Bioscientia Medicina - Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research
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Screening A Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion: How precise PCR can be?
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Background. Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion (TRE) in human DNA could lead to various diseases. An expanded CAG repeat (>31 or 37 repeats, depends on the ethnicity) in Androgen Receptor gene is suggested to be associated with the occurrence of isolated hypospadias. In an effort to identify the exact numbers of repeats, sequencing has been the most favored method to be conducted despite its cost.
Objective. This study wished to investigate the possibilities of using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method to screen expanded repeats in isolated hypospadias, as one of the TRE diseases.
Materials and Methods. Numbers of CAG repeat in twelve hypospadias patients and one normal male was first predicted from the visualization of PCR products in 3% agarose gel electrophoreses with 20 bp ladder marker before it was finally sequenced.
Results. Two samples gave the same exact result, while the rest showed a range of 1-11 bp differences. Statistically, there was a significant difference between the mean of CAG repeats from PCR method (M=26.1667, SD=6.71272) and the mean of CAG repeats from sequencing (M=23.75, SD=5.70685); t(11)= 4.570, p=0.001. Furthermore, the sensitivity of PCR was 100% and the specificity was 83.33%.
Conclusion. It can be concluded that PCR method could be used as a screening method in identifying TRE with large numbers of repeats. However, PCR in TRE disease with small numbers of expanded repeats needs to be followed by sequencing in order to obtain the exact numbers of repeats.
Keywords: Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequencing, Isolated Hypospadia
Antibacterial Efficacy of Aloe vera Sap Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
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Background
Aloe vera is a plant that has been used as an alternative drug. This plant contains various compounds, like anthraquinone, saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid, and tannin that has an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Both of it were responsible for the infection incident. This study aims to determine the efficacy of Aloe vera sap as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Methods
An experimental study, in vitro using post-test only control group design, has been done at laboratory of Medical Faculty of Sriwijaya University, by examining the antibacterial activity of Aloe vera sap in five different concentration (5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, dan 80%) using well diffusion and solid dillusion method to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). And then continued with the phytocemical screening to determine the compound inside the Aloe vera sap.
Results
Aloe vera sap were able to kill Staphylococcus aureus at 5% and Eshcerichia coli at 80%. Compatibility test showed that Aloe vera sap with concentration of 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80% are compatible with amoxicillin, therefore 80% is compatible with cefotaxime. This ability due to the compound that it contains, which is alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, quinone, and saponin.
Conclusion
Aloe vera sap is effective as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Keyword: Aloe vera sap, antibacterial, efficacy, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli.
 
Efficacy of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) extract to decrease serum creatinine in acute kidney injury induced male wistar rats
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Kidney vital function as a regulator of blood volume and chemical composition to excrete solute and water selectively. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden decline in kidney function which is temporary, is marked by an increase in serum creatinine levels and decreased urine output.
Objective
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of cinnamon extract in acute kidney injury induced male wistar rats.
Method
An experimental in vivo with pre-post control group design was conducted in twenty-five wistar strain white rats that were divided into 5 treatment groups that received methylprednisolone as a positive control, aquades, and different dose of cinnamon extracts (50 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW). The rat model of acute kidney injury was prepared by the method of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).
The effectiveness of cinnamon extract was carried out by creatinine levels checked using ELISA and analyzed by ANOVA.
Results
The extract of cinnamon can lower serum creatinine levels were significantly (p <0.05). A dose of 100mg / KgBW is an effective dose in AKI compare to methylprednisolone.
Conclusion
Extract of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) corrected creatinine levels of acute kidney injury induced male wistar rats.
Keywords: Acute kidney injury, cinnamon extract, creatinine
 
The Anticancer Activity of Srikaya Leaves Fraction (Annona squamosa L.): An In Vitro Study
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Introduction: Anticancer drugs are aimed primarily at inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Srikaya leaves (Annona squamosa L.) had been proven to possess various therapeutic effects and potential to be developed as anticancer drugs due to its cytotoxic activity.
Aim of study: This study aimed to assess the anticancer activity of srikaya leaves (Annona squamosa L.) fraction.
Methods: Methanol fraction of srikaya leaves were obtained at concentrations of 500; 250; 125; 62.5; 31.25 µg/ml. Srikaya methanol fraction and cisplatin as control were given to a plate that was sealed with T47D cells for MTT assay. Identification of compounds in the methanol fraction of srikaya leaves was performed with thin layer chromatography (TLC). Data were collected in the form of absorbance value and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was determined ​​by linear regression. Data analysis was carried out with paired T test, unpaired T test, and ANOVA.
Results: Average percentage of T47D cells viability increased with the decrease in the concentration of srikaya methanol fraction. Obtained IC50 value was 174.25 µg/ml which was quite active and potential to be developed as an anticancer drug. Methanol fraction of srikaya leaves contained secondary terpenoid metabolites, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Flavonoid was the dominant metabolites in phytochemical tests and believed to play a major role in cytotoxic activity of srikaya leaves.
Conclusion: Methanol fraction of srikaya leaves possessed the cytotoxic effect on T47D cancer cell line through the role of flavonoid metabolites.
Keywords: srikaya, Annona squamosa, anticancer, T47D cell
The Relationships between Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio and Child-Turcotte-Pugh Classification in Assessing Severity of Liver Cirrhosis
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Liver cirrhosis is a disease with high morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. The Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification is a noninvasive parameter to assess severity of liver cirrhosis. Meanwhile, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio can reflect person's immunity to liver cirrhosis. This study was conducted to determine the agreement between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification in assessing severity of liver cirrhosis.
Methods
Analytical observational study with Cohen’s Kappa agreement test was conducted in 86 liver cirrhosis patients. Data was retrieved by observing the medical records. Neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, albumin, bilirubin, and INR were all recorded. Documented variables were analyzed by the Cohen’s Kappa agreement test.
Results
In Cohen’s Kappa agreement test, there was moderate agreement between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification in all samples (κ = 0.591 and p <0.001). Agreement between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification based on age and gender was found to be κ = 0.777 at age ≤45 years, κ = 0.532 at age >45 years, κ = 0.682 in male, and κ = 0.445 in female (p <0.001). The highest agreement is the substantial agreement between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification obtained at age ≤45 years (κ = 0.777 and p <0.001) and male (κ = 0.682 and p <0.001).
Conclusion
There is moderate agreement between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification in assessing severity of liver cirrhosis. Substantial agreement obtained at age ≤45 years and male gender.
Keywords: Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio, Child-Turcotte-Pugh, Liver Cirrhosi
Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamon Extract (Cinnamomum burmannii) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli In Vitro
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Infectious disease is one of the most common diseases in the world. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are two common causes of infection and are resistant to many antibiotics, so the new agents are needed to overcome antibiotic resistance. Cinnamon is often used as a preservative because it has antibacterial activity. Cinnamomum burmannii is kind of native cinnamon from Indonesia. The antimicrobial active compounds cinnamaldehyde and eugenol are the main reasons for its antibacterial activity. This study observed the efficacy of the cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum burmannii) as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. An experimental study, in vitro using Post-test Only Control Group Designed, has been done in Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory of Medical Faculty of Sriwijaya University. Cinnamon was extracted, then tested for its antibacterial activity using well diffusion and serial dilution to determine diameter of inhibition zone and minimum bactericidal concentration. Phytochemical tests were also conducted to determine the antibacterial compounds of cinnamon extract. Ethanol extract of cinnamon was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with MBC 5% and inihibitory zone 6,84±0,68 mm and Escherichia coli with MBC 10% and inhibitory zone 5,69±0,69 mm. Cinnamon extract which has the greatest effectiveness is concentration of 40% with inhibition zone 15,69±0,80 mm (Staphylococcus aureus) and 9,63±0,59 mm (Escherichia coli). This ability is due to the antibacterial compounds as evidenced by positive results in various phytochemical tests. Cinnamon extract is effective as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro.
Keywords: efficacy, antibacterial, Cinnamomum burmannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia col
The Efficacy of Sauropus androgynus Leaves Extract To Improve Cognitive Function in Wistar Rats Induced Alzheimer’s
No full textBackground
Sauropus androgynus leaves is the substance which has the potency to prevent degenerative processes. Sauropus androgynus leaves has flavonoid as the main component. Flavonoid has antioxidant and anti neuro-inflammation that can be used to prevent Alzheimer dementia. Research purpose is knowing the effect of Sauropus androgynus leaves for the cognitive function and β-amyloid expression in the hippocampus of wistar rats.
Methods
Reseacrh was done by in vivo method, where male wistar rats (n=24) were distributed to six groups which consisting of four rats. Group 1: Normal control, group 2: positive control, group 3: standard treatment (B12 vitamin), group 4, 5 and 6 were give Sauropus androgynus leaves extract with the dose of 75 mg/kgBB, 150 mg/kgBB and 300 mg/kgBB, respectively for 28 days. Cognitive function was evaluated by t-maze test, where hippocampal β-amyloid expression was tested by immunohistochemistry.
Results
Time differences (day 0-28), alternation ratio distinction (day 0-28) and β-amiloid expression were: group 1 (1,84 second; 0,23 unit; 0,518%), group 2 (56,78 second; -0,42 unit; 40,036%), group 3 (34,46 second; -0,25 unit; 33,08%), group 4 (32,83 second; -0,09 unit; 28,88%), group 5 (-3,91 second; 0,42 unit; 14,728%), group 6 (24,25 second; 0,42 unit; 9,4%).
Conclusion
Sauropus androgynus leaves extract at the dose of 150 mg/kgBB and 300 mg/kgBB can maintain cognitive function by decreasing hippocampal β-amyloid formation
N-Acetyl-Glucosamidase as Biomarker for Acute Kidney Injury
No full textBackground : The estimated inciÂdence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is two to three cases per 1,000 patients. Seven percent of hospitalized patients and about two-thirds of patients in intensive care units develop acute kidney injury and the mortalÂity rates range between 25 and 80 percent. Disruption in epithelial brush border of proximal tubular cell causes N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) to be released to the urine and the amount of enzyme could be directly correlated with tubular disruption.
Objective : The aims of this research is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of NAG urine examination as an early biomarker for acute kidney injury.
Methods : There’s 66 subjects who met the inclusion criteria. All the subject were checked for the NAG urine level with Cloud Clone kit and creatinine serum were also checked 48 hours after admission.
Results : The results showed in the cut-off point of 7.98 Ng/mL, urine NAG has a sensitivity of 68.6% and specificity 77.4%, positive predictive value 77.42%, negative predictive value 68.57 % and accuracy of 72.73%
Conclusions : The result shows that urine NAG examination is more sensitive and specific as an early biomarker for Acute Kidney Injury compared to creatinine serum.
Key words : Acute Kidney Injury, N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase , sensitivity, spesificit
The Efficacy of Red Ginger Fraction (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. rubrum) as Insecticidal Aedes aegypti
Get PDFAedes aegypti is a vector of Dengue Hemoragic Fever. The use of synthetic chemical insecticide is the most common way to control Ae. aegypti. However, since it can cause resistency if it is used in a wide scale with high frequency and continously, it requires an alternative way. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. rubrum) is one of natural insecticide which is safe to be used to control Ae. aegypti. This research aims was to determine the activity of active fraction of red ginger to mortality of Ae. aegypti. It was a quasi-experiment research with post test only control design. Twenty Ae. aegypti Liverpool strain were the sample of this research with 5 concentration for each and 4 times repetition. The result showed that concentration 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% causing mortality percentage of 32.5%, 33.8%, 51.3%, 58.8% and 65.0% respectively. One way Anova test showed p-value < alpha ± (0.00 < 0.05). It was concluded that there was a significant difference of various concentration of active fraction n-heksan of red ginger extract to the mortality of Ae. aegypti. The lethal concentration (LC50) was 2.409%. It was suggested to continue this research with reppellant or bio-assay test method.
Key words: Toxicity, extract, fraction, Aedes aegypti, Insecticida
Efficacy of Topical Coffee Paste to Collagen Density in Wistar Rats Incision Wound
No full textBackground :Collagen plays a very important role in humans at every stage of wound healing. Coffee contains many antioxidants that stimulate the formation of collagen dermis by increasing the production of Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinas-1 in the dermis that serves to inhibit the breakdown of collagen. This study aims to determine the efficacy of topical pasta coffee to collagen density.
Methods: Experimental Laboratories Study with pre and post test controlled group design research was undertaken from September to November 2017 at Animal House and Dyatnitalis Laboratory, Palembang. 30 male white rats of wistar strain were divided into 5 groups then performed 2 cm dermal incision and giving various concentration of coffee paste. On the day 0 and 5th after coffee paste, the percentage of collagen density is checked. The efficacy of coffee paste was analyzed by Paired T Test/Wilcoxon while the comparison of efficacy was analyzed by Independent T Test / Mann Whitney then continued with One Way ANOVA Test and Tukey test. Data analysis using SPSS version 18.0.
Results: There was an average difference of percentage level of collagen density before and after vitamin C (p = 0,003), coffee paste 20% (p = 0,043), coffee paste 40% (p = 0,045) and coffee paste 80% (p = 0,011) . In addition, there was an average difference of percentage of collagen density between negative control group with positive control group and 40% coffee paste. From the results of Post Hoc test results showed that there was a difference of percentage of collagen density of negative control group with coffee paste group 40%.
Conclusion: There is efficacy of topical coffee paste on collagen density in various concentrations where the highest increase of collagen density is 246,96% after coffee paste 40%.
Keyword: Coffee Pasta, Collagen, Injured Incision, Vitamin