and external parameters. The program, written on the basis of algorithms, is universal and suitable for almost any poultry and livestock buildings. All parameters (the time of the beginning and completion of the ARUV operation within 24 hours, the daily time of the illumination of a certain cycle, the maximum and minimum humidity, the duration of each cycle) used for control and management are variables. Operator can set the items using the display in the menu