EKSAKTA - Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA (E-Journal)
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Optimizing Copper-Aluminum Photovoltaic Cells with Sodium Chloride Gel Electrolyte Under Neon Lamp Ilumination: A Comprehensive Review
Full text linkPhotovoltaic cells are devices capable of converting light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect, where absorbed photons in semiconductor materials generate an electric current. Ideally, photovoltaic cells should offer high efficiency, long-term stability, and low production costs under various lighting conditions. In reality, most conventional photovoltaic technologies, such as crystalline silicon, still suffer from high production costs and performance degradation, especially under long-term exposure and high humidity. As an alternative, copper-aluminum (Cu-Al) based photovoltaic cells with sodium chloride (NaCl) gel electrolyte have been developed, providing reasonable energy conversion efficiency, low material costs, and simple fabrication. The NaCl gel enhances ionic conductivity and system stability, while calcination of Cu into CuO improves the semiconductor properties of the active layer. The urgency of this research lies in the need for renewable energy systems that are affordable, easy to produce, and durable, particularly for remote areas or off-grid applications. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the optimization of Cu-Al photovoltaic cells with NaCl gel electrolyte under neon lamp illumination, highlighting technical challenges, performance enhancement mechanisms, and future development prospects. This article includes references from publications between 2019 and 2025
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction after Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanisms Linking The Gut, Inflammation, and the HPA Axis
Full text linkTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global health problem that often leads to systemic complications beyond neurological damage, notably gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. The mechanisms linking TBI to GI complications remain inconclusive. We conducted a systematic review using current clinical evidence on the pathophysiological processes underlying post-TBI GI dysfunction, focusing on two principal mechanisms: inflammatory-oxidative processes and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis alterations. A comprehensive search was conducted through PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus to identify eligible studies. Evidence indicates that surges of proinflammatory mediators and chemokines, along with reduced anti-inflammatory mediators, drive systemic immune imbalance. Moreover, iNOS upregulation and gut microbiota dysbiosis contribute to mucosal injury. Concurrently, HPA axis dysregulation exerts a bidirectional impact. Elevated ACTH and cortisol reflect an intact stress response that may stabilise metabolism if combined with early enteral nutrition, whereas critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) and hypergastrinemia are strongly associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and mortality. Together, these findings underscore the synergistic role of inflammatory and endocrine disturbances in driving gastrointestinal vulnerability after TBI. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing biomarker-based monitoring and targeted interventions to improve prognosis and reduce GI-related complications in TBI patients
Determination of Anthocyanin Content and Antioxidant Activity in Sidenuk Black Rice Mutant (Oryza sativa var. sidenuk)
Full text linkThe Sidenuk black rice mutant is the latest development of Sidenuk Rice which is known to excel in high rice production and is resistant to pests. Due to the many health benefits offered by black rice and no data on anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of the mutant black rice variety Sidenuk, further research is needed. This study aims to analyze the anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of Sidenuk black rice mutants (Oryza sativa var. sidenuk). The yield of concentrated macerate of Sidenuk black rice mutant produced was 23.25%. Based on the results obtained in the qualitative test and information from the journal, it indicates that Sidenuk black rice mutant contains anthocyanin compounds, but not in Sidenuk white rice mutant. The cyanidin 3-glucoside compound was the most abundant anthocyanin compound in the Sidenuk black rice mutant, followed by peonidin-3-glucoside. The total anthocyanin content in black rice is 1.07 ± 0.04 mg/g. This data is higher than black glutinous rice but lower than other black rice varieties. The IC50 value of Sidenuk black rice mutant is 36.02±5.09 µg/mL, which is classified as strong antioxidant and is the strongest of all black rice varieties in this study
The Combination of Bay Leaf (Syzgyum polyanthum) and Noni Fruit (Morinda citrifolia) in Lowering Cholesterol Levels in Balb/C Hypercholesterolemia Mice
Full text linkCentral Kalimantan is rich in natural resources of potential medicinal plants, such as bay leaf and noni. These medicinal plants have been used traditionally. However, there is minimal scientific evidence about their use as a medicine due to limited research. The current research aims to identify the influence of applying a combination of bay leaf and noni fruit extract in lowering cholesterol levels in Balb/c hypercholesterolemic mice. The research employs a mixed method, namely explorative and experimental research. The research subjects are 28 female Balb/c mice in a hypercholesterolemic condition. The research consists of 7 treatments, namely positive control, negative control, P1 (20%), P2 (30%), P3 (40%), P4 (50%), and P5 (60%) with 4x repetitions. It combines the extract of bay leaf and noni fruit to lower cholesterol levels in the research subjects. Data analysis uses one-way ANOVA. The research results indicate that the application of a combination of bay leaf and noni fruit extract has a significant influence on the reduction of cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic mice with a p-value α (α 0.05) of 0.000. The concentration effective in lowering the cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic mice is in concentration P7 (60%) with a reduction of 59.25 mg/dL
The Effect of Concentration and Time Interval of Golden Snail Liquid Organic Fertilizer on The Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn (Zea mays var.saccharata Sturt)
Full text linkThis research aims to obtain the correct concentration and time interval for administering golden snail Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) on the growth and yield of sweet corn ( Zea mays var. saccharata Sturt). The experiment was carried out in Korong Gadang Village, Padang, West Sumatra on Ultisol soil type with a height of 10 meters above sea level. The experiment used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD), the first factor was the LOF of golden snails 0ml/L, 50 ml/L, 100 ml/L, the second factor was the time interval for administering 5, 10, and 15 days with 3repetitions. times to obtain 27 experimental units. The parameters observed consisted of plant height, ILD, age at which male flowers appeared, age at which female flowers appeared, weight of cobs with husks, weight of cobs without husks, length of cobs, number of rows of cobs, number of seeds per row, weight of fresh shells, production per plot and per Ha. The experimental results showed that there was an interaction between the concentration and the time interval for administering golden snail LOF on the weight of shelled cobs and the weight of fresh shelled shells when given aconcentrationof100ml/L
Study of Indonesian Rhododendron: Classification, Conservation, and Pharmacology Activity
Full text linkRhododendrons are representatives of ornamental plants with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Indonesia is the second richest country in Rhododendron plants with 233 species. Unfortunately, more than 85 species are severely lacking in data, 21 species are vulnerable, and more than 30 others are endangered or even no longer found. The purpose of this study is to review the species that have been found in Indonesia, and find the factors that affect conservation efforts to prevent the extinction of this plant. The results of the study succeeded in recording 221 species that had been found in Indonesia with 4 of them not having sufficient data so that named Rhododendron sp1, R. sp2, R. sp3 and R. sp4 by local residents. Four species were confirmed to be extinct, and most of the ex-situ conservation efforts unsuccessful. The results of this study show that there is need for cooperation between the government and residents around the Rhododendron growing location in an effort to preserve this plant. Researchers are also expected to pay more attention to this plant considering it has bioactive compounds with very high pharmacological properties
Serological and Non-Sputum Biomarkers for Tuberculosis Diagnosis: A Systematic Review of Host- and Pathogen-Derived Signatures
Full text linkTuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health concern, with more than 10 million new cases reported annually. Conventional sputum-based diagnostics such as microscopy, culture, and GeneXpert MTB/RIF show limited sensitivity in children, individuals with HIV, and extrapulmonary TB, highlighting the need for accurate non-sputum alternatives. This systematic review evaluates the diagnostic performance of serological and other non-sputum biomarkers for active TB, focusing on both host and pathogen derived targets. Eleven eligible studies (2016–2024) involving 2,548 participants were analyzed. The reviewed studies employed multiplex immunoassays and protein microarrays to assess immune markers and M. tuberculosis antigens. Key findings indicate that several cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IP-10, IL-27) and antibodies to ESAT-6, CFP-10, and Ag85B differentiated active from latent infection. Multi-antigen panels achieved sensitivity and specificity above 85%, while saliva, serum, and skin-based assays showed potential for non-invasive and field-applicable diagnosis. The novelty of this review lies in its integrative approach analyzing both host and pathogen biomarkers, which are often studied separately. Such multi-marker, non-sputum serological strategies could complement current TB diagnostics and provide reliable, accessible tools for use in resource-limited and high HIV prevalence setting
Distribution of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM genes in Extended Spectrum β-Laktamase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from Clinical Isolates in Jakarta
Full text linkKlebsiella pneumoniae is one of the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) due to their high level of antibiotic resistance. Ceftriaxone is one of the cephalosporin antibiotic that functions inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and used for treating K. pneumoniae infections. Resistance to ceftriaxone in K. pneumoniae has been widely reported, with one contributing factor being the production of β-lactamase enzymes encoded by the genes blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM. This study characterized the presence of these genes  in 12 clinical isolates of         K. pneumoniae and analyzed their correlation with phenotypic resistance to ceftriaxone. All isolates characterized with antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and disk diffusion methods to evaluate the phenotypic production of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM. Molecular analysis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method showed the genes blaCTX-M and blaTEM were detected in 11 isolates (91.67%), and blaSHV was found in 9 isolates (75%). The distribution pattern of the blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM resistance genes was present in 8 isolates (66.67%), with MIC values > 64 µg/mL. The presence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes together in K. pneumoniae isolates represents a potential risk for resistance to other β lactam antibiotics
Preparation and Analysis of Dual-Property Coated Metal Foams for Potential Wick Structures in Heat Pipe Applications
Full text linkHydrophilic and hydrophobic coated metal foams have been successfully prepared via a cleaning procedure and a simple spraying technique to be used as a wick structure in a heat pipe. The main object of this work is to explore the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers on the metal foam and to study the properties of the metal foams. To achieve this goal, 3D-OM analyses were performed to identify the pore size of the metal foam. To observe the surface morphology and porosity of the metal foam, SEM analysis was carried out and succeeded in observing the changes in the surface roughness of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic coated metal foams. The pore diameter, porosity and density of metal foam were 633.38 µm, 48.46% and 4.62 g/cm3, respectively. FT-IR analysis was also performed with the results showing that the hydrophobic coating did not affect the overall molecular group composition. Contact angle analysis shown that the values were 74° and 112° (first day) on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic coated samples
Chemical Components and Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamomum culilaban Extract from Southeast Maluku
Full text linkThe bark of Cinnamomum culilaban, endemic to Southeast Maluku, has the potential as an antibacterial. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of C. culilaban bark extract isolated using distillation and maceration methods and to determine the chemical components contained therein. Qualitative tests using GCMS and antibacterial activity testing against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. The extraction results using the distillation method obtained a sedimentation of 3.28% and the maceration method of 28.03%. The chemical components of the distillation extract showed four main components: Eucalyptol 4.02%, (+)-2-Bornanon 2.32%, terpineol 1.49% and Safrole 86.78%. The chemical components of the maceration extract have five main components, namely (+)-2-Bornanon 1.35%, Terpineol 1.43%, Safrole 89.06%, Spathulenol 1.26%, and Methoxyeugenol 1.73%. The antibacterial activity of the distillation extract against E. coli bacteria is classified as strong, with the highest inhibition zone size at a concentration of 60% (13.47 ± 1.14 mm). In contrast, for S. aureus bacteria, there is no antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of the maceration extract against S. aureus bacteria is classified as strong with the inhibition zone size at a concentration of 100% (11.87 ± 1.15 mm). In contrast, for E. coli bacteria, there is no antibacterial activity