UET Peshawar Publications Site (University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar)
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TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
No full textThe paper attempts to relate Technology and Economic growth: An attempt is mae to examine the effect of production cost on product quality and hence the demand of the product, which have direct impact on market structure and changes in input requirement per unit of output. The impact of technological change in a global economy has also been discussed briefly
THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEELS
No full textThe effect of cooling rates on the mechanical properties of two grades of steel subjected to heating to 940°C and 760°C is discussed. In ferrite/pearlite steels increased rate of cooling raised the ultimate strength of the material. An increase in the ultimate strength from 6.9 KN to 12.42 KN was obtained for 0.21% Carbon steel and 15 to 19.8 KN for 0.28% Carbon steel. A similar trend in ductility has also been observed. An increase in the cooling rate from 25°C/min to 50°C/min resulted in grain size refinement by 1 mm^-1/2 for both grades of steel
GROUNDWATER ENVIRONMENT AS EFFECTED BY AGRI-CHEMICALS AND ITS CONTROL BY WATER MANAGEMENT
No full textThe use of water table management practices could minimize off-siteimpacts of agri-chemicals by reducing total nutrient, herbicide, and water released intothe ground water environment. This field study is an attempt to examine the effect of various water table depths on the leaching of nitrogen (N) fertilizers and two surface applied herbicides; i.e. atrazine and alachlor into groundwater environment. The study results showed that water management practices significantly reduced amount of total nutrients released into the groundwater. The N03-N concentrations were significantly reduced after WID treatments started and in most cases concentrations in groundwater were less than the threshold limit of 10 mg/L for health concerns.However, the higher values of NO3-N concentrations were observed under 0.9 mas compared to 0.3 m WTDs. The concentration of NO3-N was concentrated in the upper 0.15 to 0.6 m of the soil profile and it decreased at deeperdepths under all WTDs. The atrazine concentrations ranged between 114.6 to 0.2, 14.4 to 1.2, and 36.2 to 0.2 pg/L for 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 m WTDs, respectively, this reveals thatthe average concentrations of atrazine generally decreases with increased water table depth. Almost similar trends were observed in alachlor concentrations
USE OF QUADRATIC EQUATION AND CHECKER-BOARD EXERCISE IN FUNDAMENTAL SALINITY CALCULUS
No full textSome information on soil water, salinity and plant relations needs to be collected and processed at laboratory level before shifting to the fields. Pot culture studies in that context have often been useful in estimating the importance of different types of salinity with different cation and anions concentration. The present paper focuses on some mathematical manipulations for developing synthetic soil and water salinity levels. Use of quadratic equationand checkerboard exercise has been promoted to complement the traditional salinity calculations. Quadratic equation and checkerboard exercise can be effectively used in developing synthetic brackish waters of different CA: Mg ratios under some predetermined EC and SAR limits. Waters having different RSC levels under the same EC, SAR, Na and Ca + Mg status can also be prepared by adjusting the relative proportion of C03 + HC03 anions in the calculations. Similarly, soils with different salinity levels or soils with the same salinity magnitude but with different percentages of major cations and anions can also be developed . Manipulation of such calculations is often helpful in strategic planning of saline culture studies for monitoring and establishing specific ion-effect and crop stress relations
STRESS CONCENTRATION AROUND A CIRCULAR OPENING
No full textThis study deals with the stress concentration around circular opening using photoelastic method. The plexiglass with a circular hole at its center was used as a model material. This model was subjected to different amount of pointed loads and the resulting fringes were observed and recorded with the help of attached camera. The lateral constraints were assumed to be absent ( i.e. M-0 ). The model material was calibrated for the determination of fringe value “ f G . The variation of angle under observation was from 0 degree to 45 degrees with the horizontal axis. The study reveals that maximum stresses are developed at the boundary of the opening and that the increase in r/a ratio, results in decrease in stress concentration factor. The data recorded was compared with the theoretical values
DESIGN OF FLOOR SLABS IN A LATERALLY LOADED SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
No full textFlexural behaviour of a coupling slab based on the results of one reinforced concrete model, called FTCSI tested by the authors was discussed earlier. Since then three more models, called FTCS2, FTCS3 and FTCS4 have been tested with particular intention to develop a reasonably simple procedure for the design of such slabs subjected to lateral loads due to wind etc., in addition to gravity loads in tall buildings consisting of shear walls and floor slabs. Only in-plane cross shear walls have been considered. The behaviour of models has been studied in terms of load-displacement history, ultimate load', distribution and redistribution of stress along the transverse critical section passing through the inner face of wall, crack pattern and mode of failure. The design procedure, shape of models, the supporting arrangement, testing arrangement and instrumentation are those previously adopted for FTCSI
ON DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF DISK-SHAFT-BEARING SYSTEMS
No full textThe equations of motion of a disk-shaft-bearing system with an elastic attachment of disk to shaft are derived in the form of a set of seven coupled nonlinear second order differential equations. The coupling between system translational and rotational equations have been eliminated by linearizing them for the purpose of seeking their solution. The solution is presented in the form of a sum of forward and backward whirling vectors. The natural frequencies of the translational modes of whirling motion have been obtained in terms of bearing parameters and system mass, whereas those of the rotational modes of whirling motion have been shown to depend on the equivalent rotational stiffness coefficients of the elastic attachment and the system mass moments of inertia. Stability criterion for both the translational and rotational modes of motion has been established based on the solution of system eigen value problem. System stability boundaries are determined and stability regions are illustrated graphically in terms of system parameters
RAINFALL ANALYSIS FOR WATER RESOURCES APPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY AT BAHAWALNAGAR, PAKISTAN
No full textThis study was aimed to demonstrate screening of the rainfall data for water resources applications, Bahawalnagar station in Pakistan was selected as the case study. The ultimate goal of this study was to test the rainfall record for stability, trends, consistency and homogeneity for its further utilization. The rainfall data were collected from the Meteorological Department of Pakistan for a period of 31 years ( 1962 to 1992) on 3-hourly basis.The missing for four years ( 1965, 1968, 1975 and 1978) were estimated by normal ratio method, taking into account the three surrounding stations namely Multan, Bahawalpur and Khanpur. Annual maximum moving rainfall totals for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours were calculated to construct six series of rainfall data. Various standard procedures were applied to test the consistency, homogeneity and stability of rainfall series. F and t tests were employed to test the stability of variances and means of rainfall series. The results revealed that data were stable, trendless and homogenous. The results from double mass analysis indicated that the rainfall records at Bahawalnagar and three surrounding stations were consistent relative to each other. The data were thus declared objectionless for further use for frequency analysis
EVALUATION OF RAINGUN (PY-30) WITH 10 MM DIAMETER NOZZLE
No full textThe raingun ( PY -30) with 10 mm diameter nozzle was operated under 13 different pressures ranging from 20 to 80 psi with an interval of 5 psi. Each set of data was replicated thrice. The water application rate, distribution pattern, discharge and radius of coverage were measured with pressure. The coefficients of uniformity of the raingun were determined in four quarter by dividing the radius of coverage into four equal parts and at effective radius of coverage. The values of coefficient of uniformity were higher ( 95.85% ) in the first quarter and lower (48.03%) in the fourth quarter. The discharge of the raingun was 21.40 gpm at 20 psi pressure and 39.31 gpm at 80 psi pressure. The discharge increased with the increase in pressure. The radius of coverage was found to be 20.5 m at 20 psi pressure and 24.5 m at 80 psi pressure. The radius of coverage increased with the increase in pressure but the increase in radius of coverage was not uniform and regular. The application rates of the raingum under various pressures were determined. The maximum application rate of 4.73 mm/hr was found at 80 psi pressure and the minimum application rate of 3.51 mm/hr was found at 30 psi pressure. A strong relationship was obtained between pressure and application rate
FAILURE STUDY OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS IN PAKISTAN: PART IV. DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS (DGA) OF TRANSFORMER OIL PERTAINING TO AEB, PESHAWAR
No full textInsulating oil in transformers in analogous to blood in human body that requires diagnosis of any prevailing fault(s) quite similar to those of blood tests. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is a valuable technique for detecting and identifying faults occurring within a transformer. Heat generation and/or electrical discharges occurring inside a transformer lead to decomposition (breakdown) of the insulating oil as well as other insulating materials (paper, barrier board, resin etc.) and this decomposition causes gases to be formed. By separating and quantifying the gases dissolved in an oil sample from a transformer, the specialists can identify the presence of an incipient fault (a fault occurring in its early stages). The amount and types of gases found in the oil quite reliably indicate the severity and the type of fault (s) occurring in the transformer. At the High Voltage and Short Circuit Laboratory, Rawat, a pioneering study was initiated dealing with failure of distribution transformers in Pakistan113. As a part of this study, a variety of oil samples collected from randomlyselected distribution transformers in the Area Electricity Board (AEB), Peshawar, were investigated with special reference to the identification and qualification of dissolved gases. The study identified most probable faults andcountermeasures were accordingly suggested