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Arbetsområden och arbetslokaler inom industrin : Programmering och projektering. Program för ett utvecklingsprojekt vid institutionen för arkitektur, KTH
No full textKonsten att berätta en god historia
No full textProblemlösning uppfattas av många elever som en svårighet att övervinna genom att försöka lära sig utantill. Detta synsätt betecknar en algoritmisk inställning till lärande och har egentligen mycket lite med problemlösning att göra. Man sätter sin tillit till att upprepning av recept ger lika gott resultat oavsett problemställning. Vissa tycker dessutom att ett felaktigt resonemang, eller ett resonemang med bristfälliga eller obefintliga motiveringar, kan anses vara acceptabelt så länge svaret är korrekt. För att förebygga en algoritmisk inställning till problemlösning kan man införa en strategi för att förbättra problemlösningsförmågan hos elever – en metod som alla elever kan ta till sig. Att systematiskt teckna uppgiften är detsamma som att metodiskt reda ut för sig själv vad uppgiften går ut på, vilka teoretiska resonemang man kan tillämpa, hur man kan tänkas lösa uppgiften grundat på dessa teoretiska resonemang, samt slutligen genomföra lösningen på ett tydligt sätt. En god idé är att tänka sig att någon annan skall kunna följa resonemanget utan några andra hjälpmedel än den beskrivning som eleven själv producerar. De flesta brukar fascineras av en god historia. Det gäller för pedagogen att fånga intresset genom att framställa sin kunskap i berättandets form på ett begripligt, metodiskt uppbyggt och trovärdigt sätt. Även matematisk eller tillämpad problemlösning kan beskrivas för elever på detta vis p.g.a. sin logiska uppbyggnad. Man kan indela en god historia i fyra oundgängliga punkter: ingress, intrig, uppbyggnad av spänning och, slutligen, upplösning. Härutöver kan man tillägga ytterligare två punkter för att förgylla berättandet, nämligen prolog och epilog
Regulating transport : The possible role of regulatory impact assessment in Swedish transport planning
No full textBy performing RIA, the risk of imposing a proposal that is inefficient or leads to sub-optimization is reduced. In the EU this approach to regulatory policy making was introduced in 2002 and it is a crucial component of the Better Regulation Agenda. However the practical implementation of this approach in Member States is varied; Sweden has not implemented the full RIA process. Currently there is a focus on the reduction of administrative burdens for businesses. This paper describes the present use of RIA and CBA in the Swedish planning context and discusses the reasons for and the consequences of current practices. Using the Swedish transport regulator as a case study, the paper considers the following aspects; i) the Swedish planning context and existing requirements regarding the use of RIA, ii) current focus of research regarding CBA for infrastructure investments in the Swedish transport sector and the need for greater focus on issues concerning regulation, iii) the difficulty to quantify and place monetary values on effects, which also increases when unique, complex and uncertain situations are assessed and iv) the need for the alignment of incentives at all levels and across agencies.Draft Discussion Paper prepared for the Roundtable on Assessing regulatory changes in the transport sector (6-7 October 2016, Stockholm)</p
Computational study of the step size parameter of the subgradient optimization method
No full textThe subgradient optimization method is a simple and flexible linear programming iterative algorithm. It is much simpler than Newton's method and can be applied to a wider variety of problems. It also converges when the objective function is non-differentiable. Since an efficient algorithm will not only produce a good solution but also take less computing time, we always prefer a simpler algorithm with high quality. In this study a series of step size parameters in the subgradient equation is studied. The performance is compared for a general piecewise function and a specific p-median problem. We examine how the quality of solution changes by setting five forms of step size parameter
Attitudes towards the minority variety Caló in the south of Spain : a sociolinguistic study
No full textCaló is a variety spoken by the Spanish Calé (i.e. the Roma). It belongs to a group of languages referred to as “Para-Romani”, characterized by Romani vocabulary, but largely non-Romani morphology, phonology and syntax, in the case of Caló deriving from Spanish. According to previous research carried out – with focus on the vocabulary and the grammar of this variety – Caló is on its way to extinction. However, there is an expressed interest in reintroducing a form called “Romanó-Caló”. Attitudes play an important role in minority language maintenance as well as in order for a revitalization project to be successful. The aim of this study is to measure the attitudes that both Calé and non-Calé have towards Caló and Caló speakers, a type of study never carried out in the past. The methods applied are both direct and indirect. In total, 231 informants listened to different recordings of voices acting as either a “Spanish speaking person” or a “Caló speaking person”, a technique referred to as ‘matched guise’, answering questions related to the voices on attitude scales. Furthermore, 182 of the informants rated their agreement or disagreement to positive and negative items towards Caló and its speakers on a Likert scale. The results of the analysis indicate that the attitudes differ towards Caló and Caló speakers, depending on the informant’s (a) ethnicity (b) contact with Caló as well as with Caló speakers, and (c) gender. It is those who – in their own opinion – belong to the ethnic group Calé, as well as those who claim that they have some contact with the variety and its speakers, who show positive attitudes in both parts of the study. The women also show more positive attitudes than the men. It is also possible to note positive attitudes towards the variety and its speakers among the subjects with a high level of knowledge of Caló words, as well as among those with the highest willingness to use Caló. These observations suggest that a revitalization project of the variety Caló has a clear chance of being successful