Journals of Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan
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PERBANDINGAN RISIKO KESEHATAN PENGGUNAAN ADITIF FTALAT DAN NON FTALAT PADA BAHAN PLASTIK KEMASAN MAKANAN
Get PDFABSTRACT
The use of plastic-based food packagings has become an option considering their practicality and affordability. However, it is necessary to be aware of the health risks caused by exposure of phthalate plasticizer additives. This article aims to determine the comparison of risks of using phthalate and non-phthalate as plasticizers by scoping review method. The articles were searched through Google Scholar, Pubmed, and official website portals. After categorizing process, we obtained 41 articles for review refference. The result showed that phthalates are categorized as toxic compounds which have risks to disrupt endocrine glands activities. One of the phthalate compounds widely used as plasticizer is di-(2-ethylhexyl) phtalat, which is categorized into Group 2B (probably carcinogenic). Human biomonitoring values for six phthalate compounds vary from 0.02 to 8 mg/kg/day, while alternative plasticizer compounds ranging from 100 to 1,000 mg/kg/day. These alternative phthalate compounds are relatively safer because they do not easily migrate into food or drinks. There is no regulation due to phthlate restriction as plasticizer in Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to design the relevant regulation and we recommend the safer non-pthalate alternatives for plasticizers.
Keywords: Plasticizer, Phthalate, Non-phthalate, Health risks
ABSTRAK
Penggunaan kemasan makanan berbahan dasar plastik menjadi pilihan karena dinilai praktis dan harganya terjangkau. Namun perlu diwaspadai risiko kesehatan dari pajanan aditif plastik berupa pemlastis yang terbuat dari senyawa ftalat. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk melakukan tinjauan perbandingan risiko penggunaan pemlastis berbahan ftalat dan alternatif non ftalat dengan metode scoping review. Penelusuran artikel melalui portal Google Scholar, Pubmed, dan situs resmi pemerintah/lembaga. Setelah melalui proses pengkategorian, diperoleh 41 artikel yang digunakan sebagai referensi tinjauan. Dari hasil tinjauan literatur diperoleh informasi bahwa senyawa ftalat dikategorikan dalam senyawa toksik dan berisiko mengganggu kerja kelenjar endokrin. Bahkan salah satu senyawa ftalat yang banyak digunakan sebagai aditif pemlastis, yaitu di-(2-ethylhexyl) phtalat, dikategorikan ke dalam Golongan 2B (probably carcinogenic). Nilai human biomonitoring untuk enam senyawa ftalat bervariasi pada kisaran 0,02–8 mg/kg/hari, sedangkan nilai untuk pemlastis alternatif berkisar antara 100-1000 mg/kg/hari. Senyawa alternatif non ftalat dianggap aman karena tidak mudah bermigrasi memajani makanan atau minuman. Di Indonesia belum ada regulasi yang mengatur pembatasan ftalat sebagai pemlastis, karena itu perlu dirancang regulasi terkait dan merekomendasikan alternatif pemlastis non ftalat yang aman bagi kesehatan.
Kata kunci: Pemlastis, Ftalat, Non ftalat, Risiko kesehata
EFFECTIVENESS OF PEER EDUCATION IN DECREASING ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Get PDFBackground: Currently, the number of adolescents who have sexual intercourse is increasing and those make a higher risk of medical, psychological, and social implications. This behaviour is obviously leading to an increase the number of adolescence pregnancy. Sex education and counselling in many countries is delivered by health care professionals. In Indonesia, there are some sex education programs delivered by peer educators but their success in reducing adolescence pregnancy is unknown.
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of a peer reproductive health education program in decreasing unplanned pregnancy in adolescents.
Method: This integrative literature review was based on 3 databases which included Google Scholar, Pubmed and SAGE Journal. The inclusion criteria were articles published within the 2012–2018-year range, written in English, and the entire article was available and accessible. Only original articles with experimental design will be included. The quality of the selected articles was defined by using the Olsen-Baisch Scoring critical appraisal tool for integrative review.
Result: Peer education builds social support and sense of belonging. The content is not only about unplanned pregnancy but also STI and HIV; responsible decision making; and body image identification. Peer educator can be the role model and have greater opportunities to counter the risk of adolescent pregnancy.
Conclusion: Preventing adolescent pregnancy can save the next generation and improve adolescent health. Peer educator as part of health provider connect adolescents with their reproductive health needs. This approach would be beneficial strategy consider by health provider to protect adolescents.
Keywords: adolescent, peer educator, pregnancy, sex educatio
Sintesis dan Evaluasi Antimalaria In Vitro Turunan Kinin Terhadap Plasmodium falciparum
Get PDFNowadays kinin is the most effective antimalarial drug and its used as an alternative in malaria treatment. However, toxicity of quinine restrict its use as an antimalarial drug. Lipophilicity and long half-life (t½) of quinine that reach 10-20 hours are responsible for its toxicity. The aim of this research is to obtain more polar quinine derivatives by means of hydrogen peroxide reactions to reduce the toxicity. The reactions using hydrogen peroxyde is performed analogously to the procedures reported in the literature. Extract of pure anhydrous kinin is purified in coloumn chromatography followed by structure elucidation. Synthetic product is tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum. The characterization of reaction products is performed with proton (1H) and carbon 13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It showed that the reaction using reagents led to epoxidation of vinyl substituents of chinuclidine ring with 61,08% yields. Antimalarial test against Plasmodium falciparum obtained 1.250-2.500 μg/mL of IC50 value. The IC50 values indicated that the synthesis products were not potential for malaria treatment
HUBUNGAN LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH DENGAN KEJADIAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAPASAN AKUT PADA BALITA DI PUSKESMAS SUNGAILIAT KABUPATEN BANGKA TAHUN 2020
Get PDFAcute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an acute infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract caused by a virus or bacteria that lasts for 14 days. In Indonesia ARI still a problem because of environmental factors and behavior. As mention in H.L Blum’s classical theory that environment is the most influenced factor for the health status. The physical environment of the house includes the condition of clean water facilities, the condition of latrines, and the area of ventilation. This research aims to find out the effect of the physical environment of the house on the incidence of ARI in children under five at Sungailiat Health Center for the period October - December 2020. This research is a type of correlational analytic survey research with a cross sectional design. The population in this study were 118 toddlers aged 12-59 months. The sample in this study was 60 toddlers who were taken using simple random sampling technique. The statistical test used the chi-square test using the SPSS version 23 program. The results showed that there was no relationship between the condition of clean water facilities (p = 0.115), latrine conditions (p = 0.389), room ventilation area (p = 0.109) and the incidence of ARI. So it can be concluded that there is no relationship between the physical environment of the house and the incidence of ARI in children under five
Efektivitas Pengobatan Massal Filariasis Setelah Empat Tahun Pengobatan Massal di Desa Ploso, Demak, Jawa Tengah
Get PDFTThe filariasis elimination program is carried out through mass treatment with Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (DEC) and albendazole once a year for five years. Filariasis mass treatment, which was carried out for five years, aims to reduce the prevalence rate of microfilaria < 1%. Evaluation of community treatment needs to be done, one of which is the Finger Blood Preparation (SDJ) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods. The purpose of this research was to know the effectiveness of mass treatment of filariasis after four years in Karang Ploso Village, Demak, Indonesia. This study is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach with a sample of 350 people. The study variables were an examination of SDJ microfilariae, PCR molecular examination, and interviews about filariasis knowledge. The examination methods used were SDJ and PCR. The data analysis used was univariate, microfilaria rate. The results of SDJ and PCR examinations were not found microfilariae, so that the Mf rate was 0%. As many as 97.4% of people adhered to taking medication, 91.1% of people had moderate knowledge of filariasis, 98.3% had an average experience of the Mass Drug Administration (MDA). The Mf rate results by SDJ and PCR in Demak after the fourth filariasis treatment program in 2019 was 0%. There was a decrease in SDJ results from 2016-2019, namely 1% to 0% in 2019
Evaluasi Sistem Surveilans Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kota Tasikmalaya
Get PDFDengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has spread across all districts/cities in Indonesia, including in Tasikmalaya City as an endemic area. We conducted a mixed-methods study to evaluate surveillance system for dengue hemorrhagic fever in Tasikmalaya City. Qualitative data collection with in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. This research was conducted in the Tasikmalaya City Health Office’s work area from April to November 2018. Surveillance data through the hospital’s early warning report to the Tasikmalaya City Health Office mostly reported more than 24 hours. Completeness of reporting from RSU Dr. Soekarjo was 65.96% and TMC Hospital was 92%. There was a significant relationship between the presence of larvae and dengue cases (p-value = 0.001). It can be concluded that the accuracy and completeness of the hospital’s early warning report to the Tasikmalaya City Health Office was still relatively low due to the implementation of information system have not been integrated, DHF surveillance officers at both hospitals and puskesmas had double duty, lack of surveillance socialization/training for officers, and the lack of strengthening of accurately reporting at the management level and across sectors
Hubungan antara Lama Demam dengan Hasil Pemeriksaan Kualitatif IgM dan IgG pada Pasien Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di RSUD Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie tahun 2018
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Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the dengue virus transmitted by the Aedes spp mosquito as a vector. Dengue virus infection can stimulate IgM and IgG-specific antibodies. Determination of the length of the fever period in the serological test of DHF is believed in optimizing the result. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the length of fever with qualitative test results of IgM and IgG in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients at Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie Hospital in Pontianak, West Kalimantan Province. An observational analytical study was used with a cross-sectional approach. The method of selecting samples is non-probability sampling using consecutive sampling. A total of 61 samples were involved in this study. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. Statistical analysis relieved that there is no significant relationship between the length of fever with qualitative test results of IgM (p=0,869) and IgG (p=0,528). However, IgM and IgG could be biological markers of dengue infection and related to the pathogenicity level of the DHF patients.
ABSTRAK
Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue melalui vektor nyamuk Aedes spp. Infeksi virus dengue dapat menstimulasi munculnya antibodi spesifik IgM dan IgG. Penentuan lama demam saat melakukan pemeriksaan serologi dapat berperan dalam mengoptimalkan hasil pemeriksaan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara lama demam dengan hasil pemeriksaan kualitatif IgM dan IgG pada pasien DBD di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Cara pemilihan sampel adalah non-probability sampling dengan menggunakan consecutive sampling. Jumlah sampel adalah 61 pasien. Pengumpulan data menggunakan rekam medik dan dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Analisis statistik membuktikan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara lama demam dengan hasil pemeriksaan kualitatif IgM (p=0,869) dan IgG (p=0,528). Namun demikian, IgM dan IgG tetap merupakan penanda biologis infeksi dengue dan dapat terkait dengan prediktor keparahan penyakit pada pasien DBD
Prevalensi diare pada santri pondok pesantren di Kota Medan
Get PDFPondok pesantren merupakan ranah pembelajaran, pengembangan karakter dan pendidikan agama islam dengan meninjau berbagai aspek termasuk aspek kesehatan. Pesantren menjadi tempat berkumpulnya siswa dari berbagai kelompok usia dan latar belakang sosial ekonomi yang berbeda beda sehingga berada pada kondisi rawan terhadap berbagai permasalahan kesehatan terutama Diare. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi diare pada santri pondok pesantren di Kota Medan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan simple random sampling secara acak sederhana. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh santri yang tersebar di Kota Medan, Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan sampel sebanyak 436 santri yang berasal dari 7 pesantren di Kota Medan. Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa selfreport questionnaire dengan uji Uji chi square. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa prevalensi diare pada santri di Kota Medan sebesar 48,6% dan bervariasi antar pesantren (20-80%). Berdasarkan hasil uji statistic diketahui bahwa Jenis kelamin memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan (p-value 0,000 < 0,005) dengan Prevalens Risk (PR) pada 95% CI 1,995 (1,362 – 2,922) yang menunjukkan bahwa laki-laki berisiko 2 kali lebih besar terinfeksi diare dibandingkan perempuan, Proporsi santri yang diare dan tidak rutin cuci tangan pakai sabun lebih besar dibandingkan yang diare dan rutin cuci tangan pakai sabun. Edukasi secara menyeluruh terutama pada kelompok laki-laki menjadi rekomendasi dalam memutuskan rantai penularan diare di pesantren