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Analysis of urban space using the Space Syntax Method: The case of Diyarbakır
No full textHer yerleşimin kendine özgü yapısı bulunmaktadır. Kentlerin zaman içinde birçok nedene bağlı olarak mekânsal yapısı karmaşıklaşmakta ve değişebilmektedir. Kentlerin mekânsal yapısındaki bu değişimler sayısal yöntemlerle analiz edilerek anlaşılmaya çalışılırken kentlerin sürdürülebilirliği, yönetimi ve planlanması için önemli veriler elde edilmektedir. Diyarbakır, mekânsal yapısında zamanla meydana gelen değişimlerin bir sonucu olarak karmaşık bir kent morfolojisine sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, kentteki farklı dönemlere ait yerleşim alanlarının erişilebilirlik düzeylerinin kentsel mekân organizasyonu üzerindeki etkisini analiz ederek, Diyarbakır'ın mekânsal yapısını ortaya koymak ve sürdürülebilir kent mekânı planlamasına yönelik öneriler geliştirmektir. Bu doğrultuda, kentin mekânsal yapısını anlamaya yönelik olarak ilgili literatür taranmış, yerinde gözlem ve fotoğraflama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, mekânsal analizlerde nitel ve nicel yöntemler birlikte değerlendirilmiş, kentsel yapının nicel olarak analiz edilmesinde Space Syntax (mekân dizimi) yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, Diyarbakır'ın farklı dönemlerini temsil eden üç ana bölge içerisinden seçilen dört alanın sokak ağları, DepthmapX yazılımı aracılığıyla sayısal olarak analiz edilmiştir. Analizlerde H-H bütünleşme, bağlanabilirlik, tercih (n), okunabilirlik, sinerji ve görsel grafik analizi (VGA) gibi metriklerden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yazılımı olan Quantum GIS (QGIS) ortamına aktarılarak, analiz metriklerine ilişkin tematik haritalar oluşturulmuştur. Analiz için seçilen alanlar; kentin ilk yerleşim alanı ve geleneksel ticaret bölgesi olan Suriçi, planlı kentleşmenin ilk örneğini temsil eden Yenişehir, son dönemlerde gelişen ve Diclekent Bulvarı'nı merkez alan bölge ile Mahabat Bulvarı çevresinde gelişen yeni yerleşim alanlarıdır. Bu alanlar arasında karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yaklaşımı benimsenmiş ve elde edilen sayısal veriler aracılığıyla bölgelerin mekânsal yapı özellikleri detaylı şekilde incelenmiştir. Çalışma bulguları, tarihsel, planlı ve çağdaş karma yapılı kent bölgelerinin mekânsal organizasyon açısından belirgin farklılıklar gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen analitik veriler, farklı kent dokularının mekânsal özelliklerinin daha doğru anlaşılmasına olanak sağlamakta ve bu doğrultuda, alanların erişilebilirlik düzeyleri ile fonksiyonel kullanımlarına ilişkin kentsel iyileştirme önerileri geliştirilmektedir. Çalışma Diyarbakır'ın farklı kentsel alanlarının anlaşılabilirliğine yönelik sayısal yöntemler kullanılarak analiz edilmesi, kentsel gelişim, tasarım, planlama çalışmalarına katkı sunması ve gelecek vizyonunun belirlenmesi açısından özgündür.Each settlement has its own unique structure. The spatial structure of cities can become complex and change over time due to many reasons. While trying to understand these changes in the spatial structure of cities by analysing them with numerical methods, important data are obtained for the sustainability, management and planning of cities. Diyarbakır has a complex urban morphology as a result of changes in its spatial structure over time. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the spatial structure of Diyarbakır by analysing the impact of the accessibility levels of settlements of different periods on urban spatial organisation and to develop recommendations for sustainable urban spatial planning. In this direction, the relevant literature was reviewed, on-site observation and photography methods were used to understand the spatial structure of the city. In addition, qualitative and quantitative methods were evaluated together in spatial analyses, and the Space Syntax method was preferred to quantitatively analyse the urban structure. Within the scope of the study, the street networks of four sample areas selected from three main regions representing different periods of Diyarbakır were analysed numerically through DepthmapX software. Metrics such as H-H integration, connectivity, preference (n), readability, synergy and visual graphic analysis (VGA) were used in the analyses. The data obtained were transferred to Quantum GIS (QGIS), a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software, and thematic maps related to the analysis metrics were created. The areas selected for the analysis are Suriçi, which is the first settlement area of the city and the traditional trade area, Yenişehir, which represents the first example of planned urbanisation, the recently developed area centred on Diclekent Boulevard and the new residential areas around Mahabat Boulevard. A comparative analysis approach was adopted between these areas and the spatial structure characteristics of the regions were examined in detail through the numerical data obtained. The findings of the study reveal that historical, planned and contemporary mixed-structured urban areas show significant differences in terms of spatial organisation. The analytical data obtained enables a more accurate understanding of the spatial characteristics of different urban textures and accordingly, urban improvement suggestions are developed regarding the accessibility levels and functional uses of the areas. The study is unique in terms of analyzing different urban areas of Diyarbakır using numerical methods for comprehensibility, contributing to urban development, design and planning studies and determining the future vision
The Impact of Dietary Encapsulated Fennel Seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Essential Oil Inclusion Levels on Performance, Serum Hormone Profiles, and Expression of Reproductive Axis-Related Genes in the Early and Late Laying Phases of Hens
No full textFennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) essential oil (FEO), which is rich in the phytoestrogenic compound trans-anethole, interacts with oestrogen receptors and influences molecular targets within cells and hormonal responses. This study examined the effect of dietary encapsulated FEO inclusion levels on performance, reproductive hormone profiles, and gene expression in laying hens during the early and late phases. The study was conducted in two independent trials, each involving 210 Atak-S laying hens that were randomly distributed into 3 experimental groups, each having 10 replicates with 7 hens. The dietary treatments included a basal diet without FEO (Control) and a basal diet supplemented with 175 (FEO175) or 350 mg (FEO350) of encapsulated FEO/kg for 12 weeks. The results showed that FEO350 treatment improved egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio during both early and late phases (p < 0.05). Moreover, increasing FEO inclusion levels enhanced oestradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and progesterone concentrations in both early and late laying hens, reaching peak levels at FEO350 (p < 0.05). FEO supplementation upregulated the expression of oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, FEO350 increased prolactin receptor (PRLR) expression during the early phase but decreased it during the late laying phase (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between egg production and FSHR, ESR2 and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) expression, with a negative correlation for PRLR (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 350 mg FEO/kg was found to be the most effective level for enhancing layer performance.Office of Scientific Research Projects at Dicle University (DUBAP) [ZIdot;RAAT.21.009]This project was supported by the Office of Scientific Research Projects at Dicle University (DUBAP) under Project Z & Idot;RAAT.21.009
The use of dynamic programming in optimisation of cut-off grades and different depletion rates together with rehabilitation cost
No full textCut-off grade for a mineral deposit is a grade that is used to classify the material as ore or waste. In order to get maximum profit from a mineral deposit, an optimum schedule of cut-off grades must be used. This paper describes the use of dynamic programming in cut-off grades optimisation and further extension of the method regarding with depletion rates and rehabilitation cost. Partial depletion rates have been used for calculating mining and rehabilitation costs. The software developed in this work guarantees the global optimum for different depletion rates
Phenotypes Linked to Duplication Upstream of SOX9: New Insights Into Presentation and Diagnosis [2]
No full textContext Duplications occurring upstream of the SOX9 gene have been identified in a limited subset of patients with 46,XX testicular/ovotesticular differences/disorders of sex development (DSD). However, comprehensive understanding regarding their clinical presentation and diagnosis is limited. Objective To gain further insight into the diagnosis of a large cohort of 46,XX individuals with duplications upstream of SOX9. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data of 46,XX/SRY-negative individuals with SOX9 upstream duplications. Clinical data were recorded, and genetic etiologies were investigated using karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for SRY analysis, microarray analysis, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and next-generation sequencing panels including whole genome sequencing. Results We analyzed 12 individuals with 46,XX karyotype who had heterozygous duplications upstream of SOX9, ranging from 107 to 941 kb. Ages at diagnosis ranged from 0.1 to 55 years. Seven (58%) had testicular/ovotesticular DSD, while 5 (41%) were asymptomatic carriers detected through family screening. There was no significant correlation between duplication size and genital/gonadal phenotype. The duplication was inherited from the father (n = 3) or an asymptomatic mother (n = 2). In one family, a duplication missed by the 300K microarray was detected by MLPA and confirmed with 750K microarray. Conclusion 46,XX individuals with SOX9 upstream duplications may exhibit no symptoms, but thorough family screening is crucial due to the potential inheritance and testicular/ovotesticular DSD risk in subsequent generations. We emphasize the effectiveness of high-resolution microarray analysis (>500K) as the primary diagnostic tool for 46,XX/SRY-negative testicular/ovotesticular DSD individuals, enabling thorough genome-wide assessment of copy number variations and detecting small alterations
Treatment and follow-up of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency in childhood and adolescence
No full textCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the deficiency of one of the enzymes involved in cortisol synthesis. More than 95% of the cases occur as a result of defects in the gene encoding 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2). 21-hydroxylase deficiency has been divided into classical and non-classical forms. In the treatment of classical CAH, it is necessary to replace both glucocorticoid (GC) and mineralocorticoid hormones to prevent salt wasting crisis and reduce excessive corticotropin. In addition to biochemical measurements to evaluate the adequacy of GC and mineralocorticoid treatment; growth rate, body weight, blood pressure and physical examination should be evaluated regularly. There is insufficient data regarding the use of continuous slow-release or modified-release hydrocortisone (HC) preparations and continuous subcutaneous HC infusion, additional/alternative treatment approaches, and cell-based therapies and gene editing technology in children with CAH. GC therapy is recommended in children with inappropriately early onset and rapidly progressing pubarche or accelerated bone age progression, and in adolescents with non-classical CAH (NCCAH) who have overt virilization. In patients with NCCAH, stress doses of HC is recommended for major surgery, trauma, or childbirth but only if the patient has a suboptimal cortisol response to the adrenocorticotropic hormone test. Here, members of the 'Adrenal Working Group' of 'The Turkish Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes' present an evidence-based review with good practice points and recommendations for optimize treatment, and follow-up of children with CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency in the light of the most recent evidence
Regorafenib Treatment for Recurrent Glioblastoma Beyond Bevacizumab-Based Therapy: A Large, Multicenter, Real-Life Study
No full textBackground/Objectives: In the REGOMA trial, regorafenib demonstrated an overall survival advantage over lomustine, and it has become a recommended treatment for recurrent glioblastoma in guidelines. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of regorafenib as a third-line treatment for patients with recurrent glioblastoma who progressed while taking bevacizumab-based therapy. Methods: This retrospective, multicenter study in Turkey included 65 patients treated between 2021 and 2023 across 19 oncology centers. The main inclusion criteria were histologically confirmed isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma, progression after second-line bevacizumab-based treatment, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of <= 2. Patients received regorafenib 160 mg once daily for the first 3 weeks of each 4-week cycle. Results: The median age of the patients was 53 years (18-67 years), with a median progression-free survival of 2.5 months (95% Confidence Interval: 2.23-2.75) and a median overall survival of 4.1 months (95% CI: 3.52-4.68). The median overall survival was improved in patients who received subsequent therapy after regorafenib treatment compared with those who did not (p = 0.022). Progression-free survival was longer in patients with ECOG 0-1 than in those with ECOG 2 (p = 0.042). The safety profile was consistent with that of the REGOMA trial, with no drug-related deaths observed. Conclusions: Regorafenib shows good efficacy and safety as a third-line treatment for recurrent glioblastoma after bevacizumab-based therapy. This study supports the use of regorafenib and emphasizes the need for further randomized studies to validate its role and optimize treatment strategies
Enhancing vehicle fault diagnosis through multi-view sound analysis: integrating scalograms and spectrograms in a deep learning framework
No full textThis study presents a comprehensive framework for vehicle fault diagnosis using engine sound signals, leveraging deep learning models and a multi-view approach. Traditional methods for vehicle fault diagnosis often rely on the expertise of mechanics or diagnostic tools, which can be costly, time-consuming, and may not always provide accurate results. To address these limitations, we propose CarFaultNet, a multi-view model that processes both scalograms and spectrograms simultaneously to capture complementary information from these time-frequency representations. Our approach incorporates transfer learning with pretrained convolutional neural networks, including AlexNet, GoogLeNet, ShuffleNet, SqueezeNet, and MobileNet v2, as well as CarFaultNet, which combines two MobileNet networks. The results demonstrate that CarFaultNet outperforms traditional machine learning methods and single-view deep learning models, achieving a precision of 95.32%, recall of 94.83%, F1-score of 94.99%, and accuracy of 95.00%. Class activation mapping visualizations provide valuable insights into the model's decision-making process, highlighting the regions of the input images that are most influential for the classification of different vehicle faults. By leveraging a large, diverse dataset encompassing various vehicle models and real-world operating conditions, our approach addresses the drawbacks of previous studies and demonstrates the potential of deep learning for practical and effective vehicle fault diagnosis
Sex differences in clinical and polysomnographic features of obstructive sleep apnea: The Turkish sleep apnea database (TURKAPNE) cohort
No full textBackground: Previous reports from relatively small clinical cohorts have suggested that the clinical presentation of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) differs between men and women. Objective: We aimed to explore sex differences in clinical and polysomnographic features of OSA in a large nationwide registry. Methods: Participants from the ongoing Turkish Sleep Apnea Database (TURKAPNE) Study from 34 centers were included in the current analysis. OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥5 events/hour and was classified as mild, moderate, and severe according to AHI cut-offs 5, 15, and 30 events/hour, respectively. Results: In all, 7130 patients (2259 women) were included. OSA was observed in 6323 (88.7 %), of whom 70.2 % were male and 29.8 % were female. In the OSA group, women were older (56.7 ± 11.9 vs. 49.5 ± 11.3 years; p < 0.001) and more obese (body mass index 34.3 ± 7.2 vs. 31.4 ± 5.6 kg/m2; p < 0.001) and had lower AHI (29.8 ± 24.1 vs. 36.8 ± 26.2 events/h; p < 0.001) than men. Loud snoring and witnessed apnea were more common in men than in women whereas women were more frequently presented with insomnia, headache, and mood changes. Women had significantly less total sleep time, less sleep efficiency, and longer sleep latency compared with men (p < 0.001 for each). Additionally, comorbid diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, asthma, psychiatric disorders, hypothyroidism as well as drug use were more common in women than in men independent of age and obesity (p < 0.05 for each). Conclusions: Our results suggest significant sex differences in clinical and polysomnographic features in this nationwide Turkish adult population. Women with OSA have more symptom burden and comorbidities despite having a less severe AHI. © 2024 The AuthorsBundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat, BMI; ResMed Foundation; Data Monitoring Board; Turkish Thoracic Societ
Spillovers between cryptocurrency, DeFi, carbon, and energy markets: A frequency quantile-on-quantile perspective
No full textWe applied a novel approach, the quantile-on-quantile frequency connectedness (QQFC), to measure the return spillover effects from the cryptocurrency and decentralized finance indices on the carbon and clean/dirty energy markets. Given the limitations of the traditional quantile connectedness approach, which only considers the transmission mechanism in similar quantile compositions, we combine the quantile-in-quantile connectedness and frequency connectedness methods, allowing us to evaluate the spillover shocks between two markets under different market conditions while also separating the links over multiple time horizons. For the entire period, we find that the spillover effects at directly related quantiles is more prominent than the inversely related quantile estimations and establish an asymmetry pattern in return connectedness, with spillover shocks bearing greater influence at the extreme lower quantiles. Furthermore, the frequency connectedness results show that the spillover effects diminish as the timescale increases. Clean energy markets appear to have stronger interconnectivity with decentralized finance and crypto markets than dirty energy and carbon markets, where the new energy global innovation is the strongest, followed by the clean energy. Although crypto markets have stronger interdependence with other markets than decentralized finance markets, the difference is negligible. The net QQFC results elucidate that, during the entire period and short run, other markets transmit shocks to digital markets when they are in bearish and bullish phases and absorb shocks when they are normal, but in the long run, become predominantly susceptible to shocks from cryptocurrency and DeFi markets. Carbon market, followed by coal, emerges as the most influential markets on the cryptocurrency and DeFi markets, while oil and gas are the most vulnerable markets to the cryptocurrency and DeFi markets, respectively. We witness changes in the roles of the net connectedness over timeframes during the pandemic and stronger spillovers for the ongoing war period. © 2025 Board of Trustees of the University of Illinoi
The effects of Aflibercept and Ranibizumab in patients with wet-type age-related macula degeneration
No full textBackground and objective: This study aims to compare the effects of two different anti-VEGF drugs, aflibercept and ranibizumab, on OCT findings in patients with AMD. Materials and methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with wet type AMD between 2013-2020, who were treated with intravitreal ranibizumab or aflibercept, and had a minimum follow-up period of six months. Results: Aflibercept was injected into 50 eyes and ranibizumab was injected into 53 eyes. In best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurements, aflibercept was found to be superior especially at 1 month (p=0.003), and no difference was found in BCVA at 6 months (p=0.233). A negative correlation was found between BCVA measurements and SFC measurements at 1 month (r=-0.322, p=0.001). In the comparison of aflibercept and ranibizumab at 6 months; Aflibercept was found to be more effective than ranibizumab in reducing CFT (p=0.014). However, no statistically significant difference was found between aflibercept and ranibizumab in horizontal PED, vertical PED, HRD, IRC, SRF, ERM, ELM, ISOS, and CNVM measurements (p=0.119; p=0.220; p=0.167; p=0.531; p=0.351; p=0.844; p=0.768; p=0.944; p=0.703, respectively). Conclusions: Intravitreal aflibercept and ranibizumab injections in wet AMD patients were found to have similar effects on other OCT findings except for CFT. Studies with long follow-up and large series on this subject will provide more information