Veredas do Direito (Journal)
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SELF-EFFICACY SCALE FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN ENGLISH LESSONS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement instrument to assess the self-efficacy levels of classroom teachers in English language teaching. The study sample consists of classroom teachers working in Elazığ, Türkiye, in 2024. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, 257 classroom teachers participated in the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), while in the second phase, 253 classroom teachers took part in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), resulting in a total of 510 participants. To develop the scale, a comprehensive review of the relevant literature was conducted, and an initial pool of 29 items was generated. Based on the evaluations of two field experts and one English language expert, four items were removed. Additionally, three items were eliminated due to language and expression concerns following expert feedback. As a result of the EFA, two items with overlapping or low factor loadings were excluded. The EFA findings revealed a three-factor structure. Subsequently, CFA was performed to validate this structure. After making the necessary adjustments to achieve acceptable goodness-of-fit indices, the scale was confirmed to have strong and acceptable fit values. Furthermore, the overall Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient was calculated as .976. Following these analyses, the final 20-item, three-factor scale was determined to be a valid and reliable instrument, suitable for use in the field, and was introduced into the literature
UNLOCKING THE GROWTH OF MICRO, SMALL, AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA THROUGH ACCESS TO INNOVATIVE FUNDING: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF FINANCIAL LITERACY
Get PDFAccess to innovative funding persists as a challenge for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Majorly, in developing countries like Nigeria where the conventional credit systems are often stiff and inaccessible. This study delves into the crucial role of financial literacy as a mediating variable in the relationship between access to Peer-to-Peer (P2P) financing and the growth of MSMEs in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study employed descriptive survey research design while structured questionnaire was utilized in collecting data from 301 owners of registered MSMEs in Enugu state. Adopting validated scales from extant literature, the variables were measured, and data analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Smart PLS 4.0. Results show that while access to P2P financing significantly affects MSME growth (β = 0.432, p < 0.001), financial literacy shows positive and significant effect on MSME growth (β = 0.394, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the findings indicate the mediating effect of financial literacy in the nexus between access to P2P financing and MSME growth (indirect effect = 0.266, p < 0.001), suggesting that financially literate MSME owners are able to maximize the alternative financing mechanisms for business growth. These findings emphasize the strategic relevance of improving financial literacy of MSME owners to enhance financing outcomes and the growth of the business. However, their effectiveness is significantly enhanced when MSMEs owners demonstrate financial astuteness to access the platform effectively. The study provides useful ideas for policymakers, development agencies, as well as fintech providers by contributing to fintech and entrepreneurship literature
AQUÍFERO COMO SUJEITO DE DIREITO: UM PRECEDENTE LEGAL BRASILEIRO
Get PDFThe Right of Nature is increasingly reaffirming itself in the new Latin American constitutionalism by attributing legal personality to nature, to non-human subjects. This work discloses the pioneering spirit of granting an aquifer the status of subject of rights, in a worldwide unprecedented law, enacted on March 15, 2024, by the Cambuquira municipality, in the Minas Gerais state, Brazil. For this purpose, a documentary analysis of the law and a synthetic review of the literature were carried out, outlining considerations of environmental and civil legislation, with a focus on the subject of rights and on nature as a subject of rights in laws and judgments, based on international and national precedents. Next, it seeks to clarify groundwater and aquifers, the Carbogasous Water Aquifer in Cambuquira-MG and its recognition as a subject of rights by force of law. The Cambuquira municipality innovated in the national legal system by legislating the protection of groundwater and by granting the status of subject of rights to this aquifer, within the limits of its territory, as well as establishing a new precedent, both nationally and internationally, which will favor making groundwater visible and promoting greater protection thereof.El Derecho de la Naturaleza se reafirma cada vez más en el nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano atribuyendo personalidad jurídica a la naturaleza, a los sujetos no humanos. Este trabajo presenta la decisión pionera de otorgar a un acuífero el status de sujeto de derecho, en una ley sin precedentes aprobada el 15 de marzo de 2024 por el municipio de Cambuquira, en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para ello, se realizó un análisis documental de la ley y una revisión sintética de la literatura, esbozando consideraciones de la legislación ambiental y civil, centrándose en el tema del sujeto de derecho y sobre la naturaleza como sujeto de derecho en leyes y sentencias, basándose en precedentes internacionales y nacionales. A continuación, se tratarán las aguas subterráneas y los acuíferos, el Acuífero de Agua Carbónica en Cambuquira-MG y su reconocimiento como sujeto de derecho por la fuerza de la ley. El municipio de Cambuquira ha abierto un nuevo camino en el ordenamiento jurídico del país al legislar para la protección de las aguas subterráneas y conferir la condición de sujeto de derecho a dicho acuífero, dentro de los límites de su territorio, además de sentar un nuevo precedente, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, que visibilizará las aguas subterráneas y promoverá su mayor protección.O Direito da Natureza vem cada vez mais se reafirmando no novo constitucionalismo latino-americano ao atribuir personalidade jurídica à natureza, a sujeitos não humanos. Este trabalho divulga o pioneirismo de conferir a um aquífero o status de sujeito de direito, em lei mundialmente inédita, promulgada em 15 de março de 2024, pelo município de Cambuquira, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para tal, realizou-se análise documental da lei e uma revisão sintética da literatura, traçando considerações da legislação ambiental e civilista, com direcionamento para o tema sujeito de direito e sobre a natureza como sujeito de direito em leis e julgados, sustentando-se em precedentes internacionais e nacionais. Em seguida, busca-se esclarecer sobre as águas subterrâneas e os aquíferos, sobre o Aquífero de Águas Carbogasosas em Cambuquira-MG e seu reconhecimento como sujeito de direito por força de lei. O município de Cambuquira inovou no ordenamento jurídico pátrio ao legislar a proteção das águas subterrâneas e ao conferir o status de sujeito de direito ao referido aquífero, nos limites de seu território, bem como estabeleceu um novo precedente, tanto nacional como internacional, que tornará visíveis as águas subterrâneas e promoverá maior proteção destas
LITIGÂNCIA CLIMÁTICA E PARTICIPAÇÃO CIDADÃ NO DIREITO INTERNACIONAL SOCIOAMBIENTAL
Get PDFThe XXI century climate crisis has pressured the reconfiguration of international legal systems for environmental protection, favoring models that integrate economic development, sustainability, social well-being, and cross-border and intergenerational responsibility. With climate litigation, a legal space emerges with the challenge of moderating the developments of public participation in environmental governance. In this context, this study investigates whether climate litigation has structured a space for civil society to contribute to the construction of a socio-environmentalist order within regional human rights systems. The research adopts a qualitative and exploratory approach, employing the deductive method and documentary analysis, using the Global Climate Litigation Report 2023 as reference. Findings indicate that the Inter-American Court recognizes states’ cross-border responsibility but maintains access barriers; the European Court acknowledges the link between climate and human rights but imposes restrictive procedural requirements; and the African Court lacks significant climate-related litigation. Organized into two sections, the study first examines the evolution of ecological citizenship and then assesses public participation in climate litigation. The conclusion highlights that, despite progress, structural challenges limit the effectiveness of public participation in International Environmental Law.La crisis climática del siglo XXI ha presionado a los sistemas jurídicos internacionales para que reconfiguren la protección ambiental con el fin de favorecer modelos que combinen el desarrollo económico, la sostenibilidad, el bienestar social y la responsabilidad transfronteriza y transgeneracional. A través de los litigios climáticos, ha surgido un espacio jurídico que tiene el reto de moderar las consecuencias de la participación popular en la gobernanza ambiental. A la luz de eso, este estudio investiga si el litigio climático ha estructurado un espacio para que la sociedad civil contribuya a la construcción de un orden socioambientalista en los sistemas regionales de derechos humanos. La investigación adopta un enfoque cualitativo y exploratorio, utilizando el método deductivo y el análisis documental, con el Informe sobre el Global Climate Litigation Report 2023. Los resultados indican que la Corte Interamericana reconoce la responsabilidad transfronteriza de los Estados, pero mantiene barreras de acceso; la Corte Europea reconoce la relación entre clima y derechos humanos, pero impone requisitos procesales restrictivos; y la Corte Africana no tiene litigios climáticos significativos. Organizado en dos secciones, el estudio examina primero la evolución de la ciudadanía ecológica y luego evalúa la participación popular en los litigios climáticos. La conclusión es que, a pesar de los avances, hay desafíos estructurales que limitan la eficacia de la participación popular en el Derecho Ambiental Internacional.A crise climática do século XXI tem pressionado a reconfiguração dos sistemas jurídicos internacionais na proteção ambiental de maneira a prestigiar modelos que aliem desenvolvimento econômico, sustentabilidade, bem-estar social e responsabilidade transfronteiriça e transgeracional. Por meio da litigância climática, surge um espaço jurídico que tem o desafio de moderar os desdobramentos da participação popular na governança ambiental. À luz disso, este estudo investiga se a litigância climática tem estruturado um espaço para que a sociedade civil contribua para a construção de uma ordem socioambientalista nos sistemas regionais de direitos humanos. A pesquisa adota uma abordagem qualitativa e exploratória, empregando o método dedutivo e análise documental, dispondo como referência o Global Climate Litigation Report 2023. Os achados indicam que a Corte Interamericana reconhece a responsabilidade transfronteiriça dos Estados, mas mantém barreiras de acesso; a Corte Europeia reconhece a relação entre clima e direitos humanos, mas impõe exigências processuais restritivas; e a Corte Africana não apresenta litígios climáticos expressivos. Organizado em duas seções, inicialmente o estudo examina a evolução da cidadania ecológica e, seguidamente, avalia a participação popular nos litígios climáticos. Conclui-se que, apesar de avanços, desafios estruturais limitam a efetividade da participação popular no Direito Ambiental Internacional
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND TRANSHUMANISM: ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN HUMAN ENHANCEMENT
Get PDFArtificial intelligence (AI) has burst into the legal field as a tool with great potential to transform legal processes, posing benefits, risks and regulatory challenges. This study aimed to analyze the sociodemographic, professional and training factors that influence the adoption and perception of AI among legal professionals. To this end, a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional and correlational-explanatory design was developed, with a sample of 300 participants. Bivariate tests and multivariate models (logistic and linear regression) were applied to identify predictors of AI use and perceptions related to benefits, risks, regulation, and transhumanism. The results showed that 58% of the participants used AI tools in their professional work, with ChatGPT being the most used. Age behaved as a negative predictor of use, while work experience and AI training had positive effects. Likewise, it was evidenced that the female gender presented a higher adoption than the male gender. In terms of perceptions, users reported greater benefits and lower risk perception, while older and more experienced professionals showed greater skepticism and a stronger demand for regulation. An additional finding revealed that women and participants with AI training were more open to transhumanist debate. These results allow us to link theoretical debates with legal practice, highlighting the importance of promoting training programs, adequate regulatory frameworks and interdisciplinary reflection to consolidate an inclusive, efficient and ethically sustainable digital legal ecosystem
POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE VILLAGE ECONOMIC RESILIENCE INDEX IN CENTRAL JAVA
Get PDFVillage development has become a national priority to reduce inequality and strengthen local independence, yet the effectiveness of the Economic Resilience Index (ERI) as a predictive tool for village economic conditions has not been thoroughly evaluated. This study aims to assess the predictive capacity of ERI in supporting evidence-based village development policies in Central Java, Indonesia. The study uses an ex-post facto quantitative approach based on ERI secondary data 2018–2024. The sample included 7,809 villages, divided into 4,998 trainings, 1,250 validations, and 1,561 tests. The analysis was performed with Decision Tree Regression (DTR) using JASP software. The free variable is ERI 2018–2022, while the bound variable is ERI 2023. The results showed excellent model performance (R² = 0.807; MAPE = 4.65%). The feature importance analysis confirmed ERI 2023 as the most dominant variable, while the contribution of historical data was lower. The decision tree identifies the value threshold that divides villages into groups with different economic resilience. These findings highlight the importance of recent data in refining the ERI framework and provide practical implications for policymakers in setting village development priorities. Strengthening ERI as a policy instrument may enhance the effectiveness of resource allocation and sustainable village development strategies
FIRST-PRINCIPLES STUDY OF THE STRUCTURAL, ELECTRONIC, AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF HYDRIDE PEROVSKITES XCAH₃ (X = NA, K, RB,CS) UNDER PRESSURE
Get PDFThis study is a thorough investigation. It is founded on fundamental ideas. Density functional theory is what we employ. Structural, electronic, and elastic properties of the hydride perovskites XCaH₃ (where X = Na, K, Rb, and Cs) have been investigated using DFT. Through energy–volume optimisation, equilibrium Lattice Constants were determined, demonstrating their stability in the cubic perovskite phase. The electronic band structures and density of states of all compounds indicate that they exhibit semiconducting behavior with direct band gaps. The estimated band gap energies are 3.14 eV for CsCaH₃, 3.29 eV for KCaH₃, 3.35 eV for RbCaH₃, and 2.51 eV for NaCaH₃.This suggests that the ion radius of the A-site cation gradually increases up to Rb, after which it slightly decreases for Cs. The Born stability criteria for the elastic constants verify that these perovskites are mechanically stable in ambient conditions. Additionally, the determined Young\u27s, shear, and bulk moduli show that these hydrides are ductile and have sufficient mechanical strength. These findings provide important new insights into the fundamental behavior of XCaH₃ hydrides, which could be beneficial for future energy-related technology applications
COMPARATIVE SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL AND RECTANGULAR OIL TANKS: EFFECTS OF WALL THICKNESS UNDER SOIL–STRUCTURE–FLUID INTERACTION
Get PDFOil and liquid storage tanks represent essential components of industrial infrastructure, guaranteeing the secure containment of petroleum, chemical, and other hazardous liquids. Their seismic performance plays a crucial role in mitigating risks of leakage, structural collapse, and environmental contamination [1,2]. While most existing research has concentrated on cylindrical storage tanks—the predominant configuration in industry—rectangular tanks are also employed in specific applications, yet their seismic behavior remains insufficiently explored [5]. This study presents a comparative numerical analysis of the seismic response of cylindrical and rectangular oil tanks, incorporating full soil–structure–fluid interaction and accounting for the influence of wall thickness [5,7]. Three-dimensional finite element models are developed in ADINA using a coupled Lagrangian formulation for the fluid domain [6], and the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake (Taiwan) is applied as ground motion input [10]. The analysis evaluates variations in tensile stresses, hydrodynamic pressures, and fluid velocity distributions across different wall thicknesses [8]. Results demonstrate the significant impact of tank geometry and wall stiffness on dynamic behavior and provide design recommendations for safer tank configurations in seismically active regions [5,7]
HYBRID WARFARE – A CHALLENGE TO MODERN INTERNATIONAL LAW
Get PDFIn the context of a rapidly changing and volatile global security landscape, hybrid warfare has emerged as a new form of conflict, combining traditional military means with non-military tools such as cyberattacks, trade warfare, environmental warfare, and many other forms. Hybrid warfare, while recently a frequent topic in international political science and military science, is not a legal term. Therefore, it is impossible to apply conventional methods of definition and international legal norms to address activities in the form of this type of warfare. This term poses many challenges from the perspective of international law and the national laws of states in fields such as human rights law, the law of armed conflict, information security law, and international trade law. This article analyzes the concept and characteristics of hybrid warfare and examines some typical cases to highlight the challenges that it is posing to the international legal system. The article emphasizes the current legal gaps and proposes directions for the future development of international law and the strengthening of international oversight mechanisms
GOVERNANCE DEADLOCK IN COASTAL TOURISM: DISENTANGLING JURISDICTIONAL OVERLAPS BETWEEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND MILITARY AUTHORITY IN INDONESIA
Get PDFInstitutional deadlock that undermines both economic development and environmental sustainability are among the unique challenges that coastal tourism governance in post-authoritarian Indonesia encounters when democratic decentralization intersects with persistent military territorial authority. This study investigates the governance deadlock in the coastal tourism sector of Cilacap Regency. The elimination of collaborative management arrangements due to military land certification (Hak Pakai Hankam) since 2013 and the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) prohibitions on inter-governmental revenue-sharing in 2019 has resulted in a collapse of local government tourism revenue from 2.7 billion rupiah annually to zero, while also accelerating ecosystem degradation. We conducted 27 key informant interviews, two focus group discussions, quantitative revenue analysis, and environmental assessments across military-controlled coastal sites from April to October 2024, utilizing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. The results indicate that institutional incompatibility deadlock is a unique governance failure mode. This mode is characterized by the creation of mutually reinforcing constraints that prevent coordination, despite the recognition of superior collaborative alternatives by stakeholders. These constraints are a result of rigid path dependencies (military land rights) and goal dependencies (financial accountability regulations). Even when cooperation generates mutual benefits, transaction cost barriers—information asymmetries, multi-principal negotiation complexity, and the absence of enforcement mechanisms—maintain non-cooperative equilibria. The research theoretically advances Evolutionary Governance Theory by defining self-reinforcing dependency mechanisms and empirically illustrating how civil-military jurisdictional deadlock directly impede the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals 13 and 14 by eliminating environmental oversight institutions and revenue streams that fund sustainability investments. This has implications for coastal governance in contexts where authoritarian-era military prerogatives persist within democratic institutional frameworks