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ESTABLISHING THE SUSTAINABLE ASSET MANAGEMENT MATURITY MODEL (SAMMM) FOR SAUDI METRO SYSTEMS (ISO 55001-ALIGNED) THROUGH RELIABILITY-COST-CARBON SCORECARDS
Get PDFIn this context, Saudi Arabia metro operators are expected to provide reliable passenger service while keeping lifecycle expenditure under control and concurrently making measurable progress towards national decarbonization targets. This paper presents and elaborates a Sustainable Asset Management Maturity Model (SAMMM) that is tailored for Saudi Arabia metro systems and aligned with the requirements of ISO 55001 for asset management systems. SAMMM goes beyond “conformance” by combining: i) a capability assessment based on ISO clauses, ii) a five-level maturity ladder, and iii) an integrated set of RCC scorecards using MCDA. The proposed approach provides an auditable link between strategic intent, such as the pathways of the Saudi Arabia Green Initiative, and day-to-day asset decisions like maintenance strategies, renewal planning, and procurement. To make the model actionable, the paper defines KPI families, normalization rules, weight elicitation, and governance practices, and a practical implementation roadmap supported by visual management tools such as framework diagram, maturity ladder, and ISO clause radar chart. Riyadh Metro serves here as an illustrative context to demonstrate how SAMMM can structure progress from early-stage data stabilization to predictive maintenance and low-carbon procurement, while concurrently maintaining high reliability
REAL RIGHTS AND PERSONAL RIGHTS IN SECURED TRANSACTIONS: A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS UNDER VIETNAMESE CIVIL LAW
Get PDFThis article examines the conceptual and legal distinction between real rights and personal rights in secured transactions under Vietnam’s Civil Code 2015. Based on doctrinal and comparative analysis, it classifies nine security mechanisms into three groups: real security rights (e.g., pledge, mortgage, possessory lien), personal security rights (e.g., guarantee, social credit, retention of title), and hybrid forms (e.g., deposit, security deposit, escrow). The study highlights how real rights grant enforceable claims over specific assets, including rights of pursuit and priority, while personal rights confer only contractual claims. It assesses the legal and practical implications of this dichotomy for enforcement, third-party effects, and creditor protection. Drawing on case law and legal scholarship, the article reveals interpretive uncertainties and proposes a clearer conceptual framework and legislative reforms to improve predictability, reduce transaction costs, and enhance creditor confidence in Vietnam’s secured lending environment
THE EFFECT OF COLLABORATIVE PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODEL ON PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS
Get PDFThe development of problem-solving skills is a critical objective of contemporary education systems in response to increasing global complexity and the demands of the twenty-first century. This study aims to examine the effect of the Collaborative Problem-Based Learning (CPBL) model on students’ problem-solving skills. A quantitative approach employing a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent pretest–posttest control group was used. The participants consisted of 130 students divided into an experimental group (65 students) and a control group (65 students), selected through cluster random sampling. The experimental group was instructed using the CPBL model, while the control group received conventional instruction. Data were collected through standardized problem-solving tests administered before and after the intervention. Descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests were applied after confirming data normality and homogeneity. The results indicated no significant difference in problem-solving skills between the two groups at the pretest stage. However, posttest findings revealed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group (p < 0.05), demonstrating that students exposed to CPBL achieved higher problem-solving performance than those taught using conventional methods. These findings suggest that CPBL is an effective instructional model for enhancing students’ problem-solving skills and supports the adoption of collaborative, problem-centered learning approaches to improve educational quality in alignment with international educational frameworks
MIRADAS DE INGRESANTES A SU FORMACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA Y SU DERECHO A UNA EDUCACIÓN AFECTIVA Y ACCESIBLE
Get PDFEste estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo comprender e interpretar las miradas de estudiantes ingresantes sobre su proceso formativo en una Facultad de Educación para poder reconocer si la Universidad responde a su derecho a una educación afectiva y accesible como exige el momento actual. Es de enfoque fenomenológico-hermeneútico y participaron estudiantes de dos secciones que mediante las técnicas de encuesta y grupo focal visibilizaron vivencias y sentimientos en esta etapa. Sus expresiones evidencian valoraciones positivas sobre las prácticas de enseñanza y los entornos afectivos, sin embargo, percibieron algunas diferencias. Observaron dificultades vinculadas a la accesibilidad, adaptación de recursos, uso de herramientas pedagógicas pertinentes y vivenciaron algunas limitaciones en la socialización con sus pares. Consideran que estas condiciones influyen en la experiencia académica y procesos de socialización e inclusión. A partir de sus miradas, se concluye que el derecho a una educación de calidad requiere no solo de docentes competentes a nivel pedagógico, sino que también armonicen sus acciones en forma conjunta y puedan encaminarse hacia escenarios afectivos y accesibles acordes a los principios orientadores vigentes y los avances de la ciencia y tecnología que lamentablemente se ve aún lejana en la formación de los futuros educadores
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL RISKS AND RESPONSES FOR CHINESE ENTERPRISES\u27 INVESTMENT IN THE "B&R”
Get PDFChinese enterprises investing in the "Belt and Road Initiative" are confronted with environmental legal risks arising from energy and resource construction, green trade barriers, and corporate environmental responsibilities. They should fully utilize the dispute resolution mechanisms of international environmental treaties, actively and proactively carry out practical negotiations on environmental and trade agreements, make full use of the environmental review mechanism in the Convention on International Investment Guarantee Agency, completely familiarize themselves with and master the environmental legal information and typical judicial precedents of the host countries, strengthen environmental supervision of overseas investment enterprises, standardize corporate environmental social responsibilities, improve the environmental impact assessment system for overseas investments, and enhance cooperation among environmental non-government organizations in the countries along the line. 
POSITIVE SYNERGY BETWEEN GEOGRAPHIC LITERACY AND SKILLS: INSIGHTS FROM PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS
Get PDFGeographic literacy and skills are essential competencies for prospective Geography teachers to effectively perform their roles as educators in the 21st-century education era. This study analyzes the relationship between learning styles, geographic literacy, and geographic skills among prospective Geography teachers. A quantitative survey design was employed, using questionnaires and tests to measure learning styles, geographic literacy, and geographic skills. The approach used is quantitative, using a survey method, problem-based investigation, and data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study population consists of all active students in Geography Education programs at public and private universities in Indonesia. The sample size amounting to 249 students from 19 public and private universities. Using two types of instruments geographical literacy test: multiple-choice questions-based case study and learning style questionnaire: adapted from the Felder-Silverman. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) to gain deeper insights and data analysis using SMART PLS software. These results underscore the importance of fostering geographic literacy as a foundation for enhancing geographic skills. The influence of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles on geography skills (KG) and geographic literacy skills (KLG) have different effects. The implications of this study highlight the need for instructional strategies that support visual learning styles and promote the development of geographic literacy among prospective teachers, preparing them to become professional educators capable of addressing global challenges. The findings reveal that student with a visual learning style exhibit higher geographic literacy than those with auditory and kinesthetic learning styles.A letracia geográfica e as habilidades geográficas são competências essenciais para futuros professores de Geografia desempenharem seu papel de forma eficaz na era da educação do século XXI. Este estudo analisa a relação entre estilos de aprendizagem, letracia geográfica e habilidades geográficas entre futuros professores de Geografia. Foi adotado um delineamento de pesquisa quantitativa do tipo survey, utilizando questionários e testes para medir estilos de aprendizagem, letracia geográfica e habilidades geográficas. An abordagem utilizada é quantitativa, empregando o método survey, investigação baseada em problemas e análise de dados por meio de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (SEM). A população do estudo é composta por todos os estudantes ativos dos cursos de Licenciatura em Geografia em universidades públicas e privadas na Indonésia. A amostra incluiu 249 estudantes provenientes de 19 universidades públicas e privadas. Foram utilizados dois tipos de instrumentos: um teste de letracia geográfica com questões de múltipla escolha baseadas em estudos de caso e um questionário de estilos de aprendizagem adaptado do modelo Felder-Silverman. Também foram realizados Grupos Focais (FGDs) para aprofundar a compreensão dos dados, e a análise estatística foi conduzida com o software SMART PLS. Os resultados reforçam an importância de promover a letracia geográfica como base para o desenvolvimento das habilidades geográficas. An influência dos estilos de aprendizagem visual, auditivo e cinestésico sobre as habilidades geográficas (KG) e sobre as habilidades de letracia geográfica (KLG) apresenta efeitos distintos. As implicações deste estudo destacam a necessidade de estratégias de ensino que favoreçam o estilo de aprendizagem visual e promovam o desenvolvimento da letracia geográfica entre futuros professores, preparando-os para se tornarem educadores profissionais capazes de enfrentar desafios globais. Os achados mostram que estudantes com estilo de aprendizagem visual apresentam níveis mais elevados de letracia geográfica do que aqueles com estilos auditivo e cinestésico
AWARENESS AND USE OF VOCABULARY LEARNING STRATEGIES FOR VOCABULARY BUILDING AMONG BILINGUAL ESL LEARNERS IN PAKISTAN
Get PDFVocabulary learning is a key component of second language acquisition, especially in multilingual contexts where learners shift across languages. This study examines the awareness, use, and conceptualization of Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLS) among bilingual ESL learners in Pakistan, drawing on the direct and indirect strategy frameworks of Oxford (1990) and Schmitt (1997). Using a mixed-methods design, quantitative data using surveys were complemented with qualitative data using classroom observations in higher secondary schools. Findings show that learners have moderate awareness of direct strategies such as repetition and dictionary use, as well as limited understanding of indirect strategies like metacognitive planning, contextual inference, and self-monitoring. Teacher-centered, exam-driven practices underutilize the cognitive advantages associated with bilingualism. The present study recommends explicit strategy instructions, teacher professional development, and curriculum reforms to promote learner autonomy and strengthen vocabulary learning in Pakistani ESL classrooms
Desafios Éticos e Jurídicos no Vietnã para Proteger a Privacidade do Paciente por meio do Consentimento Informado: Protegendo a Privacidade do Paciente por meio do Consentimento Informado
No full textThis article examines the relationship between patients and healthcare facilities or medical practitioners through the lens of informed consent, emphasizing the patient’s right to informational privacy, which includes personal and health-related data. From the perspective of the 2023 Law on Medical Examination and Treatment and the 2025 Law on Personal Data Protection, the article presents objective arguments highlighting the need to protect patients’ rights in the processing and sharing of personal and health information. These arguments are grounded in both ethical principles and legal justifications. However, under the current Vietnamese legal framework, patients’ rights to keep their health information confidential are not fully protected, especially regarding informed consent. This insufficient legal protection may hinder the growth of the healthcare system, particularly in the era of digital transformation
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION QUALITY AND CREDIBILITY ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN CRISIS INTERVENTION COMMUNICATION: A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA
Get PDFThis study investigates how social media information quality, credibility, user engagement, digital literacy, and psychological resilience influence crisis intervention communication among university students in Yunnan, China. The objective was to understand how content attributes and individual capacities shape students’ ability to access, evaluate, and act on crisis-related information on platforms such as WeChat, Douyin, and Weibo. Using structural equation modeling, results indicate that digital literacy strongly predicts crisis communication (β = 0.870, p < 0.001) and moderates the effects of social media credibility (β = 0.543, p < 0.001) and quality (β = 0.442, p < 0.001), while psychological resilience enhances communication (β = 0.372, p < 0.001) and strengthens the influence of credibility (β = 0.329, p < 0.001) and quality (β = 0.382, p < 0.001). Credibility affects both engagement (β = 0.240, p < 0.05) and communication (β = 0.588, p < 0.001), whereas quality influences communication (β = 0.215, p = 0.003) but not engagement. User engagement mediates the effects of content features on communication. The study’s novelty lies in integrating content characteristics with user-level moderators and validating engagement as a mediator in a non-Western academic context. Findings suggest that effective crisis communication requires credible, high-quality content supported by digital literacy and resilience. Practically, universities and crisis managers should emphasize interactive content, digital skills, and resilience-building to optimize student preparedness and coordinated responses
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE IN THE UNIT 81 OF KOPASSUS SOLDIERS
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze the implementation of situational leadership in Unit 81 Kopassus and examine its impact on personnel performance and operational effectiveness. The research employs a qualitative phenomenological approach to explore leadership practices based on the lived experiences of commanders and personnel within a high-risk military environment. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis. The informants were selected using purposive sampling based on rank, operational experience, and direct involvement in tactical missions. Data were analyzed using phenomenological procedures, including data reduction, coding, thematic categorization, and validation through triangulation and member checking to ensure credibility. The findings reveal that commanders adaptively apply four leadership styles consisting of telling (S1), selling (S2), participating (S3), and delegating (S4) depending on personnel readiness and situational demands. The telling style is dominant in high-risk operations requiring rapid and precise decision-making; selling is applied during training and coaching processes to strengthen competence and motivation; participating is used in tactical decision-making to enhance cohesion and collective responsibility, while delegating is implemented for highly mature personnel to promote autonomy and leadership development. The situational application of these styles positively influences discipline, coordination, trust, and overall performance. The study concludes that leadership flexibility is a critical factor in maintaining operational readiness in high-risk organizations. Although limited to a single unit and qualitative scope, this research contributes theoretically by reinforcing situational leadership theory in military contexts and practically by providing insights for adaptive leadership development in strategic security institutions