IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)
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Utilization of Palm Oil Wastewater as Raw Material Alternative for Transformer Insulation Oil
Full text linkInsulator oil is one of important parts in transformer, in a form of a liquid, functioned as insulating and cooling media. The insulator oil made of mineral oils used in transformer potentially causes environmental problems, especially when an explosion occur inside the transformer which may cause oil spill or water contamination. Here, we study the used of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as the raw material for insulation oil. In this work, POME was extracted, distilled, measured the acid value followed by esterification and transesterification processes to obtain the insulation oil. The viscosity, flash point, acid value, and breakdown voltage of the insulation oil was measured. In the esterification process, HCl catalyst was added with a ratio of 1.5% to degrade the acid value of the oil, while in the transesterification process, NaOH or KOH catalysts were added with a ratio of 1.5 and 3%. The result for KOH catalyst is as follows, viscosity were 2.09 and 2.32 cSt, the flash point were 166 and 170oC, and the acid value were 0.5 mg KOH/g after the addition of 1.5 and 3% catalyst respectively, while the breakdown voltage was 55 kV after the addition of 1.5% KOH catalyst. NaOH catalyst shows result: viscosity were 5.34 and 5.02 cSt, the flash point were 178 and 183oC, and the acid value were 0.5 mg KOH/g after the addition of 1.5 and 3% catalyst, respectively, while the breakdown voltage was 46 kV after the addition of 1.5% KOH catalyst
Synthesis of SnO2-Fe3O4 Nanocomposites using Hydrothermal Method
No full textSynthesis of nanocomposite SnO2-Fe3O4 using the hydrothermal method was conducted in this study. The purpose of this study was to determine the best mass ratio in the synthesis of SnO2-Fe3O4. Nanocomposite SnO2-Fe3O4 were made with mass ratio (1:1), (1:2) and (2:1) were characterized using XRD and FTIR. The result of SnO2 characterization using XRD analysis was showed a sharp intensity peak at 2 = 26.5. The result of Fe3O4 characterization using XRD analysis was showed a sharp intensity peak at 2 = 35.86. The XRD characterization result of SnO2-Fe3O4 (1:2) 2 = 26.74 and 34.08. Based on the XRD characterization, it can be concluded the best mass ratio for SnO2-Fe3O4 was (1:2). Characterization nanocomposite SnO2-Fe3O4 using FTIR showed the absorption band at 590 cm-1 is a characteristic peak of Sn-O and the absorption band at 563 cm-1 corresponds to Fe-O
Mercury Analysis of Body Lotion Cosmetic Using CVAAS Method: Case Study of Distributed Product in Banda Aceh
Full text linkThe aim of this work is to determine the concentration of mercury in body lotion from several brands that are available in Banda Aceh. This research expected to provide information for the public and government related to the negative effects of harmful cosmetics that widely circulated. This information is useful into consideration of policy-making and monitoring the use of Hg metal. This study determined the type of body lotion cosmetics containing Hg metal by using Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (CVAAS) method. There are 22 samples and 11 of them have been selected by purposive sampling. The standard Hg calibration curve produces a linear line with the equation y = 0.0874x + 0.0729, and the correlation coefficient (R2) value of 0.9726. LOD value is 0.004854 ppb, and LOQ is 0.01681 ppb. The positive results were obtained from samples code TB3= 0.046, TB6= 0.01, and TB13= 0.004 ppb respectively. These results indicated the mercury level was still lower than 1 mg/L the threshold by drug and food control centers (BPOM)
Application of Nanosilica from Rice Husk Ash as Iron Metal (Fe) Adsorbent in Textile Wastewater
Full text linkHeavy metals are considered hazardous to health if they accumulate excessively in the body. One way to remove iron metal ions by adsorption process uses adsorbents. In this study, removal of heavy metals such as ferrous metal (Fe) was adsorbed using an adsorbent in the form of nanosilica. Nanosilica is made from rice husk ash where rice husk ash contains 80-90% silica so that it can be utilized as a raw material in nanosilica synthesis. Synthesis of nanosilica was carried out using a solvent in the form of KOH with a variation of 1.5M concentration; 2.5M; 3.0M; 3.5M and 4.5M. The five types of nanosilica were applied to textile waste containing ferrous metal (Fe) with variations in a contact time of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes. Waste containing iron metal that has been adsorbed was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) to see the remaining iron content. From the analysis of AAS produced the smallest iron concentration of 0.186 ppm in nanosilica with 1.5 M KOH solvent. Nanosilica with 1.5M KOH solvent was characterized using a Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) tool to obtain a surface morphological size of 0.44 µm with 28.95% SiO2 content.
Validation Method Rapid Test COD in Water and Waste Water compare with Standard Method as Quality Asurance in Integrated Testing Laboratory-FMIPA of Sriwijaya University
Full text linkPortable COD test kit used for testing the COD because its low cost, less waste, contaminant free, efficient, simple and traceable to the international unit system. However the method has not yet accepted as a standard method, so it must be validated before applied in the laboratory according to the requirements of ISO / IEC 17025: 2017. In this study, the Rapid Test COD method vario Lovibond (M1) compared with the standard method APHA 5220D.4 (M2). The Rapid Test method modified used APHA reagents (M3) and vice versa (M4) were also studied. Evaluation based on precision values, HorRat whereas accuracy based on recovery value (R). Comparison of test results also conducted against Certified Reference Material values, and Z-score test. The precision test results for each method for both law range and high range gave HorRat values between 0.3-1.3 that meet the precision requirements. Accuracy testing also gave %R meeting the acceptance limit, even though M3 with the lowest %R is 94.17%. For comparison of results with CRM, the M3 method does not meet the acceptance limit, which is U∆ < ∆m. But the results of the Z-score Test all methods provide satisfactory accurac
The Analysis of Total Dissolved Iron from Mud Sedimentation Ponds Wastewater in PT Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk Tanjung Enim Using Individual Control Diagram
Full text linkThe tests have been carried out on the iron content of wastewater in the inlet and outlet of the mud sedimentation ponds PT Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra Province. The iron concentration in mining waste water that does not comply with government standards of 7.0000 mg / L can pollute the environment. The measurement of iron concentration was carried out by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) method in accordance with SNI 06-6989.4: 2004. Analysis of iron concentration using calibration curve methods and individual control diagrams. The results of data analysis showed that the iron content of the inlet and outlet MSP (Mud Sedimentation Ponds) wastewater was still under the standard set with an average value of 1.4488 mg/L inlet and outlet 0.4061 mg/L. Based on the results of the study the concentration of iron meets the established quality standards
Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater by using Fenton Method
Full text linkThe pulp and paper industry wastewater has not met the environmental uality standards set by the government so it may causes pollution to the environment; therefore, it is necessary to find a better wastewater treatment. The problem of this study is how to find the wastewater treatment alternative in order to get a more effective and efficient treatment. Fenton reagents are H2O2 compounds (hydrogen peroxide) with iron catalysts and is one of the Advance Oxidations Process (AOPs) methods, which can be used as an alternative to process wastewater from the pulp and paper industry. In this study, the ratio of Fenton reagent molar concentration, temperature, and stirring time were varied, with stirring speed of 300 rpm, Fenton reagent volume of 25 mL, and pH set at 3. The visible parameters in this study were COD and TSS degradation. From this study, the best ratio of Fenton reagent is 1:2000, where this ratio can reduce the COD from 1002 mg/L to 176.05 mg/L and the TSS from 125 mg/L to 49.3 mg/L. This value has met the environmental quality standards for the pulp and paper industry set by the Indonesian government
Electrocoagulation Method to Reduce Pollutants in the Wastewater of Jumputan Fabric Industry
Full text linkThe existence of the textile industry in Indonesia is not only in the category of large and medium scale industries but also in small scale and some even in the home industry. These caused pollution mainly as a result of the dyeing of textiles. Dye not only occurs in industrial areas but also occurs in densely populated settlements. An attempt to treat the waste of the textile industry is needed to solve the environmental pollution. In this research, liquid waste was processed using the electrocoagulation method, and the expected concentration or hazard caused by waste was decreased and to fulfill the required environmental quality standard. Treatment of jumputan wastewater by electrocoagulation method using 4 aluminum electrodes 11x10.5 cm in size with MP-P configuration type (Monopolar-Paralel) for 120 minutes. The parameters measured in this study were chromium heavy metal content, TSS (Total Suspended Solid), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), as well as changes in pH, color and turbidity values where the applied voltage variations were 10, 13, 15, 17, and 20 volts with variation of electrode distance used 1.5; 2.0; and 2.5 cm. The best condition for each parameter was obtained at a distance of 1.5 cm with a voltage of 20 volts. Effectiveness of electrocoagulation method to decrease turbidity value up to 99.84%; color 99.33%, chromium content of 62.5%; TSS 33.68%; TDS of 66.59% and raised the pH from 5.64 to 8.10, respectively
A Decrease In The Number Of Palm Oil Acids Using The Ion Exchange Method
No full textCrude Palm Oil (CPO) is a vegetable oil that contains free fatty acids. Free fatty acids (FFA) with a percentage below 5 are one of the parameters that affect the selling price of this commodity. The CPO used in this study came from a fatpit station with an acid number of 18 to 24 mgKOH / gram of oil. This study aims to reduce the free fatty acids contained in CPO by the ion exchange method using the help of Amberlite IRA 900 resin and Lewatit Monoplus M500 and then the acid number is calculated. The solvent used in this study was n-hexane with a ratio of 1: 1, 2: 3, 3: 2 and 1: 2 to oil. The research was initiated by activating the two types of resin using NaOH 4% solution as much as 450 ml, then each resin was mixed with hexane oil mixed with an initial ratio of 1: 1, the results were then distilled to separate the oil and hexane and then calculate the acid number. The resin that has been used is then rinsed using methanol before reducing the acid number again, if the acid number is ≥ 5 mgKOH / gram the oil is regenerated from the resin used. The results of this study showed that the Lewatit resin with a ratio of 3: 2 was able to decrease the acid number consistently for 3 times, regeneration had no effect on the decrease in acid number.Keywords: deacidification, anion resin, n-heksan, NaOH, CPO Abstrak (Indonesian)Crude Palm Oil (CPO) adalah salah satu minyak nabati yang memiliki kandungan asam lemak bebas. Asam lemak bebas yang juga dikenal fat fatty acid (FFA) dengan persentase dibawah 5 merupakan salah satu parameter yang mempengarui harga jual komoditi ini. CPO yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berasal dari stasiun fatpit dengan angka asam 18 sampai dengan 24 mgKOH/gminyak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menurunkan asam lemak bebas yang terkandung dalam CPO dengan metode ion exchange menggunakan bantuan resin Amberlite IRA 900 dan Lewatit Monoplus M500 lalu dihitung angka asamnya. Pelarut yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah n-heksan dengan rasio 1:1, 2:3, 3:2 dan 1:2 terhadap minyak. Penelitian diawali dengan melakukan aktifasi terhadap kedua jenis resin menggunakan larutan NaOH 4% sebanyak 450 ml, kemudian masing masing resin dialiri minyak bercampur heksan dengan perbandingan awal 1:1, hasilnya kemudian didestilasi untuk memisahkan minyak dan heksan lalu hitung angka asamnya. Resin yang telah digunakan kemudian dibilas dengan menggunakan methanol sebelum melakukan penurunan angka asam lagi, jika angka asam sudah ≥ 5 mgKOH/mgminyak dilakukan regenerasi terhadap resin yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian ini menujukkan resin Lewatit dengan rasio 3:2 mampu menurunkan angka asam secara konsisten selama 3 kali penurunan, regenerasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap penurunan angka asam.Kata Kunci: deacidification, anion resin, n-heksan, NaOH, CPO
Triacylglycerols produced by biomass of endophytic fungus Neopestalotiopsis surinamensis from the Scurrula atropurpurea
Full text linkIn Indonesia, Scurrula atropurpurea is a medicinal plant known as benalu. Triacylglycerols can be produced by plants, animals, algae, and microorganisms such as endophytic fungi. Triacylglycerols can be used in cosmetics, food, and medicine because they have biological activities such as antitumor, antibacterial, and cytotoxic. Besides, the compound can be used as a biodiesel substitute for triacylglycerols sourced from oil palm. This study aims to isolate and characterize triacylglycerol from biomass of endophytic fungal N. surinamensis from the S. atropurpurea leaves. The compound was isolated and purified by the column chromatography method. The structure of the compound was determined by spectroscopic data ( FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR). Analysis of the spectrum and compared with the literature, the isolated compound is a triacylglycerol