Journals of Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan
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ANALISIS PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH RUMAH TANGGA (SAMPAH MEDIS DAN NON MEDIS) DI KOTA SURABAYA SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19
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Community activities during the Covid-19 pandemic that runs from home such as school and work led to an increase in non-medical household waste and medical waste (masks). The aim of study was to analyze the implementation of the management of household waste (medical and non-medical) by the community in Surabaya during the pandemic Covid-19. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional design. Data was collected through observation and questionnaires online for one month. The variables analyzed were the level of community knowledge and actions in the application of 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) and waste sorting. Results of research on the level of knowledge demonstrated 57,73% out of 220 people with a good knowledge level. A total of 30,9% of the people implementing the 3R, as many as 47,7% of people apply organic and non-organic waste sorting, while 16.4% of people who apply medical and non-medical waste segregation. From these results, it can be concluded that the level of knowledge of the people of Surabaya City is high but the application of waste management by the people in the City of Surabaya (application of 3R, sorting organic and non-organic waste, and sorting medical and non-medical waste) is low. Encouragement and strict regulation are needed from central and local government in waste management to support the health and environmental hygiene.
Keywords: Household waste, medical waste, waste management, waste sorting, Covid-19 Pandemic
ABSTRAK
Aktivitas masyarakat selama pandemi Covid-19 yang berlangsung dari rumah seperti sekolah dan bekerja menyebabkan peningkatan sampah rumah tangga non medis dan sampah medis (masker). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga (medis dan non medis) oleh masyarakat Kota Surabaya selama masa pandemi Covid-19. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif dengan disain cross sectional. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi dan penyebaran kuesioner online selama satu bulan. Variabel yang dianalisa adalah tingkat pengetahuan dan tindakan masyarakat dalam penerapan 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) dan pemilahan sampah. Hasil penelitian pada tingkat pengetahuan menunjukkan sebanyak 57,73% dari 220 masyarakat dengan tingkat pengetahuan baik. Sebanyak 30,9% masyarakat menerapkan 3R, pada masyarakat yang menerapkan pemilahan sampah organik dan non organic sebanyak 47,7%, sedangkan masyarakat yang menerapkan pemilahan sampah medis dan non medis sebanyak 16,4%. Dari hasil tersebut disimpulkan bahwa tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat Kota Surabaya tinggi namun penerapan pengelolaan sampah oleh masyarakat di Kota Surabaya (penerapan 3R, pemilahan sampah organik dan non organic, serta pemilahan sampah medis dan non medis) tergolong rendah. Diperlukan anjuran dan peraturan yang tegas dari pemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam pengelolaan sampah untuk mendukung kesehatan dan kebersihan lingkungan.
Kata kunci: Sampah rumah tangga, sampah medis, pengelolaan sampah, pemilahan sampah, pandemi Covid-1
DETERMINAN KULTURAL DAN STRUKTURAL DALAM KEMITRAAN BIDAN DENGAN DUKUN BAYI (BHISA/SANDO) DI KABUPATEN WAKATOBI, SULAWESI TENGGARA
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Background: Births assisted by skilled health personnel in health facilities is the prevention of maternal mortality. Wakatobi District has a low coverage of birth attendance by skilled health personnel, and the community has a powerful culture in all aspects of life, including visiting traditional birth attendants known as Bhisa/Sando in caring for women from pregnant to childbirth.
Objective: To identify the cultural and structural determinants that affect the partnership between Bhisa/Shando and midwives in maternal and child health services (MCH).
Methods: This study used an operational research design with a qualitative approach. A total of 68 informants were involved in focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and participatory observations. Thematic analysis was used in processing all information.
Results: Cultural determinants that affect the partnership between Bhisa/Shando and midwives were hereditary traditions and a powerful belief in Bhisa/Shando's ability to take care for pregnant women, labor women, postpartum women, and newborns. Meanwhile, structural determinants included inadequate facilities and health personnel for MCH services and suboptimal supports from related parties. These results may cause the partnership between Bhisa/Shando and midwives will not be optimal.
Conclusion: Cultural and structural factors have a strong influence in realizing the partnership between Bhisa/Sando and midwives. The involvement of Bhisa/Sando in MCH services conducted by midwives, adequate MCH service infrastructure, and support from community leaders, cadres, and related agencies is essential to be carried out to improve Bhisa/Sando's partnership with midwives in improving MCH services.
Keywords: Bhisa/Shando, partnership of midwives and traditional birth attendants, maternal and child health
Abstrak
Latar belakang: Persalinan yang ditolong oleh tenaga kesehatan di fasilitas kesehatan merupakan upaya untuk mencegah kematian ibu. Kabupaten Wakatobi memiliki cakupan penolong persalinan oleh tenaga kesehatan yang rendah, dan masyarakatnya memiliki budaya yang sangat kuat dalam segala aspek kehidupan, termasuk mendatangi dukun bayi yang disebut sebagai Bhisa/Sando dalam menangani ibu hamil hingga bersalin.
Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi determinan kultural dan struktural yang memengaruhi kemitraan antara Bhisa/Shando dengan bidan dalam pelayanan kesehatan ibu dan anak (KIA).
Metode: Studi ini menggunakan desain riset operasional dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Total 68 informan terlibat dalam diskusi grup terarah, wawancara mendalam, dan observasi partisipasi. Analisis tematik digunakan dalam mengolah seluruh informasi.
Hasil: Determinan kultural yang memengaruhi kemitraan antara Bhisa/Shando dengan bidan yaitu tradisi turun temurun dan kepercayaan yang kuat terhadap kemampuan Bhisa/Shando dalam menangani ibu hamil, ibu bersalin, ibu nifas, dan bayi baru lahir. Sedangkan determinan struktural meliputi fasilitas dan tenaga kesehatan untuk pelayanan KIA yang belum memadai serta dukungan dari pihak terkait yang belum optimal. Hal ini menyebabkan kemitraan antara Bhisa/Shando dengan bidan belum optimal.
Kesimpulan: faktor kulturan dan struktural berpengaruh kuat dalam mewujudkan kemitraan antara Bhisa/Sando dengan bidan. Keterlibatan Bhisa/Sando dalam pelayanan KIA yang dilakukan bidan, infrastruktur pelayanan KIA yang memadai, dan dukungan dari tokoh masyarakat, kader, dan instansi terkait perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemitraan Bhisa/Sando dengan bidan dalam meningkatkan pelayanan KIA.
Kesimpulan: Kualitas hidup ibu hamil dan ibu nifas relatif sama dengan kecenderungan lebih rendah pada kualitas hidup ibu nifas
Kata kunci: Bhisa/Shando, kemitraan bidan dan dukun bayi, kesehatan ibu dan ana
HUBUNGAN POLA KOMUNIKASI ORANG TUA ASUH DENGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI REMAJA PANTI ASUHAN KABUPATEN KLATEN TAHUN 2020
Get PDFLatar belakang: Permasalahan kesehatan reproduksi pada remaja semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Remaja yang tinggal di panti asuhan merupakan remaja yang rawan mengalami gangguan dan masalah kesehatan reproduksi karena mereka tidak tinggal dengan orang tuanya.
Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan pola komunikasi orang tua dengan perilaku seksual berisiko (pengetahuan dan sikap) pada remaja yang tinggal di panti asuhan di Kabupaten Klaten tahun 2020.
Metode: Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah explanatory research dengan pendekatan survei. Adapun penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional study dengan hipotesis adanya hubungan pola komunikasi orang tua dengan pengetahuan dan sikap remaja tentang kesehatan reproduksi. Responden berjumlah sebanyak 40 orang remaja panti asuhan berusia 12–16 tahun. Variabel yang diuji adalah pola komunikasi, media informasi, kebiasaan bersosialisasi, dukungan orang terdekat, pengetahuan, dan sikap. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan angket dengan jenis uji univariat dan bivariat.
Hasil: Analisis statistik menunjukkan hasil bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan dukungan orang terdekat (p=0,859) dan pola komunikasi (p=0,140) dengan perilaku seksual berisiko (pengetahuan dan sikap) responden. Terdapat hubungan media informasi (p=0,007) dan kebiasaan bersosialisasi (p=0,032) dengan perilaku seksual berisiko (pengetahuan dan sikap) responden.
Kesimpulan: Faktor yang berhubungan dengan pengetahuan dan sikap responden remaja mengenai kesehatan reproduksi adalah media untuk mendapatkan informasi dan kebiasaan bersosialisasi.
Kata kunci: komunikasi orangtua, remaja, panti asuhan, kesehatan reproduksi, Klate
Kepatuhan Minum Obat pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Beberapa Puskesmas Kabupaten Banyumas
Get PDFDiabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as ”the mother of all diseases" because it causes many complications. Knowing and measuring medication adherence may have a greater effect on DM patients. Several studies in Indonesia used a questionnaire scale to measure adherence, however they do not validate the study population, so it could still be found anomalous correlation analysis between adherence and clinical data even though it measured in the same country and scale. This study measure the adherence level of type 2 diabetes patients, evaluates the validity of the medication adherence scale, and analyze the correlation with the clinical outcome of type 2 diabetes patients in four health centers in Banyumas district. The study uses a cross-sectional design in Prolanis type 2 DM patients of January -April 2020. The adherence is measured by MARS-10, backward-forward translation method followed by content and internal validation. Clinical outcome is evaluated based on fasting blood glucose measurement. The results of the MARS-10 Gregory index analysis showed content validity in the high category (IG ≥ 0.8). The content validity showed the results of 9 questions with the value of r count> r table (n = 30, r table = 0.361). Reliability analysis showed Cronbach's Alpha 0.747> 0.6. The measurement showed 80.3% was adherent patients and 19.3% was non-adherent patients. Correlation analysis showed that there was no significant relationship (p> 0.05) between patient adherence and clinical outcome. Those results showed that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in 4 health centers were categorized as adherent but not correlated with the clinical outcome. This was enable due to the clinical outcome was simultaneously influenced by several factors: general factors, individual factors, and unpredictable factors
Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Emulgel Minyak Biji Jintan Hitam (Nigella sativa L.) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis
Get PDFAcne is a skin problem that often occurs, one of the causes is the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis. Black cumin seed oil (Nigella sativa L.) can be used as an antibacterial because it contains thymoquinone and α-pinene. This study aims to obtain black cumin seed oil emulgel preparations that has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The preparations were formulated with concentrations of 3% (FI), 5% (FII), and 7% (FIII). Evaluation of the preparation was carried out for eight weeks including organoleptic tests, spreadability, emulsion type, pH, viscosity, homogeneity. Antibacterial activity tests was carried out using the well-diffusion method. The results of the evaluation of all three formulas obtained showed a semi-solid consistency, light brown in color, characteristically smelled of black cumin seed oil, stable, M/A emulsion type, homogeneous, non-irritating, pH FI = 4.51-4.95, FII = 4.72-4.99, FIII = 4.57-4.87, dispersion FI = 3.2-3.8 cm, FII = 3.3-3.9 cm, FIII = 3.4-3.9 cm, viscosity FI = 10.7-26.1 Ns/m2, FII = 11.2-32.0 Ns/m2, FIII = 11.5-34.1 Ns/m2. The antibacterial activity test showed the inhibitory power of FI 11,66±0,09 mm, FII 14.48±0.03 mm, FIII 17.35±0,.8 mm, lower than the positive control (clindamycin). All three black cumin seed oil emulgel preparations obtained met the physical requirements and had bacterial inhibition (
Efektivitas Promosi Kesehatan dalam Meningkatkan Perilaku Masyarakat Memberantas Sarang Nyamuk di Yogyakarta
Get PDFDengue hemorrhagic fever is a disease that requires prompt and appropriate treatment so that the sufferer does not experience a more severe condition. This disease is spread in almost all parts of Indonesia and has become a public health problem because many areas are endemic. The purpose of this study was to compare and determine the effect of providing health promotion with the lecture and small group discussion method on community behavior changes in eradicating mosquito nests. The design of this research was a survey method with a quasi-experimental design. This study was conducted in Gunungkidul District from May to July 2020. The number of samples was 400 persons, a total of 200 subjects were given health promotion interventions with the lecture method and 200 subjects were given a small group discussion method. The presence of mosquito larvae was checked before and after the intervention. The Mann-Whitney test was used when the data are not normally distributed. The result of this study show that health promotion with the small group discussion method is more effective than the lecture method on community behavior in eradicating mosquito nests
Gambaran Pengetahuan Masyarakat tentang Malaria Knowlesi di Perbatasan Kecamatan Badau Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu
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Knowlesi malaria is a malaria that occurs in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) which is caused by Plasmodium knowlesi. Cases of knowlesi malaria found at Sarawak Malaysia in 2004, where the Kecamatan Badau is an area directly adjacent to Sarawak, Malaysia, so the potential for transmission can also occur. Knowledge about Plasmodium knowlesi malaria is the community knowledge about its specific symptoms, vector and host of Plasmodium knowlesi, as wel as the prevention of malaria knowlesi. This research is descriptive statistics of community knowledge concerning knowlesi using cross-sectional design. A purposive sampling was conducted in August 2019 in Desa Janting, Desa Sebindang and Desa Badau to select 94 respondents. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires as research instruments. The results obtained including distribution of proportion of respondents, which were mostly females (75,50%) at the age group of 18-40 years (57,45%), graduated from elementary and junior high school (60,60%), and housewives (53,40%). Respondents in this study had low level of knowledge (72%). In conclusion, the knowledge of respondents concerning knowlesi malaria at subdistrict border of Badau, Kapuas Hulu District was lacking.
ABSTRAK
Malaria knowlesi merupakan penyakit malaria yang terjadi pada kera ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) dan kera ekor babi (Macaca nemestrina) yang disebabkan oleh parasit Plasmodium knowlesi. Kasus malaria knowlesi ditemukan pada manusia di Sarawak Malaysia pada tahun 2004, dimana Kecamatan Badau merupakan daerah yang berbatasan langsung dengan Sarawak, Malaysia sehingga potensi penularan juga dapat terjadi. Pengetahuan tentang malaria knowlesi adalah pengetahuan masyarakat tentang gejala khasnya, hewan penular dan hospesnya serta tindakan pencegahan malaria knowlesi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif untuk menentukan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang malaria knowlesi dengan menggunakan desain cross-sectional. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik purposive sampling dilakukan di bulan Agustus 2019 di Desa Janting, Desa Sebindang dan Desa Badau untuk memilih 94 responden. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan pertanyaan kuesioner terstruktur sebagai instrumen penelitian. Hasil yang didapatkan yaitu distribusi proporsi responden yang paling banyak dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis kelamin perempuan (75,50%) pada kelompok usia 18-40 tahun (57,45%), tamat SD dan SMP (60,60%), ibu rumah tangga (53,40%). Responden dalam penelitian ini memiliki pengetahuan kurang (72%). Disimpulkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang malaria knowlesi di perbatasan Kecamatan Badau Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu adalah kurang.
 
Analisis Gen Tox Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Penyebab Difteri di Beberapa Wilayah Indonesia
No full textDiphtheria is a vaccine-preventable disease. The clinical features and complications of diphtheria are associated with toxins produced by the causative bacteria. Diphtheria toxin synthesis is encoded by tox gene. This study aimed to provide an overview of the DNA sequences of the tox gene of Corynebacterium diphtheriae causing diphtheria in several region of Indonesia. A total of 65 Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from several provinces in Indonesia (2010-2017) were used as samples. Isolates recultured on blood agar medium (BA), incubated at 37 0 C overnight. DNA extraction conducted using the QiaAmp DNA Mini Kit. The DNA sequencing was carried out using the Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) approach. The data conversion and analysis conducted using U-gene and BioEdit programs. Examination of 65 isolate C. diphtheriae with 1683 bp of tox gene sequences showed that there are 3 patterns of gene sequences with 3 mutation site. All mutations were silent mutation. The mutation sites were also not commonly used as 3’end binding site of the PCR primer. We concluded that tox gene of C. diphtheriae that causes diphtheria in some provinces in Indonesia have limited variations and these variations do not encode amino acid changes. This indicates that the vaccines used in Indonesia are still in accordance with the variations in circulating bacteria and PCR can be used for screening and predicting the toxigenicity of diphtheria-causing bacteria. Keywords: C. diphtheriae, gene tox, diphtheria, Indonesia
Abstrak
Difteri merupakan salah satu penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi (PD3I). Gambaran klinis dan komplikasi difteri dikaitkan dengan toksin yang diproduksi oleh bakteri penyebab. Sintesis toksin difteri dikode oleh gen tox. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran sekuens DNA gen tox Corynebacterium diphtheriae penyebab difteri di beberapa wilayah Indonesia. Sebanyak 65 isolat C. diphtheriae tersimpan milik Badan Litbangkes yang diisolasi dari beberapa wilayah Indonesia tahun 2010- 2017 dijadikan sebagai sampel. Rekultur dilakukan pada medium agar darah (BA), diinkubasi pada suhu 37 o C selama sehari semalam. Ekstraksi DNA menggunakan kit QiaAmp DNA Minikit. Sekuensing DNA dilakukan dengan pendekatan Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Konversi dan analisis data menggunakan program U-gene dan BioEdit.Pemeriksaan 65 isolat C. diphtheriae dengan 1683 bp sekuens gen tox menunjukkan ada 3 pola sekuens gen dengan 3 lokasi mutasi. Seluruh mutasi bersifat silent mutation. Lokasi mutasi juga bukan merupakan tempat penempelan ujung 3’ primer PCR yang umum digunakan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa variasi gen tox yang ditemukan pada C. diphtheriae penyebab difteri di Indonesia memiliki variasi yang terbatas dan mutasi yang ada tidak mengkode perubahan asam amino. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa vaksin yang digunakan di Indonesia masih sesuai dengan variasi bakteri yang bersirkulasi. Hasil penelitian juga mengindikasikan bahwa PCR dapat digunakan untuk skrining dan memprediksi toksigenisitas bakteri penyebab difteri.
Kata kunci : C. diphtheriae, gen tox, difteri, Indonesi
