IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)
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Antibacterial activity of deodorant stick formula from ethyl acetate fraction of beluntas leaves (Pluchea indica L.) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria that cause body odor.
Full text linkBeluntas contains flavonoids, tannins and steroids which can inhibit growth and reduce the risk of infection by microorganisms. Empirically, beluntas leaves are used by people to overcome unpleasant body odor, usually body odor is caused by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes. Stick deodorant is a cosmetic made from; sodium stearate (steric acid and sodium hydroxide) and as a solvent using propylene glycol. The aim of this research was to formulate the ethyl acetate fraction of beluntas leaves into a stick deodorant and test the antibacterial activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes using the well diffusion method and test physical, chemical and quality parameters. microbiology. Stick deodorant were made into three formulations with different concentrations of the ethyl acetate fraction of beluntas leaves, namely Formula I with a concentration of 20%, Formula II is 30% and Formula III is 40% with the harding agent stearic acid: NaoH 10% (8.5:7.5). The quality test of the three formulation sticks deodorants met the requirements for pH test (range 6-7.0), homogeneity test, melting point test (range 55.40-60.9 °C), Microbiology test and water capacity test (aw). The results of the inhibition test against Streptococcus pyogenes were between 23.33-8.33 mm in the very strong inhibition category, the comparison deodorant had no inhibitory area and gentamycin 0.01% as a positive control had an inhibitory area of 29.66 mm in the very strong category. The inhibitory power against Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 11.5-18.92 mm in the strong inhibitory category, the comparison deodorant has no inhibitory area and 0.01% gentamycin as a positive control has inhibitory area of 21.66 mm in the very strong category.Keywords: Ethyl acetate fraction, stick deodorant, Pluchea indica.L, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, inhibition tes
Modification of SiO2 from Rice Husk with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as Adsorbent of Congo Red Dye
No full textRice husk is an agricultural waste abundant in silica (SiO₂). SiO2 extracted from rice husk has a porous structure, so it has the potential to be used as an adsorbent material. To increase the stability and effectiveness of the adsorption process, SiO2 was modified by adding Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and used to removal Congo red dye. SiO₂ extraction was carried out through a calcination process at three different temperatures, namely 600, 700, and 800 °C. Morphological analysis and elemental composition using SEM-EDX showed the presence of a polymer layer on the surface of the material, which functions as a distribution medium for SiO₂ particles. In addition, an increase in carbon (C) content was detected after the addition of PVA, confirming the presence of PVA in the composite. The optimum conditions for the adsorption process of Congo red dye by SiO₂-PVA were obtained at pH 1, contact time 75 minutes, and solution concentration 75 mg/L. Experimental data showed that the Langmuir isotherm model was most suitable for describing adsorption behavior compared to the Freundlich model, with an adsorption capacity of 14.31 mg/g. These results indicate that SiO₂-PVA has the potential as an alternative adsorbent for the treatment of waste containing dyes.
Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil by Alkaline Transesterification Process
No full textThe depletion of fossil fuels, coupled with frequent instability in their prices and environmental concerns related to the drawbacks of full dependence on conventional fossil fuels. considerably, biodiesel is found to be an ideal source of fuel that can efficiently replace conventional fuel diesel. Among various raw materials that can be exploited to produce biodiesel, waste cooking oils are highly recommended as an economically attractive option for biodiesel production. However, the high content of free fatty acids (FFA) in waste cooking oils presents the main barrier to the transesterification process. Therefore, in the current study, two types of waste cooking oils (WCO) collected from homes and restaurants were tested and the percentage of FFA in them was determined through a titration process. The results showed that the percentage of FFA in used cooking oils collected from homes was (1.193%), in contrast with (2.0096%) in WCO observed from the restaurant samples. Thus, WCO collected from homes was candidate to produce biodiesel and it was characterized using FTIR. Transesterification process was carried out in the presence of an alkaline catalyst (KOH), and the yield of biodiesel was reached to 85.4% in the presence of a 1% catalyst at 65 °C degrees and methanol to oil ratio of 6:1 for 90 min. The resulting biodiesel was characterized using FTIR and GC-MS, its properties such as density, kinematic viscosity, cloud point, and pour point were diagnosed as good biodiesel properties based on ASTM standards. The results showed that the alkali-catalyzed transesterification process is an effective way to produce biodiesel from WCO as a source of energy in addition to reducing environmental pollution
Synthesis of Ag/CeO2 Nanocomposites with Noni Leaf Extract and Its Potential Antibacterial Properties
Full text linkThis study aims to perform green synthesis of Ag/CeO2 nanocomposites using noni leaf extract and to test their potential antibacterial activity. The synthesis results were characterised using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine crystallite size, Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) to observe morphology and elemental composition, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify functional groups. The XRD characterization results showed the formation of typical Ag/CeO2 peaks with an average crystallite size of 15,28 nm. SEM analysis revealed morphology in the form of aggregates with varying sizes. EDX results confirmed the presence of Ag, Ce, and O elements. FTIR analysis showed the presence of typical Ce–O group absorption bands, which supports the successful synthesis of Ag/CeO2. The synthesized nanocomposites were then tested for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Antibacterial activity tests showed the formation of an 8 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI) at a concentration of 5000 ppm, demonstrating the potential of the synthesized green Ag/CeO2 as an antibacterial agent. This study confirms that the use of noni leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent is an environmentally friendly approach and has potential for environmental applications
Preparation of Palm Kernel Shell Binchotan for Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting
Full text linkResearch on the development of radio frequency energy harvesting slabs from palm kernel shells binchotan has been done. The slabs were characterized by using XRD and FTIR intrumentations to determine their crystallography and functional groups. The electrical response of slabs was measured on impedance spectroscopy instrumentation. The conductivity, impedance, and dielectric constant were calculated from impedance spectroscopy data. Diffractograms showed crystalline carbon and confirmed with the existence of peaks, at 2θ, 24.5° and 44.56°. FTIR analysis showed that carbon palm shells have the absorption length is in the range of wave numbers 1100 – 1200 cm-1 for CO of carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone and ester, from 1475 to 1600 cm-1 for C=C aromatic ring and double peaks in 1900 – 2100 cm-1 for conjugated C-C. The slabs conductivity varies from 1 to 7 mScm-1. Impedance values for the slabs vary from 1.5 to 2.4 ohm. Dielectric constants for the slabs range from 0.42 to 140
Recent Update on Various Ion Doped Nanoparticles Applied in Biomedical: Challenges and Future Perspective
No full textIn the last several years, there have been a considerable increase in the number of use of nanoparticles (NPs) in dental application. For application and study, a wide range of ion doped NPs are accessible. The NPs differ from conventional materials in term of their distinctive structures and properties. However, researchers don't always understand how these NPs with their unique properties work. The NPs foundation in material science as well as benefits and drawbacks are discussed, primarily based on a review of the most cited scientific papers in the international peer-reviewed journal sciences. To meet the requisite topic of the study, 22 titles from MEDLlNE (PubMed) databases and 145 titles from the Scopus database were screened. It was determined from the included papers that this review takes into account several facets of the preparation of different ions for doping dental NPs and their therapeutic uses of doped hydroxyapatite (HAP). Understanding the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of NPs may help us to comprehend their benefits, drawbacks, and particular advantages. Although NPs offer great potential for the future, they do not necessarily have the best qualities, particularly in the biomedical field.Keywords: Ions-doped; bone remodeling; doped hydroxyapatite; nanoparticles; regenerative therap
Ecoenzyme Characterization of Fruit Peel Waste Mixture and Test of Antibacterial Activity against Bacteria Causing Dental Caries
Full text linkEcoenzyme is a product of facultative aerobic fermentation for 3 months from organic fruit and vegetable waste. In this study, ecoenzyme was made from a mixture of fruit peel waste (papaya, orange and pineapple) with the addition of 6 liters of water. Ecoenzyme products were characterized by organoleptic properties, chemical composition, enzyme activity and antibacterial activity tests against Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria that cause dental caries. The results of the study show that the ecoenzyme product had a dominant orange peel sour flavor, was cloudy brown in color with a volume of 8.4 liters from 6 liters of added water. The characterization results depict that the chemical composition of ecoenzyme contained acetic acid and lactic acid with a total acid content of 2.26%, 40.45 mg/mL protein, and secondary metabolites in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The activity of several enzymes from ecoenzyme was protease 0.0246 U/mL, amylase 0.0032 U/mL and lipase 5 U/mL. Antibacterial activity against bacteria that cause dental caries is included in the category of very strong against S. mutans at a concentration of 40 (% v/v) and moderate against L. acidophilus with inhibition zone diameters of 23.33 mm and 8.23 mm respectively. The Mininum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Killing Concentration (MKC) values of ecoenzyme against S. mutans and L. acidophilus bacteria were 2500 ppm and 5000 ppm respectively.Keywords: ecoenzyme, fruit-peel waste, L.acidophilus, S.mutans, antibacteria
The Effect Of Purple Sweet Potato Starch Variation On Marshmallow Characteristics
Full text linkPurple sweet potato contains antioxidants such as beta-carotene and anthocyanins that have health benefits. This study utilizes purple sweet potato that has been processed into starch as a raw material for making marshmallows. This study aims to determine the best variation of purple sweet potato starch on marshmallow characteristics and its effect by referring to standards on soft confectionery. The research conducted was experimental with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The tests carried out include water content test, organoleptic test, acidity (pH) test and antioxidant activity. In the organoleptic test, there were significant differences in taste and texture, while in color and aroma, there were no significant differences. Hedonic test showed that panelists preferred the taste of marshmallows with 10 grams of purple sweet potato starch in sample a1. The best moisture content was found to be 17.74% in sample a1 dp and 17.81% in sample a2. The acidity (pH) value was found to be 6.88 in samples a1 and a1 dp and 6.5 in sample a3. Antioxidant activity in sample a1 was 50.11% and sample a3 was 38.73%. Based on the results of all tests, the results are in accordance with SNI 3547.2: 2008 Keywords: Marshmallow, Purple Sweet Potato Starch, Purple Sweet Potato, Kruskall Wallis Test, Variation of Purple Sweet Potato Starc
Integrated Wastewater Processing using Electrogoagulation Method into Oxyhydrogen (HHO) for Renewable Energy
Full text linkIntegrated wastewater is one of the contributors to wastewater that can harm the environment, thus fast industrial expansion must be followed by advancements in wastewater processing systems. Because the presence of contaminants in integrated wastewater can cause several issues for persons and the environment, integrated wastewater processing is required. One type of integrated wastewater processing is the production of hydrogen gas as a new and sustainable energy source. The electrocoagulation process may be used to convert integrated wastewater into hydrogen gas. One type of integrated wastewater processing is the production of hydrogen gas as a new and sustainable energy source. The electrocoagulation process may be used to convert integrated wastewater into hydrogen gas. In this study, oxyhydrogen (HHO) was produced from integrated wastewater utilizing two process stages: integrated wastewater processing with an electrocoagulator, followed by the process of getting HHO using an oxyhydrogen reactor. A NaOH catalyst was applied at different concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M, and 0.5 M with an electrolysis period of 5 minutes to produce hydrogen gas. The addition of the NaOH catalyst is intended to find the optimal concentration for the production of hydrogen gas. According to the findings of the study and analysis, the optimal NaOH catalyst concentration for producing hydrogen gas is 0.5 M with hydrogen content of 346 mg/m3.Keywords: electrocoagulation, oxyhydrogen, integrated wastewater, renewable energ
Development of TCS3200 Color Sensor Based on Arduino Uno and Its Application in Determining Borax Levels in Food
Full text linkA color scanner application using the TCS3200 sensor, Arduino Uno microcomputer with IDE Software Program, a black box container, and a 12x2 matrix display has been designed, built, and tested. This sensor is employed to measure the level of borax in food items such as meatballs, tofu, and noodles in Banda Aceh. The obtained results are then compared with the measurement results of the Standard Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) method. Samples were prepared using centrifuge technique and the filtrate was collected. Subsequently, optical samples were prepared using dried filter paper with curcumin and scanned with the TCS3200 color sensor. Sample collection was carried out at Lamnyong Market, Lamdingin Market, Seutui Market, Suzuya Mall, and Ulee Kareng Market. Sample identification was performed using qualitative analysis, namely the flame test, and quantitative analysis using the TCS3200 color sensor based on Arduino Uno. The results of the quantitative analysis obtained from the TCS3200 color sensor compared with the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) method as the standard method indicate that the samples of meatballs, tofu, and noodles do not contain the harmful preservative borax. The positive control for borax using the TCS3200 color sensor is 56.8 ppm, while using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer it is 57.6 ppm. The t-test results from both methods show consistency between the TCS3200 color sensor measurement method and UV-Vis spectrophotometer Keywords, Borax, meatballs, tofu, noodles, flame test, TCS3200 color sensor, UV-Vis spectrophotometer