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Analyzing the impact of shifting between Presidential, Parliamentary and Hybrid clan federal parliamentary Systems on Political Stability in Somalia
No full textThis research investigates the impact of shifting governance systems on political stability in Somalia, focusing on three models: Presidential, Parliamentary, and Hybrid Clan Federal Parliamentary. The study aims to determine which governance system offers the most enduring stability by analyzing each model's influence on Somalia's political landscape from 1960 to 2024. Utilizing a comparative historical analysis approach, the research evaluates how each system manages clan dynamics and contributes to stability or instability. The findings indicate that while the Parliamentary system (1960–1969) promoted inclusivity, it lacked strong institutional mechanisms to manage clan tensions, leading to frequent political shifts. The Presidential system (1969–1991) centralized power but failed to accommodate clan representation, resulting in increased instability and the eventual collapse of governance. In contrast, the Hybrid Clan Federal Parliamentary system (2012–present) has combined elements of centralized and decentralized governance, demonstrating greater effectiveness in addressing clan-related challenges and enhancing political stability. This study provides new insights into the relationship between governance models and political stability in clan-based societies, highlighting the significance of power-sharing mechanisms. It also emphasizes the role of external interventions in shaping governance outcomes, as international efforts have influenced Somalia’s political landscape. The research underscores the necessity of balancing traditional clan structures with formal governance institutions to foster sustainable political stability. The findings contribute to discussions on governance in fragile states, offering policy recommendations for structuring governance systems that accommodate both local political dynamics and broader state-building efforts
The Karbala Story and Early Shi'ite Identity
No full textIn 680 CE al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, the grandson of the Prophet Muḥammad, was killed in a battle at Karbala. Ancient accounts describe this event as a minor skirmish, similar to the numerous battles that were waged in the early history of Islam. Among Shiʿites, however, the story of the event soon developed into a narrative about a cosmic battle between the powers of universe, with al-Ḥusayn personifying good and life-giving powers. The story came to epitomise the trauma that is at the heart of the Shiʿite ethos: the treachery of the non-Shiʿite community against the family of the Prophet. This book investigates this development in the 7th to 10th centuries CE and its significance for emerging Shiʿite identity in early Islam. It provides an in-depth analysis and diachronic comparison of the three earliest versions of the Karbala story, analyses the story of the Penitents who attempted to avenge the death of al-Ḥusayn, and surveys the development of the image of al-Ḥusayn and the rituals associated with him in historiography, poetry and Shiʿite hadith
Genome-wide association study meta-analysis provides insights into the etiology of heart failure and its subtypes.
No full textHeart failure (HF) is a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality. While distinct clinical subtypes, defined by etiology and left ventricular ejection fraction, are well recognized, their genetic determinants remain inadequately understood. In this study, we report a genome-wide association study of HF and its subtypes in a sample of 1.9 million individuals. A total of 153,174 individuals had HF, of whom 44,012 had a nonischemic etiology (ni-HF). A subset of patients with ni-HF were stratified based on left ventricular systolic function, where data were available, identifying 5,406 individuals with reduced ejection fraction and 3,841 with preserved ejection fraction. We identify 66 genetic loci associated with HF and its subtypes, 37 of which have not previously been reported. Using functionally informed gene prioritization methods, we predict effector genes for each identified locus, and map these to etiologic disease clusters through phenome-wide association analysis, network analysis and colocalization. Through heritability enrichment analysis, we highlight the role of extracardiac tissues in disease etiology. We then examine the differential associations of upstream risk factors with HF subtypes using Mendelian randomization. These findings extend our understanding of the mechanisms underlying HF etiology and may inform future approaches to prevention and treatment
Aesthetic learning processes in science education for primary school
No full textDenna studie syftar till att undersöka hur lärare i årskurserna F-3 arbetar med estetiska lärprocesser i de naturorienterande ämnena, samt hur lärare uppfattar att estetiska lärprocesser främjar elevernas lärande. För att få svar på studiens frågeställningar har en kvalitativ datainsamlingsmetod använts, där åtta verksamma lärare har fått delta i semistrukturerade intervjuer kring ämnet. Återkommande mönster och teman i det insamlade materialet har därmed identifierats genom en innehållsanalys. Studiens resultat visar att samtliga lärare integrerar estetiska lärprocesser i undervisningen inom de naturorienterande ämnena. Den vanligast förekommande uttrycksformen är bild och bildskapande, men även musik, dans och drama är vanligt förekommande i undervisningen hos de intervjuade lärarna. Anledningen till variationen av de estetiska uttrycksformerna beror delvis på vilket ämne lärarna känner sig bekväma i, men även tillgängligheten av resurser och material. Studiens resultat visar även att samtliga lärare anser att estetiska lärprocesser främjar elevernas lärande då arbetsmetoden bidrar till en varierad och inkluderande undervisning. Lärarna anser att eleverna blir engagerade och motiverade till att utveckla sitt lärande vid integrering av estetiska lärprocesser. Detta menar lärarna bidrar till att kunskapen blir minnesvärd och bestående.
Att planera undervisning och bedöma i engelska utan kunskapskrav : En studie om hur årskurstrelärarna förhåller sig till en läroplan utan kunskapskrav
No full textÄven om engelska har varit ett obligatoriskt ämne i flera årtionden finns det fortfarande inga kunskapskrav i läroplanen. Detta examensarbetes forskningsfrågor framkom efter denna upptäckt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur lågstadielärare planerar och bedömer i engelska med avsaknaden av kunskapskrav samt utmaningar och möjligheter som lågstadielärare ställs inför i sitt arbete. Detta undersöktes genom en enkät med 41 deltagare. Materialet analyserades och diskuterades utifrån det ekologiska perspektivet och affordance. Resultatet visade att lågstadielärarna använder läroplanen i sin planering för att den är obligatorisk men söker även stöd från annat håll, så som tidigare lektionsplaneringar. Avsaknaden av kunskapskrav leder till att lågstadielärarna tolkar läroplanen olika, vilket leder till en osäkerhet om vad eleverna ska ha lärt sig när de slutar årskurs tre och att bedömningen blir orättvis för eleverna. Resultatet i detta examensarbete kan ge en inblick för nya lågstadielärare om hur dagens lågstadielärare arbetar inom engelskämnet utan kunskapskrav och varför lågstadielärare behöver konkreta kunskapskrav att utgå ifrån. Although English has been a compulsory subject for decades, there are still no knowledge requirements in the curriculum. The research questions of this thesis emerged from this discovery. The purpose of this study is to investigate how primary school teachers plan and assess in English with the lack of knowledge requirements as well as challenges and opportunities that primary school teachers face in their work. This was investigated through a survey with 41 participants. The material was analyzed and discussed from the ecological perspective and affordance. The results showed that the primary school teachers use the curriculum in their planning because it is mandatory but also seek support from other sources, such as previous planning. The lack of knowledge requirements leads to primary school teachers interpreting the curriculum differently, which leads to uncertainty about what the students should have learned when they finish the third grade and that the assessment is unfair for the pupils. The results of this thesis can give an insight for new primary school teachers about how today's primary school teachers work in the English subject without knowledge requirements and why primary school teachers need to proceed from concrete knowledge requirements.
Nurses´ attitudes towards caring for elderly in the emergency department : A literature review
No full textBakgrund Sjuksköterskorna inom akutsjukvården har en avgörande roll i skapandet av en personcentrerad och respektfull vårdmiljö för patienterna, speciellt för de sköra och äldre i samhället. Dock utmanas det av svårigheter som att bemanna med legitimerad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal, kompetensbrist och även platsbrist på sjukhusen. Vilket leder till negativa upplevelser både hos patient och personal. Syfte Att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda äldre på akutmottagningen. Metod Examensarbetet har genomförts som en strukturerade litteraturöversikt. Databaserna som använts är CINAHL och PubMed, både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar har använts. Översikten är baserad på 15 artiklar. Resultat I resultatet av denna litteraturöversikt framträder två huvudkategorier: upplevelser av vårdmötet och faktorer som påverkar vårdmötet och vården Slutsats Fler faktorer påverkade sjuksköterskornas omvårdnad av äldre i form av bristande kunskaper om äldre patienter, svårigheter att prioritera personcentrerad omvårdnad, tidsbrist, hög arbetsbelastning, resursbrist, samt den äldre patientens vårdmiljö.Background Nurses in emergency care play a central role in creating a person-centred and respectful care environment, particularly for the most vulnerable and elderly patients in society. However, this goal is challenged by issues such as a shortage of licensed healthcare professionals, lack of competence, and limited hospital capacity. These factors, in turn, contribute to negative experiences for both patients and healthcare staff. Aim To enhance nurses' attitudes towards caring for elderly in the emergency department. Method The thesis was conducted as a structured literature review. A total of 15 articles, including qualitative and quantitative studies, were selected from CINAHL and PubMed databases. Results The results of this literature review revealed two main categories: Experiences of the care encounter and factors that influence the care encounter and care. Conclusions Several factors influence nurses' care of the elderly patients, including a lack of knowledge about older patients’ specific needs, difficulties in prioritizing personcentred care, insufficient time, high workload, lack of resources and challenges related to the patient´s care environment
Behavioural responses of dairy cows and calves to fenceline weaning after 4 or 6 months of full cow-calf contact
No full textCow-calf contact (CCC) systems, where cows and calves are housed together during all or part of the milk-feeding period, foster strong social bonds within dam-calf pairs. However, calves are still generally weaned and separated at younger ages than have been observed for semi-feral cattle. This study aimed to evaluate behavioural responses of dairy cows and calves to fenceline weaning after 4 or 6 months of full CCC. Additionally, the proportion of time spent by dam-calf pairs in close proximity (< 4 m indoors or < 8 m outdoors) prior to weaning was tested for its effect on behavioural responses. Dairy cows (n = 25) and their calves (n = 26) were housed in a freestall pen with free access to pasture for either 4 (4MO) or 6 months (6MO), after which calves were weaned outdoors via fenceline separation. Daily activity (lying time and step count) was recorded for all animals using accelerometers for 6 days before and for 11 days after weaning, while vocalisations and feed-seeking behaviour were collected for calves postweaning through direct observations. Scan sampling on 3 days during the end of the contact period was used to estimate proximity within each dam-calf pair, and calves were weighed regularly throughout the study. Calf feed-seeking behaviour and differences in lying time or step count (calculated as changes from a preweaning baseline value) for cows and calves were fitted with polynomial regression models. Directly after weaning, calves responded by decreasing their lying time, increasing their step count and vocalisations, and spending little time on feed-seeking; these responses were greater for 4MO calves. The calves, especially those weaned at 4 months, had reduced growth rates for several weeks postweaning, suggesting a lack of nutritional independence prior to weaning. Cow activity responses were similar but with no clear treatment differences in the first 3 days and with faster recovery times than for calves. Dam-calf proximity varied greatly between pairs but did not influence any of the modelled responses. Our results suggest that fenceline weaning causes behavioural responses indicative of distress in both calves and (to a lesser extent) cows, even when calves are weaned at a higher age
Global availability of guidelines related to assistive technology : a scoping review
No full textBackground: Given the rising global demand for assistive technology, predicted to encompass 3.5 billion people by 2050, understanding the availability of guidelines governing its use and identifying potential gaps is paramount. Objective: This scoping review mapped existing guidelines related to assistive technology. The review aimed to inform future research and guideline development to accelerate access to assistive technology within universal health coverage. Methods: Following the JBI methodology, a systematic search of guidelines published between January 2008 and March 2024 was conducted across CINAHL, Google Scholar, PubMed, TRIP and WHO IRIS. Included guidelines related to specific assistive technology, including product types and services for users and their caregivers. Guidelines targeting system-level interventions were excluded. Results: The search identified 291 records, of which 24 guidelines were included. They focus on improving health outcomes for diverse populations across different healthcare settings. Most guidelines originated from high-income countries and predominantly addressed commonly known assistive products for mobility, hearing, vision, and self-care. There is a gap in guidelines for assistive products for cognition and communication. The identified guidelines primarily followed evidence-based methodologies and involved assistive technology users in their development. Conclusions: This review provides a crucial overview of the existing landscape of assistive technology guidelines. It calls for further action to harmonize standards, leverage innovation in evidence generation, and enhance guideline development to better serve the global population in need of assistive technolog
Experiences of the development and use of a Paediatric Oncology Trigger Tool
No full textBACKGROUND: Trigger tools are widely used for detecting adverse events. Within the multicentre study Patient Safety in Paediatric Oncology, a trigger tool was created to address the unique needs of paediatric oncology. Although trigger tools are highly valued for detecting adverse events, concerns about their usability and reliability persist. Understanding the perspectives of medical record reviewers using these tools may provide valuable insights for improving their usability and reliability. This study aimed to explore the experiences of medical record reviewers involved in the development and use of a Paediatric Oncology Trigger Tool. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative case study was conducted to investigate the experiences of medical record reviewers participating in the development and use of the Paediatric Oncology Trigger Tool. Data were collected through a semi-structured focus group interview conducted via Zoom, involving six reviewers with varying levels of experience in paediatric oncology and trigger tool methodology. The interview was audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The written text was analysed in its entirety using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: The analysis revealed an overarching theme of knowledge building with three themes: competencies, resources and usefulness. The findings highlight the importance of collaborative learning, expert support and adequate resources, while also noting challenges such as time consumption and the emotional impact of reviewing medical records of critically ill children. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers a comprehensive examination and clarity regarding the development and use of a patient safety instrument, a process marked by both challenges and facilitators from the perspective of medical record reviewers. The study underscores the need for resources, training and support during the review process to ensure the reliability and usefulness of the trigger tool
The Observer's Blind Spot : Swedish Student Teachers' Struggles With Scientific Theories In Degree Projects
No full textThis study aims to deepen the understanding of the challenges students face in using theory during thesis writing in teacher education and to explore the potential of a systems theory approach to explain these challenges. Data were collected via focus group discussions, informed by the analysis of approximately 70 purpose statements used to develop an interview guide. Nine students participated in three focus groups. The writing process is viewed as an operationally closed, self-referential system, regulated by the internal logic emerging from students' communication and actions. Findings reveal that effectively using theory requires recognizing the mutual influence between theory and the phenomena being theorized, which necessitates non-linear and complex thinking. Students must adopt the perspective of an observer and consider the factors shaping their own knowledge creation. A significant insight is that theory is not merely a tool for understanding phenomena but also shapes how observers perceive knowledge. This highlights the importance of addressing "the blind spot"- what remains unseen in scientific processes - and the inherent limitations of language in articulating complex, interdependent relationships. These insights underscore the need for a reflective approach to theory in thesis writing.