Revistes UdG (Universidad de Girona)
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Un paisatge urbà medieval a final del segle XIII: Castelló d’Empúries i les viles del seu entorn
Get PDFCastelló d’Empúries, a small town in Old Catalonia, capital of the county of Empúries, may be considered a regional example of that process we know as medieval small scale urbanization. Its history, from the 12th century on, is that of the build-up of a particular economy which will function as starting-point of those circuits of exchange relationship which are necessary for medieval urbanisation. In functional terms the town of Castelló, connected to the major Mediterranean comercial circuits, has to be considered not only as a local centre but also as a node in a network of linked urban centers. Competition between lords of towns and cities has to be considered as a major element in definining the specific place of every center in a regional network
Behavioral Predictability and Criminal Proceedings : Some Notes on the Epistemic Foundation of Future Events in Precautionary Measures
No full textLa determinación de hechos futuros en un proceso penal implica un juicio predictivo conductual que, como cualquier otra decisión, debe basarse en elementos epistémicos sólidos y generarse a partir de un razonamiento inferencial válido. Desde la perspectiva señalada, la inferencia probatoria que el juzgador realice, para avalar la disposición de una medida cautelar, deberá incorporar una garantía, constituida por máximas de experiencia, presunciones o definiciones. El presente texto se ocupa de evaluar, partiendo del diseño procesal penal costarricense, cómo debe presentarse ese razonamiento inferencial, así como los aportes que la psicología cognitiva, los instrumentos actuariales y la inteligencia artificial pueden brindar, con el objetivo de construir resoluciones judiciales racionales e intersubjetivamente controlables, en un rubro tan relevante como el de las medidas cautelares y la prisión preventiva.The determination of future events in a criminal process implies a predictive behavioral judgment that, like any other decision, must be based on solid epistemic elements and generated from valid inferential reasoning. From the indicated perspective, the evidentiary inference that the judge makes, to endorse the provision of a precautionary measure, must incorporate a guarantee, consisting of maxims of experience, presumptions or definitions. The present text deals with evaluating, based on the Costa Rican criminal procedural design, how this inferential reasoning should be presented, as well as the contributions that cognitive psychology, actuarial instruments and artificial intelligence can provide, with the objective of building rational judicial resolutions and intersubjectively controllable, in an area as relevant as that of precautionary measures and preventive detention
Should We Prove Hate? Some Comments on Diana Sacayán´s Case
No full textIn this paper, I, firstly, criticize the judicial decision in the Sacayán Case. This is a central case because it applied for the first time in Argentina the aggravating hate motive to the identity of gender in the killing of a travesty person, Diana Sacayán. Secondly, I suggest that the distinction between hate crimes and heinous crimes could be useful to understand the disgust that this homicide generate but, I emphasized, the fact that this is independent to applied the hate motive aggravating.En este trabajo analizo críticamente la sentencia del ´caso Sacayán´. Este caso es relevante porque, entre otras cosas, aplica por primera vez en la Argentina el agravante de odio a la identidad de género al homicidio cometido contra una persona travesti, Diana Sacayán. Por otra parte, también sugiero que la distinción entre delitos de odio y delitos odiosos puede ser de utilidad para entender el rechazo que nos generó este hecho pero que ello es independiente de si el hecho fue cometido por odio o no
Contributions of Psychology Beyond the Expert Evidence
No full textEl presente trabajo plantea la necesidad de que el Derecho y los tribunales utilicen el conocimiento científico procedente de la psicología. Más concretamente, sugiere el papel de distintos procesos psicológicos y sociales en la obtención, interpretación y valoración de la prueba. Para ello, aborda la problemática del testimonio del experto y la admisibilidad de la prueba aportando investigaciones empíricas que cuestionan la distintividad del razonamiento legal. Se constata la diferente consideración o estatus otorgado a la psicología frente a otras disciplinas forenses, se muestra la utilización por parte de los operadores jurídicos de creencias de sentido común no validadas científicamente y se ilustran sus efectos negativos en algunas decisiones de la sala 2ª del Tribunal Supremo. En particular, las referidas a criterios orientativos para valorar la credibilidad de las víctimas.Además, se proponen distintas áreas en las que el Derecho puede beneficiarse de los conocimientos de la psicología jurídica y se sugiere una aproximación más amplia al rol del perito. Por otra parte, se aplicará el conocimiento de la psicología, especialmente de la psicología cognitiva, para explicar los errores en las pruebas forenses. Se analizan también las implicaciones para la prueba de los hechos y para la calidad de la toma de decisiones. Finalmente, se aboga por una mayor interacción entre académicos/profesionales de la psicología y el derecho, así como por la necesidad de estudios empíricos con los profesionales del sistema de justicia.This paper raises the need for the Law and the courts to use scientific knowledge from Psychology. More specifically, it suggests the role of different psychological and social processes in obtaining, interpreting and evaluating the evidence. To do this, it addresses the problem of the expert’s testimony and the admissibility of the evidence by providing empirical researches that dispute the distinctiveness of legal reasoning. The different consideration or status granted to Psychology compared to other forensic disciplines is verified, as well the use by legal operators of not scientifically validated common-sense beliefs and its adverse effects, as it occurred in some decisions of the Spanish Supreme Court. In particular, those referring to guiding criteria to assess the credibility of the victims. Additionally, different areas in which the Law can benefit from the knowledge of legal psychology are proposed, and a broader approach to the role of the expert is recommended. On the other hand, knowledge of Psychology, especially cognitive Psychology, will be applied to explain errors in forensic tests. The implications for the finding of facts and the quality of decision-making are also analysed. Finally, it is advocated for more significant interaction between academics/professionals of Psychology and Law, as well as the need for empirical studies based on the professionals of the justice system as participants
Deciding About Facts in Trial Avoiding Mechanisms
No full textLa autora discute una posición relativamente extendida en el ámbito del Derecho Procesal Penal, según la cual la implementación de procedimientos de omisión del juicio penal o acuerdos de culpabilidad implica, necesariamente, la adopción de una noción de verdad distinta a la correspondencia con la realidad. Para ello, primero defiende la vigencia y la importancia de ese concepto de verdad en estos mecanismos y, luego, argumenta que existen razones morales, independientes a la búsqueda de la verdad, que justifican exigir a la fiscalía, a la hora de proponer un acuerdo de culpabilidad, que satisfaga el mismo estándar probatorio necesario para requerir la realización de un juicio ordinario. Finalmente, reflexiona sobre las implicancias que aquella exigencia, junto con otras características propias de este tipo de procedimientos, tienen en el mejoramiento de las condiciones epistémicas en las que tomamos la decisión sobre la quaestio facti en el contexto de los acuerdos de culpabilidad.The author challenges a doctrine that, to some extent, has been well accepted in the science of Criminal Procedure. According to such doctrine, the plea bargain and other mechanisms implemented to avoid trial embrace a concept of truth that is different from the concept upheld by correspondence theories. As opposed to such doctrine, the author reaffirms the validity and importance of a correspondence concept of truth in the context of the mechanisms to avoid trial. The author then suggests that there are moral reasons —not derived from the general interest in seeking the truth— that would require a prosecutor willing to propose a plea deal to have the same amount of evidence that would be necessary to move forward with a regular trial. The author ultimately envisages the consequences of applying the proposed standard, along with other specific characteristics of these proceedings, towards the enhancement of the epistemic conditions, under which we decide about facts in trial avoiding contexts
Somnis i visions en l'obra espiritual d'Arnau de Vilanova
Get PDFArnau de Vilanova’s works include references to dreams or visions on six occasions. Two visions are concerned with the genesis of his own treatises, while two moralis-ing dreams by two nuns, as well as dreams by King Fred-eric of Sicily and King Jaume II of Aragon, are reported in his Interpretatio de visionibus in somniis. His personal in-volvement differs, according to the source: he recounts and interprets his own dreams, merely narrates the nuns’ dreams, and interprets the royal dreams. The pur-pose, always pragmatic, also varies, from legitimization in his visions to the exemplary function of the nuns’ dreams and the political intent of the royal dreams, where a re-form of the Church and Christendom is the objective
«... d’amor o de tristor deus la raho continuar»: sobre un passatge de la «Doctrina de compondre dictatz»
Get PDFABSTRACT - Can the priority of the love topic in the definition of the planh proposed by the Doctrina de compondre dictatz («... d’amor o de tristor deus la raho continuar») be linked to the author’s personal preferences? The answer may perhaps be found in the tradition of Occitan planh and its reception in Catalonia. Only 6 poems, out of 45 texts, deal with a more intimate and private affective dimension (4 planhs for the death of midons; 2 for the death of a friend) and all of them are (also or only) transmitted by troubadour manuscripts compiled in Catalan lands, especially MS Sg, which could constitute a further stage of the materials to which the author of the treatise had access. Documentary evidence supports, then, the hypothesis that, in Catalonia, the lyric type of planh ‘for the death of the Lady’ must have been one of the topical variants of this lyrical composition preferred by readers and compilers of troubadour manuscripts. And this, rather than reasons of personal preference, would explain the definition of planh in the Doctrina.KEYWORDS - Troubadour lyric genres; Doctrina de compondre dictats; Troubadour Manuscripts in Catalonia
Schema saffico e schema zaglialesco
Get PDFABSTRACT - The article proposes a new historical and stylistic derivation for the Latin-Romance rhyme structure aaaz. In place of the Arabic origin (zajal), it supposes a parallelism with the Classical and Medieval Latin Sapphic strophe.KEYWORDS - Zajal, Sapphic strophe, Early Romance Poetry, Hymnody, Medieval Latin Poetry