IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)
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Antibacterial Compound from n-Hexane Fraction of Dillenia ochreata Leaves
Full text linkSemprawang (Dillenia ochreata) belongs to the Dilleniaceae family that has been used by the Musi tribe, Banyuasin, South Sumatra, for scurvy medicine. This study aims to isolate secondary metabolites from D. ochreata leaves n-hexane extract and test their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The D. ochreata leaves were extracted through the maceration method with n-hexane solvent, and the isolated compounds were purified using column chromatography. The isolated compounds were analyzed using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and compared the spectroscopic data with the literature. The antibacterial activity was determined against the E. coli and S. aureus bacteria with the disc diffusion method and MIC value was determined by the microdilution method. Based on the analysis of the spectroscopic data and compared with literature data, it is suggested that the isolated compounds are 3β-glucopyranosyl-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic, which mixes with aromatic compound. The isolated compounds showed antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to E. coli at 120 µg/mL and S. aureus at 60 µg/m
Preconcentration of Cr(III) Using Dowex 50WX2-200 Resin and Its Application to River Water
Full text linkCr(III) is one of the most stable chromium species in nature, Cr(III) species are not carcinogenic to humans, but if the levels in the body exceed 0.2 mg / day it is very dangerous for the body especially in the respiratory tract. The presence of chromium in the aquatic environment is so low that it is very difficult to detect it using instruments with various limitations to detect it, therefore preconcentration techniques are carried out to overcome the issue. In this study the water sample was adjusted pH using HNO3 0.1 M or NaOH 0.1 M, after which it was passed in the dowex column 50WX2-200. Furthermore, an elution process was carried out using the 1 M HNO3 eluent, the eluat was measured for absorbance with flame AAS. The results of Cr(III) preconcentration optimization are: resin weight 0.5 g, HNO3 eluent concentration 1 M, solution pH 3 and sample volume 50 – 100 mL. The Cr(III) preconcentration technique using Dowex 50WX2-200 resin has been applied to river water samples with a detectable concentration of 0.0075 mg/L
Antibacterial Activity of Triterpenoid from The Leaves of Tahi Ayam (Lantana camara Linn)
Full text linkTahi Ayam (Lantana camara Linn) is known as the herbal plant to cure several diseases and has been used in folk medicine. The result of this study indicates that the isolated compound and the ethyl acetate fraction are components having antibacterial activity. The isolated compound from the ethyl acetate fraction from the leaves of the Lantana camara Linn plant is 9-hydroxy-Lantadene A. The compound includes the triterpenoid compound group, the molecular formula is C35H52O6, and another name is 22-angeloiloxy-9-hydroxy-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oat. The antibacterial activity of this compound was determined by looking at the inhibition zone of the test bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus as gram-positive and Escherichia coli as gram-negative. The treatment has been using the disc diffusion method and using amoxicillin as a control positive. The result of the antibacterial activity test revealed that both 9-hydroxy-Lantadene A and the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited antibacterial activity. Becouse there are inhibition zones around the discs at concentrations of 10 μg/disk and 5 μg/disk
Chitosan-ZnO Composite for Removal of Methylene Blue
Full text linkThis study aims to determine the effectiveness and increase in absorption of the chitosan-ZnO composite in the process of removing methylene blue when using the photodegradation method with the help of a UV lamp. Chitosan was synthesized from shrimp shell waste composite with metal oxide ZnO. The results of the characterization using XRD obtained the diffraction peak for chitosan at an angle of 2θ, namely 19.85°; 29.43°; 34.76° and chitosan-ZnO composite at an angle of 20.18°; 28.93°; 33.57° The SEM-EDX characterization shows that chitosan-ZnO has small, light-colored grains and more gaps and contains elements of chitosan and Zn. In the FTIR characterization, there was a decrease in intensity at a peak of around 3360 cm-1 which was caused by the chitosan-ZnO composite producing OH groups which reacted with methylene blue dye. In testing the effect of contact time using a UV lamp, there was an increase in the percentage of degraded methylene blue compared to without using a UV lamp. The maximum contact time is obtained at 60 minutes. While testing the effect of methylene blue dye concentration, the maximum absorption concentration was 45 ppm at 60 minutes of contact time. The adsorption capacity of the composite against methylene blue dye without UV light was 18.91 mg/g while using a UV lamp it increased to 20.145 mg/g. Based on this research, the chitosan/ZnO composite can be used quite well as a methylene blue dye remover.Keywords: Chitosan, Chitosan-ZnO, Photodegradation, Adsorption, Methylene blue
Adsorption and Photocatalytic Activity of Bentonite–Titanium Dioxide on The Degradation of Methylene Blue Dyes
Full text linkThe aim of this research is to determine the effect of bentonite-Titanium dioxide (Benonite-TiO2) composite on the degradation process of methylene blue. It was carried out by synthesizing the composite through the impregnation of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) on bentonite and then characterizing the obtained compound using XRD and SEM-EDX. The results of the XRD characterization showed that there was a shift in the diffraction angle (2θ), which indicated the success of the impregnation procedure. The morphology of the composite showed that the bentonite surface had been filled with TiO2, as evidenced by the results of the EDX analysis, which showed a 7.03% increase in Titanium. Furthermore, the degradation process was carried out using various variables, including contact time, the ratio of composite weight to dye, and by irradiation with a UV lamp at a wavelength of 352 nm UV. It was discovered that the best degradation in the concentration of methylene blue occurred at a maximum contact time of 90 minutes and at a maximum weight of 10 mg of benonite-TiO2, with an effectiveness of 99.91% after irradiation and 92.26% without irradiation
Synthesis of Chitosan−Al2O3 Composite using the Sol-Gel Method and Its Application in Photodegradation of Methylene Blue
Full text linkThe research on synthesis of composites Kitosan-Al2O3 by the sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylene blue has been carried out. Chitosan-Al2O3 varied by mass ratios (1:1), (1:2) and (1:3). The product were characterized using XRD and UV-DRS. Chitosan-Al2O3 ratio (1:1) were characterized by SEM-EDS. The best material will be used to degrade the mehtylene blue by various condition, i.e., effect of pH, contact time and initial concentration of methylene blue. The Chitosan-Al2O3 (1:1) composite was chosen as a material for degrading methylene blue. The result of characterization using XRD showed crystal size the Chitosan- Al2O3 (1:1) composites result were 3,17 nm. UV-DRS characterization, The band gap energy is 1,35 eV. The morphological condition by SEM of Chitosan-Al2O3 ratio (1:1) showed a spherical shape with a small size, and a porous surface the constituent elements C (4.93%), O (33.31%), Na (13.92%), Al (45.59%) dan Zn (2.24%). The degradation process showed the effective condition were pH 10 and contact time of 200 minutes. The optimum concentration of methylene blue at 20 ppm with percent effectivity of concentration reduction methylene blue i.e. 79.35% and the result of TOC analysis i.e. 22,36%. The Chitosan-Al2O3 can be used to degraded the Methylene blue
Antibacterial Activity Test of Tropical Plants (Morinda citrifolia) and (Melaleuca leucadendra) against Pneumonia-causing Bacteria
Full text linkThis study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of tropical plants against bacteria that cause pneumonia. The initial stage is to prepare samples of tropical plants that are macerated with methanol and produce a thick extract, namely 38.3881 grams of noni fruit with a yield of 13.422%, and cajuput leaves as much as 11.211 grams with a yield of 3.38%. The next step, each sample was fractionated using VLC then produced ethyl acetate fraction and methanol fraction. Bacterial activity test was carried out by disc diffusion method, and the MIC value was determined by liquid dilution method using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Based on the results of antibacterial testing, the noni fruit extract and cajuput extract obtained the most active fraction in response to inhibiting bacteria causing pneumonia (S. pneumonia, S. aureus and K. pneumoniae) was the ethyl acetate fraction with a strong average response zone of inhibition up to very strong with MIC value of ethyl acetate fraction from noni fruit extract 6250 ppm each and MIC value of ethyl acetate fraction from cajuput extract (Melaleuca leucadendra) 390.625 ppm each; 390.625 ppm; and 195.3125 ppm
Removal of TDS, Fe, Oil and Greases of Laboratory Wastewater using Ceramic Membrane Technology
Full text linkBiochemistry Laboratory and Medicinal Chemistry as supporting facilities for practicum and research results in wastewater, which contains organic matter and suspended solids, such as TDS, Fe, Oil and Greases. If wastewater discarded directly to the drainage without passing sewage treatment system, then it potentially pollutes the environment and endangers the lives of living creatures. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectivity of the filtration system using ceramic membrane filtration technology to reduce the amount of TDS, Fe, Oil and Greases on laboratory’s wastewater. The filtration process is using ceramic membrane made of clay, activated carbon from lignite, and Fe powder. Pretreatment is done with the neutralization using NaOH 5N and coagulation using aluminum sulfate 400 mg/L. Variable in this research is the operating time of 5 and 20 minutes with operating pressure 1 kg/cm2. The result of this research shows that after 20 minutes operating, the reduction percentage of TDS, Fe, Oil and Greases after the process using ceramic membrane filtration technology were 0.97; 96.01; and 91.03 %, respectively. As the conclusion, the ceramic membrane is able to reduce the parameter of wastewater optimally. Keywords: ceramic membrane, coagulation, laboratory wastewater, lignite coal
Development of a Concentration Cell Potentiometric Method for Fe2+ and Fe3+ Speciation
Full text linkThe speciation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ iron ions using the concentration cell potentiometric method has been developed. The determination and speciation of metals that have been used include potentiometry using comparison electrodes, selective ion electrodes, and voltammetry. The concentration cell potentiometric method has the advantages of simple equipment, the use of common metal electrodes, high selectivity, and relatively low detection limits. The method validation results for Fe2+ and Fe3+ ion speciation were LOD: Fe2+ 0.22 mg/L Fe3+ 0.29, LOQ: Fe2+ 0,92 mg/L ; Fe3+ 0,01 mg/L, precision (1.17%; 1.2%) and accuracy (95.57%; 93.15%) based on CV Horwtz. This method has been well applied for Fe2+ and Fe3+ speciation in natural water samples. The concentrations of Fe2+ and Fe3+ species in Sekanak river water were (1.88 mg/L; 2.07 mg/L). Concentration of Fe2+ and Fe3+ species in well water samples (0.5 mg/L; 1.32 mg/L)
Flavonoid as Anti-Candida Agents
Full text linkVulvovaginal candidiasis is the second most common cause of vaginitis after bacterial vaginosis with at least 75 – 80% of women have had one episode of VVC in their lifetime. Their prevalent resistance to most commonly used antifungal agents makes their treatment a challenge to physicians. Flavonoids have been shown to possess potent anti-Candida properties which can inhibit the growth and proliferation of Candida species through various mechanisms, including inhibition of fungal cell wall synthesis, disruption of fungal cell membrane integrity, and interference with fungal cell signaling pathways. Their potency makes them potential candidates for the development of antifungal agents for the treatment of candidiasis, alone or in combination with existing antifungal drugs. The review aims to explore the mechanisms by which flavonoids inhibit the growth and proliferation of Candida species, including the inhibition of fungal cell wall synthesis, disruption of fungal cell membrane integrity, and interference with fungal cell signaling pathways