IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)
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Simulation Study of Propylene Glycol Formation from Propylene Oxide and Water: Effect of Reactor Type, Reactant Ratio, Temperature, and Reactor Configuration
Full text linkThis study investigates the influence of reactor type, reactor configuration, reactor temperature, and reactant ratio on the formation of propylene glycol from propylene oxide and water using HYSYS simulation software. The examined reactor types include Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR) and Plug Flow Reactors (PFR). The impact of reactant ratio is explored by varying the mole ratio of propylene oxide to water. The effect of temperature is studied by altering the reaction temperature from 24 to 40 °C. HYSYS simulation results reveal that PFR yields the highest conversion compared to CSTR. Furthermore, consecutive CSTR configuration produces higher conversion than parallel CSTR configuration. Additionally, an increase in reaction temperature from 24 to 40 °C enhances the conversion of propylene oxide to propylene glycol. The reactant ratio 1:1 (propylene oxide to water) yields the highest conversion compared to other reactant ratios. The implications of these findings are to provide insights into more efficient and economical propylene glycol processes. The study suggests that PFR configuration, consecutive CSTR configuration, elevated reactor temperatures, and optimal reactant ratios can significantly improve the efficiency of propylene glycol formation.Keywords: Propylene Glycol, CSTR, PFR, Conversion, HYSYS Simulatio
Integrated Process of Palm Oil Mill Effluent using Electrocoagulation, Active Carbon Filter, Zeolite and Membrane Separation Technology
Full text linkPalm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a type of agro-industrial organic originating from the by-products of the processing of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of oil palm. Palm oil waste pollution decreases environmental quality which will indirectly be harmful to the environment and human health. This research aims to treat palm oil liquid waste using electrocoagulation process, activated carbon filter, zeolite and membrane separation technology in an integrated manner. The combination of palm ash and zeolite was found to be the most effective in reducing pH, TSS, COD, BOD, and fatty oils. The electrocoagulation method best conditions are at a voltage of 15 Volts and an operating time of 90 minutes. The system of integration of the electrocoagulation process, activated carbon filters, zeolite and membrane separation technology has proven to be very effective for processing palm oil mill wastewater. The treatment results meet the quality standards based on Governor of South Sumatra Regulation No. 8 of 2012 concerning Liquid Waste Quality Standards for Industrial, Hotel, Hospital, Domestic and Coal Mining Activities and based on Government Regulation no. 22 of 2021 concerning Implementation and Management of the Environment (Annex 6 National Water Quality Standards) with average results: pH 7.02 TSS 44.6 mg/L, COD 24 mg/L, BOD 2.89 mg/L and fatty oils 1.2 mg/LKeywords: Palm Oil Mill Effluent, Electrocoagulation, Zeolite, UF Membrane, Fatty Oi
Soap Production from Waste Cooking Oil: A Review
Full text linkIn the process of cooking, chemical reactions that happen to the vegetable oil render it unfit for consumption after multiple reusage, thus turning the oil into waste. Due to the abundance of such waste, it is important to have an easy way to turn waste cooking oil into another useful commodity. Production of soap is one of such method that could be widely applied by the public due to the easiness of its procedures and no involvement of hazardous chemical, in contrast to the production of biodiesel or biofuel which sometimes demands the use of unsafe materials or conditions. The objective of this publication is to provide information about the differences between unused and used cooking oil, to lay out the methods of soapmaking, to review the academic reports of soapmaking from waste cooking oil, and to summarize the challenges that are still unsolved in this topic
Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base from 4,4-Diaminodiphenyl Ether and Vanillin and its Interaction with Cu2+ Metal Ion
Full text linkThe Schiff base has synthesized from the reaction between 4,4-diaminodiphenyl ether and vanillin. The resulting Schiff base acts as a ligand and interacts with Cu2+ metal ions to form a complex compound. The Schiff base was analyzed using UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD). The stability of the Schiff base under different pH conditions was investigated, along with the interference effects of Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions on the formation of Schiff base complexes with Cu2+. The formation of a yellow solid crystal indicated the successful synthesis of the Schiff base. The appearance of maximum absorption at 250 nm on the UV-Vis spectra signifies the electronic transition from π to π*. Absorption spectra at 1600 cm-1 indicate the presence of an azomethine group. The diffraction pattern showed a sharp peak at an angle of 2θ= 19.301°, 51.04° for the Schiff base 4,4-diamino diphenyl ether-vanillin. Schiff base compounds exhibit the highest stability at pH 5, where the C=N double bond formed is more stable than other pH. Schiff base ligands form complexes with Cu2+ metal ions, characterized by absorption in the charge transfer region (LMCT) at λ 400 nm and the d-d transition at λ 630 nm. The presence of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ metal ions shifting absorption of the Schiff Base-Cu²⁺ ligand complex towards shorter wavelengths (hypsochromic effect
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticle Composite CaO/Fe3O4 from Duck Egg Shells and Its Application for Congo Red and Procion Red MX-5b Dyes Adsorption
Full text linkIn order to improve the adsorption performance of CaO prepared from duck egg shells, a 1:1 composite of CaO/Fe3O4 were synthesized using a coprecipitation method. This composite was then used to adsorb Congo red and Procion red MX-5b dyes from an aqueous solution. The adsorption process was studied by investigating the effects of contact time, temperature, and initial concentration of dye. It was found that the optimum conditions for Congo red adsorption are 50 minutes of contact, 50 °C, and 225 mg/L of dye, while for Procion red MX-5b the conditions are 50 minutes of contact, 60 °C, and 250 mg/L of dye. The behavior of both adsorbents at equilibria follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, with the adsorption capacity at optimum condition for Congo red and Procion red MX-5b 46.95 mg/g and 47.39 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamics studies showed that the adsorption process of Congo red was endothermic, while Procion red MX-5b was exothermic, yet both were found to happen spontaneously
Optimization of Coal Fly Ash Heating Temperature as an Adsorbent to Improve Acid Mine Water Quality
Full text linkFly ash, a fine dust from coal combustion in steam power plants, is an unused waste material that can be repurposed as a low-cost adsorbent. One type of adsorbent that can be synthesized from fly ash is zeolite-like material (ZLM), which has a porous structure capable of absorbing molecules smaller than or equal to its cavity size. In this study, untreated and heat-activated fly ash at 100, 200, and 300°C was used as an adsorbent for acid mine water. Adsorbent mass varied between 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 g, mixed with 130 mL of mine water and stirred at 150 rpm for 60 minutes. The results showed that heat activation increased the surface area of the fly ash adsorbent, reaching 22.658 m²/g at 300°C. Heat-treated fly ash at 200 and 300°C showed a more significant reduction in Fe and Mn levels, especially with 8 g of adsorbent. Additionally, all adsorbents, whether heated or not, raised the pH of the acid mine water. The total suspended solids (TSS) were reduced to meet quality standards using 14 g of adsorbent heated to 300°C. These results indicate that coal fly ash adsorbent can be effectively applied for treating acid mine wate
A Study of the Effects of Alum and PAC on the Coagulation Process of Dug Well Water
No full textThe local population of Pal IX Village in West Kalimantan heavily depends on dug wells as their main source of obtaining clean water. The prolonged consumption of elevated concentrations of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in water sourced from dug wells has neurotoxic effects on both adults and children. Therefore, it is imperative to employ alum and PAC coagulants for the treatment of dug well water in order to comply with the established national quality standard. However, the utilization of both coagulants resulted in an elevation in the levels of iron (Fe), hence restricting the capacity to satisfy the quality standards. An augmentation in the mass of the coagulant is associated with a decline in the reduction efficiency. It is indicated that utilizing a mass of 0.5 grams of alum coagulant is the most favorable choice, resulting in a reduction of 50.14% for total dissolved solids (TDS), 86.25% for color, 97.70% for turbidity, and 94.48% for the concentration of Mn metal. By PAC coagulant, it has been determined that an ideal coagulant mass of 0.5 gram produces favorable outcomes with a TDS reduction of 45.08%, a color reduction of 97.71%, a turbidity reduction of 97.22%, and a Mn reduction of 95.04%. Keywords: Alum; PAC; coagulant; coagulation; dug well wate
Production of CO Gas as Fuel Through The Utilization of CO2 Greenhouse Gas and Fine Coal Solid Waste
Full text linkUtilization of Fine coal gasified with CO2 (Carbon dioxide) gas to produce CO (Carbon Monoxide) fuel is one effort to utilize coal waste and utilize CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. Testing was carried out at the Sriwijaya University Laboratory in Palembang with the aim of analyzing the production process of CO gas as fuel by utilizing the greenhouse gas CO2 through the gasification of fine coal solid waste and knowing and analyzing the influence of temperature, reaction time and CO2 gas debid on the Boundouard reaction on gas yields. CO and CO2. So we get the variable that produces the expected CO gas. The initial stage is to prepare 2.3 kg of fine coal and the grain size has been filtered to a size of <3mm or or mesh 8 – 18 then heated to a temperature of 500˚C with a time of 68 minutes 48 seconds for the carbonization process. Fine coal that has been carbonized is then reacted with CO2 gas in a heating furnace at variable temperatures of 300 ˚C, 400 ˚C, 450 ˚C and 500˚C and at a flow rate of 2.5 L/min, 5 L/min, 7.5 L/min, 10 L/min, 15 L/min. From 26 test samples, it shows that the best variable for producing CO gas is heating at a temperature of 500˚C with a CO2 reactor gas discharge of 5 L/min which can produce CO gas with a concentration of 208,586 ppm and CO2 gas is 357,703 ppm with CO & CO2 ratio is 0.583
Integration of Internet of Things (IoT) on Web-based Chemistry Learning
Full text linkThe development of science and technology, especially the development of the internet is very rapid today. The world of education, needs to develop learning innovations involving the internet. Internet of Things is one of the innovative technologies that can connect a device or object into a large data base so as to speed up the information process through the power of the internet network. The application of the Internet of Things in high school chemistry learning, especially in the concentration cell potentiometry method, can be used in practicum in school laboratories. The results showed that the combined method of concentration cell potentiometry integrated with the Internet of Things (Pot-IoT) has been proven effective (n-gain = 0.7208) to be used as a learning medium for the practicum of measuring Pb metal in water samples at school
Preparation of Zirconium Nitride supported on SiO2 Catalyst for Vegetable Oil Conversion
Full text linkHydrocracking of crude palm oil (CPO) to produce biofuels was conducted over zirconium nitride supported on SiO2 (SiO2/ZrN) catalyst. SiO2/ZrN was prepared by nitriding the SiO2/Zr at 600 °C for 3 hrs under NH3 gas on the cylindrical reactor. SiO2/ZrN exhibited a surface acidity of 0.7132 mmol pyridine g‒1 with a surface area of 96 m2 g‒1, forming predominant mesopores on the catalyst. EDS-mapping analysis showed that the ZrN species exhibited a highly distributed on the SiO2 surface. CPO hydrocracking was conducted at a temperature of 500 °C for 1 hr, with a CPO flow rate of 0.02 L min‒1 and H2 flow rate of 0.03 L min‒1. The study revealed that the SiO2/ZrN successfully afforded a CPO conversion up to 94.98 wt.%, a liquid yield of 50.40 wt.%, with a low residue and coke formation. This catalyst promoted high selectivity towards bio-jet up to 72.95 wt.%