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PRE-CONTRACTUAL DUTY OF DISCLOSURE IN PRIVATE MEDICAL SERVICE CONTRACTS (A CONTEMPORARY CIVIL LAW PERSPECTIVE)
No full textThis article analyzes an important rule from the sphere of medical civil law, namely the pre-contractual cognitive duty in the contract of private medical services. In view of the rapid advancement in private healthcare, whose orientation is increasingly becoming commercial and investment-driven, the doctor-patient relationship is not merely human anymore. But its contractual character has become more complex and the knowledge of the parties is imbalanced. The study proposes the duty of disclosure as a pre-contractual phase, disassociating it from the obligation to consult a doctor later, and defining its legal basis as good faith and protection of consent. The research also investigates what details must be revealed, such as who the service provider is, what are their total costs, what risks do the service providers pose, and what possible alternatives the users have. In the final segment of the module, the mechanisms for proving compliance and the role of the judiciary in protecting patients from arbitrary conditions and misleading practices are discussed in detail. All this is based on the general principles of civil law and on specific laws on patient protection and healthcare provision
ANÁLISE DO RISCO CIRÚRGICO VERSUS RISCO FARMACOLÓGICO NO TRATAMENTO DA OBESIDADE: CIRURGIA BARIÁTRICA E ANTIDIABÉTICOS INJETÁVEIS
No full textA obesidade é uma enfermidade crônica multifatorial associada a elevada morbimortalidade, sobretudo em decorrência de complicações metabólicas e cardiovasculares, como diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipidemia e doença aterosclerótica. O manejo terapêutico da obesidade grave ultrapassa intervenções comportamentais isoladas, frequentemente exigindo estratégias mais intensivas, incluindo cirurgia bariátrica/metabólica e farmacoterapia com agentes injetáveis de ação incretínica. A escolha entre essas modalidades requer análise criteriosa do perfil de risco e benefício, considerando características clínicas individuais, gravidade da doença e presença de comorbidades. A cirurgia bariátrica, especialmente técnicas como o bypass gástrico em Y de Roux e a gastrectomia vertical (sleeve), promove perda ponderal significativa e sustentada, além de melhora expressiva ou remissão de comorbidades metabólicas. Contudo, envolve risco cirúrgico inerente, incluindo complicações perioperatórias (sangramento, tromboembolismo, infecção) e eventos tardios, como deficiências nutricionais, estenoses e síndrome de dumping. Apesar da baixa mortalidade em centros especializados, trata-se de intervenção invasiva que exige seguimento multiprofissional contínuo. Em contraste, os agonistas do receptor de GLP-1, como a semaglutida, e os agonistas duais GLP-1/GIP, como a tirzepatida, representam avanços relevantes na terapêutica farmacológica da obesidade. Esses fármacos promovem redução ponderal substancial e melhora de parâmetros cardiometabólicos, com perfil de segurança globalmente favorável. Os efeitos adversos mais comuns são gastrointestinais e geralmente transitórios, embora haja relatos de eventos menos frequentes, como pancreatite e colelitíase associada à rápida perda de peso. Diferentemente da cirurgia, a manutenção dos resultados depende da continuidade do tratamento. Destarte, a análise comparativa entre risco cirúrgico e risco farmacológico deve ser individualizada. A cirurgia oferece maior magnitude e durabilidade de perda de peso, com risco imediato mais elevado; a farmacoterapia apresenta menor risco invasivo, porém eficácia dependente de adesão prolongada. A decisão terapêutica deve basear-se em avaliação clínica abrangente, estratificação de risco e discussão compartilhada com o paciente, visando maximizar benefícios e minimizar complicações
O TRIBUNAL DE CONTAS DO ESTADO DO AMAZONAS E A GOVERNANÇA AMBIENTAL
Get PDFNo presente artigo, pretende-se estudar de que forma o Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Amazonas (TCE-AM) atua como órgão indutor da governança ambiental, nos âmbitos estadual e municipal, e avaliar se essa atuação proporciona benefícios ambientais para quem vive no Amazonas. Parte-se da abordagem dos conceitos de governança, no contexto da evolução e da consolidação da governança ambiental no Brasil e no mundo. Em seguida, examina-se como o TCE-AM, no seu mister de órgão de controle externo da Administração Pública, contribui (ou pode e deve contribuir) para a tutela da preservação do meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Por fim, apontam-se os sinais do aprimoramento da governança ambiental no Estado do Amazonas, a partir do atuar do TCE-AM, como órgão fiscalizador
A REVIEW OF DIVERSE RELEASES ON PROFESSIONAL SKEPTICISM IN AUDITING
Get PDFيُعَدّ الشكّ المهني إحدى السمات المميّزة للمراجعين، ويُطلَب وفقًا للمعيار الدولي للمراجعة (ISA) الحفاظ عليه طوال عملية المراجعة (ISA 240). ولذلك، فقد خضع هذا المفهوم لرقابة متواصلة من قبل العديد من الباحثين في مجال المحاسبة والمراجعة. تُقيّم هذه المراجعة للأدبيات العلمية بشكل شامل المناهج والنتائج والجوانب الأساسية الأخرى في 30 مقالاً تجريبيًا نُشرت حول الشكّ المهني بين عامي 2012 و2023 في مجلات مرموقة في مجالات المحاسبة والمراجعة وأخلاقيات الأعمال. ومن خلال جوهر هذه المراجعة، يُعرَض الشكّ المهني استنادًا إلى أطره النظرية ومن زوايا مختلفة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، قام الباحث بدراسة السياقات الجغرافية، والعينات المختارة، ومصادر البيانات، والأساليب الإحصائية المُستخدمة. وكما هو مقترح، يُسهم هذا العمل في تطوير الأطر والبُنى التي من المتوقع أن توسّع وتوحّد النتائج العلمية المتنوعة المتعلقة بالشكّ المهني.Professional skepticism is a distinctive qualification of auditors that is required by the International Standard on Auditing (ISA) to be maintained throughout the audit (ISA 240). Thus, the latter has been continuously subjected to various scrutiny by scholars in the field of accounting and auditing. This review of literature thoroughly assesses the approaches, findings, and other essential aspects of 30 empirical articles published apropos professional skepticism from 2012 to 2023 in renowned journals in accounting, auditing, and business ethics. By the very essence of this review, professional skepticism is conferred on the basis of its framework from divergent point of views. Moreover, the author contemplated on geographical settings, samples selected, sources of data, and the applied statistical techniques. As proposed, this piece of work progresses the frameworks and structures that are expected to expand and concur the diverse scholarly findings relative to professional skepticism.El escepticismo profesional es una cualificación distintiva de los auditores que exige la Norma Internacional de Auditoría (ISA) para mantenerse a lo largo de todo el proceso de auditoría (ISA 240). Por ello, esta cualificación ha sido objeto de continuo escrutinio por parte de diversos académicos en el campo de la contabilidad y la auditoría. Esta revisión de la literatura evalúa exhaustivamente los enfoques, hallazgos y otros aspectos esenciales de 30 artículos empíricos publicados sobre el escepticismo profesional entre 2012 y 2023 en revistas reconocidas de contabilidad, auditoría y ética empresarial. Por la propia esencia de esta revisión, el escepticismo profesional se expone con base en sus marcos conceptuales desde diversos puntos de vista. Además, el autor examinó los contextos geográficos, las muestras seleccionadas, las fuentes de datos y las técnicas estadísticas aplicadas. Tal como se propone, este trabajo impulsa los marcos y estructuras que se espera amplíen y articulen los diversos hallazgos académicos relacionados con el escepticismo profesional.Le scepticisme professionnel est une qualification distinctive des auditeurs, exigée par la Norme Internationale d’Audit (ISA) afin d’être maintenue tout au long du processus d’audit (ISA 240). Ainsi, cette qualification a fait l’objet d’un examen continu par de nombreux chercheurs dans les domaines de la comptabilité et de l’audit. Cette revue de la littérature évalue de manière approfondie les approches, les résultats et d’autres aspects essentiels de 30 articles empiriques publiés sur le scepticisme professionnel entre 2012 et 2023 dans des revues reconnues en comptabilité, audit et éthique des affaires. Par essence, cette revue présente le scepticisme professionnel à partir de ses cadres conceptuels et sous différents points de vue. En outre, l’auteur a examiné les contextes géographiques, les échantillons sélectionnés, les sources de données et les techniques statistiques appliquées. Tel que proposé, ce travail renforce les cadres et structures qui devraient élargir et harmoniser les diverses conclusions académiques relatives au scepticisme professionnel.O ceticismo profissional é uma qualificação distintiva dos auditores exigida pela Norma Internacional de Auditoria (ISA) para ser mantida ao longo de todo o processo de auditoria (ISA 240). Por esse motivo, essa qualificação tem sido continuamente submetida ao escrutínio de diversos estudiosos nas áreas de contabilidade e auditoria. Esta revisão da literatura avalia de forma abrangente as abordagens, os achados e outros aspectos essenciais de 30 artigos empíricos publicados sobre ceticismo profissional entre 2012 e 2023 em revistas reconhecidas de contabilidade, auditoria e ética empresarial. Pela própria essência desta revisão, o ceticismo profissional é apresentado com base em seus referenciais teóricos sob diferentes pontos de vista. Além disso, o autor analisou os contextos geográficos, as amostras selecionadas, as fontes de dados e as técnicas estatísticas aplicadas. Conforme proposto, este trabalho fortalece os referenciais e estruturas que se espera ampliar e articular os diversos achados acadêmicos relacionados ao ceticismo profissional
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SOUTH AFRICA’S GENOCIDE CASE AGAINST ISRAEL AT THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Get PDFThe genocide case filed by South Africa against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) stems from concerns over the escalation of violence in Gaza following the Hamas attack on October 7, 2023, which allegedly involved serious violations of the Genocide Convention as a jus cogens norm. This study aims to analyze the legal and political significance of the lawsuit, including its implications for Israel\u27s international responsibility and the global response to its military operations. The methods used include a descriptive legal approach to describe the application of international legal norms in practice, as well as a normative approach to assess the legal obligations that should be complied with under the Genocide Convention. The two approaches are combined through case study analysis and comparison with the practices of other countries. The results of the study show that Israel\u27s actions potentially fulfill the elements of genocide and that the ICJ\u27s Provisional Measures have had a major political impact, as evidenced by Israel\u27s increasing international isolation and the suspension of military aid by a number of countries. In conclusion, this case is not only important in upholding international law, but also plays a strategic role in encouraging Israel\u27s compliance with humanitarian law and strengthening global accountability mechanisms
QUIET QUITTING OF STAFF AND CONSUMER BEHAVIORS IN THE AGE OF DIGITIZATION
Get PDFQuiet quitting—employees’ disengagement from nonessential work tasks while maintaining minimum job requirements—has become increasingly visible in the digital age, particularly among mid-level staff facing high workloads and limited organizational support. This trend manifests in reduced participation in meetings, reluctance to assume additional responsibilities, and avoidance of overtime, ultimately influencing organizational performance. At the same time, digitization has reshaped consumer expectations, making the understanding of consumer behavior essential for designing effective marketing strategies. Emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses of consumers guide firms in tailoring products, services, and communication efforts to enhance loyalty and identify emerging market trends. This study examines the relationship between employee quiet quitting and shifts in consumer behavior, exploring how employee disengagement may indirectly shape consumer perceptions in digitally driven business environments. Data were collected from 407 participants employed in Istanbul-based enterprises using an online survey administered via Google Forms. Analyses conducted through ANOVA, t-tests in SPSS, and structural modeling in SmartPLS confirmed the proposed hypotheses and revealed positive associations within the conceptual model. The findings highlight the importance of addressing employee well-being and engagement to sustain effective marketing performance and maintain favorable consumer responses in an increasingly digital marketplace
NARRATIVES OF ACCOUNTABILITY AND CHANGE: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MONTHLY REPORTING IN PROBATION REHABILITATION PATHWAYS AND SUPERVISION CHALLENGES
Get PDFThis study examines the lived experiences of probationers and probation officers on mandatory monthly reporting as a core supervision mechanism of probation in the Philippines. Employing a qualitative descriptive design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of nine probationers and five probation officers in Isabela Province. The inquiry explored how monthly reporting influenced behavioral, psychological, and social dimensions of rehabilitation, and the challenges encountered during its implementation. Thematic analysis revealed that probationers perceive monthly reporting as a constructive process that fosters accountability, self-discipline, and reflective change, thereby supporting rehabilitation pathways. However, both probationers and probation officers identified persistent structural challenges, particularly logistical barriers and resource constraints, which undermine consistent compliance and effective supervision. These interconnected challenges were found to adversely affect monitoring efficiency and the overall rehabilitative potential of probation supervision. The findings underscore the need for adaptive supervision strategies, including more flexible and technology-enabled reporting mechanisms, strengthened collaboration with local social service agencies, and improved alignment between probationers’ rehabilitative needs and available institutional support. By foregrounding experiential narratives, this study contributes qualitative insights to community corrections literature and informs policy-relevant reforms in probation supervision
LEARNING MANAGEMENT THROUGH "SCAFFOLDING" TECHNIQUE TO FOSTER CREATIVITY OF DIPLOMA STUDENTS, DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT, SONGKHLA COMMUNITY COLLEGE, THAILAND
Get PDFThis research purposes evaluate the creativity through learning management of “Scaffolding” Technique with the Diploma students in Branch of Management, Songkhla Community College. To foster creative thinking by employing "Scaffolding" Technique to the Diploma students. The target group in this research was 25 first year students in Branch of Management in Songkhla Community College, who registered for a Basic Business course. The student samples were obtained through a purposive sampling method because only one basic business course in Branch of Management was offered due to the requirement of the Institute of Community College. The result of the research can be concluded that the comparison of the creativity evaluation of the diploma student samples on the Business Model Canvas (BMC) by using the evaluation criteria based on the theory of creative thinking of the Guilford’s is 70% significantly higher than the preset criterion at .01
CORRUPTION AS A CHALLENGE TO GOOD GOVERNANCE: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
Get PDFCorruption remains one of the greatest obstacles to sustainable development in most developing countries, with Somalia being among the worst cases. It has long impeded political stability and economic growth in fragile states, and in Somalia it is deeply entrenched at all levels—from small-scale daily transactions to large-scale abuses of authority. Weak institutions, protracted conflict, and clan-based systems of reward have allowed corruption to flourish despite the introduction of formal laws and institutional frameworks. These measures, including anti-bribery and procurement laws or institutional audits, have largely failed due to poor enforcement and the dominance of informal networks. This paper situates the corruption and governance debate within Somalia’s context and emphasizes that traditional approaches are insufficient where state capacity is weak. Instead, gradual reforms aimed at directly improving citizen welfare are more realistic. Such reforms include transparent service delivery, merit-based recruitment, and greater participation in decision-making. The role of informal governance systems—clan elders and community leaders—also emerges as crucial, as they can serve as allies in enhancing accountability and legitimacy. The findings suggest that Somalia requires a hybrid approach that combines formal institutional reforms with informal oversight. Empowering citizens, ensuring open access to budgetary and procurement data, and introducing e-governance systems can reduce opportunities for corruption. Ultimately, meaningful change in Somalia depends on adopting governance strategies tailored to local political and social realities while aligning with international standards of transparency and accountability.
Corruption remains one of the greatest obstacles to sustainable development in most developing countries, with Somalia being among the worst cases. It has long impeded political stability and economic growth in fragile states, and in Somalia it is deeply entrenched at all levels—from small-scale daily transactions to large-scale abuses of authority. Weak institutions, protracted conflict, and clan-based systems of reward have allowed corruption to flourish despite the introduction of formal laws and institutional frameworks. These measures, including anti-bribery and procurement laws or institutional audits, have largely failed due to poor enforcement and the dominance of informal networks. This paper situates the corruption and governance debate within Somalia’s context and emphasizes that traditional approaches are insufficient where state capacity is weak. Instead, gradual reforms aimed at directly improving citizen welfare are more realistic. Such reforms include transparent service delivery, merit-based recruitment, and greater participation in decision-making. The role of informal governance systems—clan elders and community leaders—also emerges as crucial, as they can serve as allies in enhancing accountability and legitimacy. The findings suggest that Somalia requires a hybrid approach that combines formal institutional reforms with informal oversight. Empowering citizens, ensuring open access to budgetary and procurement data, and introducing e-governance systems can reduce opportunities for corruption. Ultimately, meaningful change in Somalia depends on adopting governance strategies tailored to local political and social realities while aligning with international standards of transparency and accountability
APLICATIVO DE MATEMÁTICA COM ESTRATÉGIAS METACOGNITIVAS DE LEITURA
Get PDFNeste artigo, é apresentado um aplicativo de Realidade Aumentada denominado “AlgebrAR”, desenvolvido para o apoio ao ensino e aprendizado da Álgebra. É apresentada uma avaliação do aplicativo em relação ao uso das estratégias metacognitivas de leitura para uma interação entre a linguagem matemática, língua materna e linguagem semiótica no ensino e aprendizado da Álgebra. Os resultados da avaliação, levada a efeito com vinte e quatro discentes do nono ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública da Rede Estadual de Pernambuco, apontaram que o uso de estratégias metacognitivas presentes no aplicativo podem trazer contribuições para o ensino e aprendizado da Álgebra e que o aplicativo pode contribuir para aumentar a motivação e o engajamento dos alunos no âmbito da temática