Online-Journals und digitale Zeitschriftenausgaben des DAI (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut)
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The Manufacture of Eastern Sigillata C and Late Roman C at Çandarlı, Ancient Pitane: Results of the Intensive Survey (2019–2021)
Get PDFDieser Artikel stellt die Ergebnisse eines intensiven archäologischen Surveys im modernen Çandarlı (antikes Pitane) vor, das seit 1911 als Herstellungsort für Terra Sigillata in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten n. Chr. bekannt ist. Im Rahmen des TransPergMikro-Projekts wurde die archäologische Zone im Zentrum der Çandarlı-Halbinsel in den Jahren 2019 und 2020 systematisch begangen, um die lokale Keramikherstellung als Teil einer breiteren handwerklichen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung innerhalb der Mikroregion Pergamon während der hellenistischen und römischen Kaiserzeit zu untersuchen zu dokumentieren. Der Survey erbrachte eine umfangreiche und reichhaltige Sammlung von Artefakten, die 2021 vollständig untersucht wurde und ein klareres Bild des typologischen Repertoires sowie der technologischen Aspekte der eigentlichen Herstellung und des Brennens vermittelt. Eines der interessantesten Ergebnisse war die Entdeckung archäologischer Beweise für die lokale Produktion von Late Roman C-Ware, was bedeutet, dass die Geschirrherstellung in Pitane bis in die Spätantike hinein andauerte.This article presents the results of an intensive archaeological survey at modern Çandarlı (ancient Pitane), which since 1911 is well-known as a place of manufacture for terra sigillata during the first three centuries A.D. Within the framework of the TransPergMicro Project, the archaeological zone in the centre of the Çandarlı Peninsula was systematically fieldwalked in 2019 and 2020 in order to investigate and document local pottery manufacture as part of broader artisanal and economic developments within the Pergamon micro-region during the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial periods. The survey yielded an abundant and rich collection of artefacts – fully studied in 2021 – which provides a clearer picture of the typological repertoire as well as technological aspects of the actual manufacture and firing. One of the more interesting results was finding archaeological evidence for the local production of Late Roman C, which signifies that tableware manufacture at Pitane continued into Late Antiquity.Bu makalede, MS 1.–3. yüzyılda terra sigillata üretimiyle bilinen Çandarlı\u27daki arkeolojik yüzey araştırmalarının sonuçları tanıtılmaktadır. Buradaki üretimin varlığı 1911\u27de saptanmıştır. 2019 ile 2020 yılında, Çandarlı Yarımadası\u27nın merkezindeki arkeolojik alan, »Pergamon Mikrocoğrafyasının Dönüşümü« (TransPergMikro) adlı proje çerçevesinde sistemli olarak taranmıştır. Yüzey araştırmasının amacı, Pergamon\u27un Hellenistik ve Roma dönemi mikrocoğrafyasındaki zanaat ve ekonomiye dayalı daha büyük bir gelişimin bir parçası olan yerel keramik üretimini araştırmak ve belgelemektir. Bu sayede son derece zengin bir buluntu topluluğu elde edilmiştir. Değerlendirmelerin 2021 yılında tamamlanmasıyla form repertuarı, keramik yapımı ve fırınlamaya yönelik teknik konular açıklığa kavuşmuştur. Arkeolojik kanıtlar sayesinde ulaşılan en ilginç sonuçlardan biri, Late Roman C grubunun yerel üretildiğidir. Bu durum, Pitane\u27deki keramik üretiminin Geç Antik Dönem\u27e kadar devam ettiğini göstermektedir
Revisiting Roman and Late Antique Shipwreck Cargos off the Southwest Anatolian Coast
Get PDFIn diesem Beitrag werden 12 wenig bekannte römische und spätantike Schiffswracks analysiert, die zwischen den 1970er und 2000er Jahren vor der Südwestküste der Türkei untersucht wurden. Der Artikel konzentriert sich auf Kontexte am Meeresgrund und die detaillierte Dokumentation der begrenzten Materialien, die an den Fundorten geborgen wurden, vor allem Transportamphoren, welche die Ladung kennzeichneten. Die aus dem 1. bis 7. Jahrhundert n. Chr. stammenden Wrackladungen bieten ein detailliertes regionales Bild der maritimen Aktivitäten einer Küste und ihres sich wandelnden Platzes innerhalb der Geschichte von Roms Aufstieg und Transformation im Osten. Die chronologische Verteilung der Fundorte – vor dem Hintergrund der Anzahl der Schiffswracks im Mittelmeer – zeigt die Intensität der Schifffahrt in der Region, während die Zusammensetzung der Ladungen Einblicke in die wechselnden Verbindungen bietet, die diesen Mustern zugrunde liegen: frührömische Ladungen, die größtenteils lokal oder regional sind, im Vergleich zu eher überregionalen Profilen mit einer starken Ausrichtung auf die kaiserliche Versorgung in der Spätantike. Die Studie unterstreicht auch, wie nützlich es ist, alte Daten mit neuen Fragen zu konfrontieren, insbesondere in Anbetracht der anhaltenden Bedrohungen für die Bewahrung dieses Erbes, und die Maximierung der Erkenntnisse, die selbst aus kurzen Surveys unter Wasser gewonnen werden können.This contribution analyzes 12 poorly known Roman and Late Antique shipwrecks surveyed off the southwest coast of Türkiye between the 1970s and 2000s. It focuses on seabed contexts and detailed documentation of limited materials raised from the sites, primarily transport amphoras that marked their cargos. Dating between the 1st and 7th centuries A.D., the wreck cargos offer a fine-grained regional view of one coast’s maritime activities and shifting place within the history of Rome’s rise and transformation in the east. The sites’ chronological distribution against the backdrop of Mediterranean shipwreck numbers reveals the regional ebb and flow of shipping, while the cargo compositions offer insights into the changing connections that underlie these patterns: early Roman cargos that are largely local or intraregional in scope, in comparison with more interregional profiles and a strong orientation toward imperial supply during Late Antiquity. The study also underscores the utility of bringing new questions to legacy data, particularly given persistent threats to the preservation of such heritage, and the maximization of insights that can be gleaned from even brief surface survey underwater.Bu makalede, Roma Dönemi ve Geç Antik Dönem\u27e ait 12 gemi batığı değerlendirilmektedir. Türkiye\u27nin güneybatı kıyısında bulunan ve hakkında çok az şey bilinen bu batıklara yönelik araştırmalar 1970–2000 yıllarına dayanmaktadır. Bu makalede, su altındaki kontekslerle ve ayrıntılı biçimde belgelenmiş az sayıda buluntu malzemesine ağırlık verilmektedir. Kargonun büyük bölümü ticari amphoralardan oluşmaktadır. Batıklardaki MS 1.–7. yüzyıl arasına ait mallar, kıyı bölgesi denizcilik aktivitelerine ve bu aktivitelerin Roma\u27nın yükselişi ve doğudaki dönüşümünü içeren tarihsel süreç içindeki değişen yerine dair ayrıntılı bir tablo sunmaktadır. Bilinen gemi batıklarının kronolojik dağılımı -Akdeniz\u27deki gemi batıklarnn sayısı temel alındığında- bu bölgedeki denizciliğin yoğunluğunu göstermektedir. Gemilerin kargosunu oluşturan mallar ise bu duruma bağlı olarak değişen ticari ilişkiler hakkında fikir verir: Erken Roma Dönemi\u27ne ait kargoların çoğunluğu yerel ve bölgesel niteliklidir. Buna karşın, Geç Antik Dönem\u27de bölgeler üstü niteliktedir ve daha çok imparatorluğun ihtiyaçlarına yöneliktir. Eski verilerin yeni sorularla değerlendirildiği bu çalışma, özellikle tehdit altındaki bu mirasın korunması göz önüne alındığında, kısa süreli sualtı araştırmalarından en sağlıklı sonuç elde etmenin ne kadar yararlı olduğunu vurgulamaktadır
Burnswark/Middlebie, Scotland, United Kingdom. Iron Age and Roman Landscapes in Southwest Scotland. Research Work between 2020 and 2021
Get PDFAs part of a British Academy funded project from 2020 to 2021, the University of Edinburgh, Historic Environment Scotland and the Romano-Germanic Commission of the DAI carried out research between the hillfort of Burnswark and the Roman fort of Birrens in eastern Dumfriesshire, Scotland. As part of the project, the collaborators undertook magnetometry surveys at different scales, which were analysed in combination with LiDAR data, aerial photographs and the datasets from the Scottish National Record of the Historic Environment. This work is supporting a better understanding of the settlement dynamics in this landscape during the early centuries AD.In einem von der British Academy finanzierten Projekt untersuchten von 2020 bis 2021 die Universität Edinburgh, die schottische Denkmalpflegebehörde Historic Environment Scotland (HES) und die Römisch-Germanische Kommission des DAI die Landschaft zwischen dem Hillfort Burnswark und dem römischen Kastell Birrens im östlichen Dumfriesshire in Schottland. Im Rahmen des Projektes führten die Projektpartner verschieden skalierte magnetische Prospektionen durch, die zusammen mit LiDAR-Daten und Luftbildern sowie den Datensätzen der schottischen Denkmalpflegedatenbank ausgewertet werden. So wird ein besseres Verständnis der Siedlungsdynamik in dieser Landschaft in den ersten Jahrhunderten n. Chr. gewonnen
Eine ithyphallische Bronzefigur spätgeometrischer Zeit aus dem Heraion von Samos
Get PDFBei den unter der Leitung von W.-D. Niemeier im Heraion von Samos östlich der Altäre durchgeführten archäologischen Sondierungen wurde im Jahr 2012 eine massiv gegossene Bronzestatuette aufgedeckt. Der Fundkontext der ithyphallischen Figur stellt eine ca. 630/620 v. Chr. (oder leicht später) geschlossene Deponierungsschicht mit Heiligtumsabfällen dar. Die vorliegende Studie schlägt auf Basis des technischen Befundes sowie stilistischer Vergleichsbeispiele eine Ansprache als lokales samisches Produkt der ausgehenden spätgeometrischen Zeit (Ende 8. Jh. bis frühes 7. Jh. v. Chr.) vor. Wenngleich eine genaue Benennung der Figur ausbleiben muss, handelt es sich um ein mit den Aspekten der samischen Hera kompatibles Weihgeschenk, dem nach derzeitigem Forschungsstand zudem eine Schlüsselstellung zu Beginn der anthropomorphen samischen Bronzeplastik zukommt.During the archaeological excavations carried out in the Heraion of Samos east of the altars under the direction of W.-D. Niemeier, a solid cast bronze statuette was discovered in 2012. The ithyphallic statuette was found in a deposition layer containing cultic debris that was sealed around 630/620 B.C. (or slightly later). Based on the technical features and stylistic comparisons, the present study suggests an identification as a local Samian product from the late Geometric period (late 8ᵗʰ –early 7ᵗʰ cent. B.C.). Although the figure cannot be assigned a specific name, it can be interpreted as a votive offering compatible with aspects of the Samian Hera. According to the current state of research, this type of offering holds a key position at the beginning of anthropomorphic Samian bronze casting
Roman Gold and Silver Mining in the Central Balkans and Its Significance for the Roman State
Get PDFThis paper offers a reassessment of the archaeological evidence for the organization, scale and significance of the Roman silver and gold mining in the Central Balkans. The focus is on two provinces, Dalmatia and Moesia Superior, which contained the majority of the region’s mineral resources, roughly corresponding to the modern states of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Kosovo. In contrast to Iberia or Dacia, the Central Balkans have thus far been underrepresented in mining syntheses in the Roman Empire, and, consequently, the importance of the region in the metal supply of the Roman Empire has been critically underestimated. This paper argues that the Central Balkans were the Roman Empire’s main source of silver bullion from the second half of the second century until at least the first half of the fourth century A.D
Cattle in the Desert: A Contemporary Occurrence in the Context of Rock Engravings (Tibesti, Borku, Ennedi)
Get PDFIn North Borku, indicine cattle still lives in the hyper-arid desert where, according to common understanding, cattle keeping is not anymore possible. Starting from this fact, the author documents engravings of cattle from Borku, the Ennedi and the Tibesti, which were presumably executed after the ‘cattle period’ in Saharan rock art, i.e. at a moment, when it was already too dry for cattle husbandry. Favourable environments, i.e. mountain valleys or places with a groundwater level close to the surface, allowed cattle to be kept in many places, even when the Sahara has dried out. In several engravings documented, the humps of cattle, as they occur in zebu and its hybrids, are repeatedly noticeable. However, some of these engravings were almost certainly made before 700 CE, a moment which, according to recent genetic studies, marks the beginning migration of zebu heritage from the East African coast westwards. There are two possible explanations: either these humped cattle go back to a much more ancient zebu introduction, or they show aurochs ancestry. In North Borku, indicine cattle still lives in the hyper-arid desert where, according to common understanding, cattle husbandry is not anymore possible. The aim of this article is to explain the contemporary find from North Borku in the context of more nuanced models of hyper-arid environments. The article is based on a collection of cattle engravings, which allow to raise questions about the period in which they were created. Particular attention is paid to presumably early or late dates of origin of the engravings, which can be deduced from the patina and from accompanying animal species, as well as to represented morphological characteristics that allow to relate the engravings with the cattle of North Borku. The diversity in cattle that can be observed and the occurrence of the latter at various times suggests that cattle husbandry took place in the Sahara at very different moments (or even continuously) with herders knowing how to exploit environmental diversity
