IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)
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Tannin Extraction from Bark of Cinnamomum burmannii and Its Application for use as Natural Dye and as Antioxidant
No full textCinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) contains tannins which have the potential to act as natural dyes. This research is to synthesize natural dye from cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomum burmannii). The research was carried out by making cinnamon bark extract by comparing the amount of solvent by maceration using 96% ethanol, calculating the yield, tannin analysis, FTIR analysis, and stability test color. The comparison of the amount of cinnamon bark extraction solvent affected the resulting yield. Testing the tannin compound with 1% gelatin reagent in 10% NaCl showed a white precipitate and 1% FeCl3 reagent produced a greenish-brown color so the extract was positive for tannin, analysis FTIR ratio 1:10 for the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C-O groups, ratio 1:15 for the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C-O group. The color stability test of cinnamon bark extract is more stable than Rhodamine-B. Based on the extraction results, it was concluded that cinnamon bark extract can be used as an alternative to natural dye in cosmetic products.Keywords: Cinnamon Bark, Extract, FTIR Analysis, Natural dyes, Tanni
Modification of CaO from Quail Egg Shells with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate through Extraction and Precipitation Method as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Dyes
Full text linkCalcium oxide (CaO) is widely used as an adsorbent due to high adsorption effectiveness and can adsorb metals in wastewater and dye waste. The aim of this research is to synthesize CaO from quail egg shells and then modify it using sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant. Synthesis of CaO was carried out through the extraction method using HCl 1% and precipitation method using Na2CO3 1M. Modified CaO was synthesized by the same method with the addition of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). Diffractogram peaks on CaO and CaO modifications are similar to JCPDS data No.88-1811. CaO IR spectrum modification after adsorption showed the addition of functional groups C-N and C=N from methylene blue. CaO and CaO's modifications had pHpzc of 11.82 and 11.62. CaO modification using SDS caused a decrease in the surface area of CaO from 3.9 to 2.5 m2/g and an increase in the pore radius from 3.6 to 13.5 nm. Modification of CaO using SDS decrease the surface area of CaO but adsorption capacity increases 66.19% from 44.63 mg/g to 74.17 mg/g. Kinetic model and adsorption isotherm on CaO and CaO modifications occur in pseudo-second order by following the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption process is endothermic and adsorption occurs spontaneously with positive ∆Ho and negative ∆Go values at each adsorption temperatur
Potential of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Modified Kaolin and Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide as Amoxycillin Adsorben
Full text linkThe large use of amoxicillin allows this antibiotic to enter the environment in large quantities and cause pollution. The adsorption technique can be used as a method to remove amoxicillin contaminants in wastewater by utilizing kaolin as an adsorbent. This study aims to determine the characteristics of kaolin as an adsorbent and determine the ability of kaolin to adsorb amoxicillin. Kaolin was activated with hydrochloric acid and modified using Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The results showed that the characteristics of DMSO and CTAB-modified kaolin showed a new peak which was an O-H bending vibration in functional group analysis using FTIR. X-ray diffraction results show that the distance between planes in the kaolin structure is larger. Meanwhile, the results of the SEM analysis showed that the surface morphology of kaolin had a higher level of crystallinity than before which proved an increase in the adsorption capacity of kaolin. The adsorption kinetics follows the Santosa kinetic equation model with an adsorption rate of 0.004 min-1 and an equilibrium constant value of 0.007 L.mol-1. The adsorption isotherm test follows the Freundlich isotherm equation model with an adsorption constant value of 561.694 L.mg-1 and an empirical constant value of 0.270. Keywords: Antibiotics, Adsorption, Batch, Isotherms, Kinetic
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO with Calcination Temperature Variation and Surfactant Addition using Chemical Coprecipitation Method
Full text linkThis study aims to synthesize ZnO using the coprecipitation method and characterize it using various instrumentation techniques. The calcination temperature variation treatment was carried out to produce particles with good size and crystallinity levels. Adding polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) surfactant during the synthesis of ZnO aims to prevent agglomeration. ZnO characterization used ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that the value of the ZnO band gap increased with increasing temperature. ZnO synthesized at a calcination temperature of 800 °C has a hexagonal wurtzite structure. The crystal size of ZnO is 45.64 nm, while ZnO-PVP's is 40.37 nm. The best ZnO crystallinity level is 61.34%. The FTIR spectrum shows ZnO absorption in the fingerprint region (525 cm-1). SEM micrographs showed that ZnO without the addition of PVP agglomerated. The synthesized ZnO has an antibacterial activity, indicated by forming an inhibition zone (7.84 m
Sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) rhizomes chromatography column isolates potential as rich antioxidant compounds
Full text linkthe unavailability of local materials in purposing of independently manufacturing pharmaceutical products. One of plants which can be used for raw materials in the biopharmaceuticals, sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) that is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids. Flavonoids are the majority bioactive compounds in sweet flag rhizomes, which leads this study to isolate the flavonoids to identify as antioxidant agent for biopharmaceutical products development later. This study determined the antioxidant activity of sweet flag rhizomes as its crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and column isolate. Decreasing range of phytochemical compounds was remained only flavonoid that was in the column isolate. Liquid chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in column isolates was identified isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol, genistein, and glycitein. Additionally, this study aims the data that column isolate has the highest purity level with the least inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) and the strongest antioxidant activity.Keywords: Jeringau Rhizome, Acorus calamus, Column Isolate, Flavonoids, Antioxidants
Utilization of Antioxidant Fagraea fragrans fruit as Phytocosmetics
Full text linkThe objective is to test the antioxidant activity of methanol (MeOH) extracts, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions, and an isolated compound of F. fragrans (tembesu) fruitby using DPPH method respectively. Antioxidant is one of the main components of phytocosmetic beside anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities while phytocosmetics of F. fragrans fruit is the cosmetics that mainly use extracts or components derived from this fruit only, without preservatives, such as products that do not contain water, oils, dry ointments, or hydro-alcoholic solutions. As a result, The IC50 values of the MeOH extracts, EtOAc fractions, and the isolated compound were 186.5 ± 0.52 microgram/mL, 357.2 ± 0.59 microgram/mL, and 5.658 microgram/mL respectively. The MeOH extracts exhibited moderate antioxidant activity while the isolated compound exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The total flavonoid content of the MeOH extracts and EtOAc fraction was measured by a colorimetric assay, using reagents of 1 M sodium acetic and 10% aluminum chloride. The EtOAc fraction had a total flavonoid content of 4.505 mgQE/g-extract and total phenolic content of 13.732 mgGAE/g-extract while the MeOH extracts had a total flavonoid content of 9.088 mg QE/g-extract and total phenolic content of 23.34 mgGAE/g-extract respectively. Therefore, the utilization of MeOH extracts or the isolated compound of this fruit may be beneficial for developing skincare phytocosmetics and personal care products. Keywords: Phytocosmetics, antioxidant, Fagraea fragrans, tembesu frui
Synthesis Gas Production From Palm Oil Shell Waste Using Al/Cr Metal Pillared Bentonite Catalyst For Eco-Friendly Fuel
Full text linkThe production of palm oil shell waste in the palm oil industry is increasing, but the utilization of palm oil shell waste has not been utilized optimally. Palm Oil Shells must be processed and utilized to reduce pollution and increase the use value of waste. This research aims to utilize palm oil shell waste using an Al/Cr metal pillared bentonite catalyst with a gasification process to produce synthesis gas. The bentonite pillarization process using Al/Cr metal aims to increase the catalyst surface area, basal distance and catalyst surface acidity so as to increase the catalytic activity of the catalyst in the gasification process. The gasification process is carried out at temperatures of 450, 500, 550 and 600°C. Adding the Al/Cr metal pillared bentonite catalyst, the H2 concentration increased significantly. The effect of increasing temperature can increase the H2 content by consuming CO within a certain time limit. The gasification process at temperature 600°C with a 20% Al/Cr metal pillared bentonite catalyst is the optimal condition for producing synthesis gas. The heating value of the gasification results in terms of the optimum HHV and LHV values is 16.21 MJ/Nm3 and 14.59 MJ/Nm3. Based on research, gasification of palm oil shells using an Al/Cr metal pillared bentonite catalyst is feasible for the production of environmentally friendly fue
Adsorption Study on Phenol from Bentonite doped with Zinc oxide: Synthetis, Characterization, Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic
Full text linkThis study modified current bentonite with zinc oxide (ZnO) and investigated the performance of phenol adsorption. The material bentonite-ZnO was successfully synthesized and characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The adsorption performance was determined by adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters. The adsorption, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters were compared alternatively. The phenol adsorption capacity was obtained from Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models, which for bentonite-ZnO was fit with both isotherm models (Langmuir R2 = 0,997 and Freundlich R2 = 0,9515) and was favorable than activated bentonite (n value bentonite-ZnO = 2.389; activated bentonite = 0,898). A kinetic model was tested with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models which bentonite-ZnO and activated bentonite fit in the pseudo-second-order with an excellent agreement (R2 = 0,999). Several thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and bentonite-ZnO have an entropy more than zero (ΔS = 0.008 J/molK), which demonstrated the feasibility and spontaneity (ΔG < 0) and endothermic nature (ΔH = 3,056 kJ/mol) of the phenol adsorption process. Several thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and bentonite-ZnO have an entropy more than zero (ΔS = 0.008 J/molK), which demonstrated the feasibility and spontaneity (ΔG < 0) and endothermic nature (ΔH = 3,056 kJ/mol) of the phenol adsorption process. Based on the result data in this article, modified bentonite with ZnO has increased the ability for phenol adsorption than currently activated bentoniteKeywords: bentonite, adsorption equilibrium, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics model, phenol, bentonite-Zn
Transesterification Process of Biodiesel with Potassium Glycerolate Catalyst
Full text linkThe synthesis of potassium glycerolate catalyst from DES (Deep Eutectic Solvent – K2CO3-glycerol) catalyst was carried out by heating process with various temperatures. The resulting catalyst product was analyzed and the characteristics of the best potassium glycerolate catalyst had conductivity 4482 microsiemens/cm, density 1.4858 g/cm3, Viscosity 121.574 cP, Freezing Point -8 celcius and pH 14. The best temperature in the manufacture of potassium glycerolate catalyst was at 150 celcius Alkaline pH is the main requirement to be a catalyst in the transesterification reaction. The trial results for the conversion of RBDPO to biodiesel with the optimum weight percent ratio of potassium glycerolate catalyst to RBDPO were 3.5%w, methanol 30%w, reaction temperature 65 celcius, reaction time 4 hours resulted in total glycerol content in biodiesel 0.2285%, acid value 0.15%, density 0.8705 gr/cm3, viscosity 5.22 Cst, conversion 96.77% and 97.81% methyl ester content and all of these parameters all meet the biodiesel standards set by SNI-7182: 2015. Keywords: Catalyst Characteristics, Potassium Glycerolate, Transesterification, Biodiese
Hydrogen Production from Aluminum Waste Using the Aluminum-Water Method with Potassium as Activator
Full text linkResearch on hydrogen production from aluminum waste using the aluminum-water method using potassium as an activator has been successfully carried out. This research aims to determine the performance of the potassium activator in hydrogen production with variable water volume and potassium percentage. Hydrogen gas production is carried out using 60 mesh aluminum waste. Optimum conditions were achieved when a mass of 1 gram of aluminum was reacted with an additional volume of water of 1.5 mL, and 7% w/w of the activator mass, with the production of hydrogen gas of 553 mL at a production rate of 69 mL/minute